关于第四纪年代的新厘定

"第四纪"这个术语自180年前被引入到地质学中以来,关于它的定义、时代以及在地质年代和地层表中的位置的问题多次成为学术界讨论的焦点[1].     

Time flies: the geological record of insects

Two recent databases show that the fossil record of insects is better than commonly supposed, comprising over 1000 families and 5000 genera. Insects (hexapods) first appeared in the Devonian, but by the Permian the number of orders present was similar to that of the present day. However, family data suggest an unsteady increase in diversity during the Phanerozoic, with four main peaks and troughs but no sudden change (supported by genera) at the Cretaceous/Tertiary transition.     

国内水硅硼钠石的首次发现

水硅硼钠石于1987年在河南省泌阳凹陷发现,产于新生代第三纪含碱岩系油页岩中,它的发现填补了我国该矿物的空白。水硅硼钠石简约化学式为NaBSi2O5(OH)2。晶体特征是:球粒状及束状集合体,板状、柱状晶体;无色透明,二轴晶负光性;Ng=1.534、Nm=1.532、Np=1.512。水硅硼钠石对于解释所在碱矿床的沉积环境和物质来源有一定意义。     

Web GIS--网络时代的地理信息系统

概述WebGIS的构成，特色、设计思想，实现方法等，通过与传统GIS比较，展望其未来在GIS领域扮演的角色。     

Time and the crystallization of apatite in seawater

Carbonate fluorapatite has been synthesized in seawater in an experiment of nearly 10-years duration. The addition of phosphate to seawater whose fluoride concentration had been increased to 7.6 mg/l brought about an initial amorphous phosphate precipitate. After 20 months, a crystalline magnesium phosphate phase developed within the amorphous phosphate. Crystallization of apatite, which occurred during the last 3 years of the experiment, was accompanied by dissolution of the crystalline magnesium phosphate phase.The MgO content of the apatite (1.9 percent) is high in comparison to Tertiary and older apatite but similar to some young apatite; the CO₂ content (3.6 percent) is medium, and the fluorine content (2.2 percent) is low but again similar to some young apatite. The hydroxyl ion (OH^?) likely fills the need for additional fluorine-position atoms. The mole ratio of Ca plus substituent elements to P plus substituent elements (1.50) is low in comparison to the expected ratio of 1.67. The substitution of the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) for Ca may account for this difference.The synthesis of apatite in seawater demonstrates that the factor of time overcomes the well known inhibiting effect of magnesium upon the crystallization of apatite. It also implies that given an adequate supply of phosphate, apatite can form in most ocean environments and likely plays a major pan in the control of the phosphate content of seawater.     

Time of the Tengchong-Lianghe Movement in Southwest Yunnan

<正>The Tengchong-Lianghe movement,proposed and named by Chen et al(1991),is an important tectonic event occurred from the late stage of middle Pleistocene to the early stage of the late Pleistocene in the Tenchong Block of southwest Yunnan.It reactivated the old faults in the region,and tilted,folded and fractured the Q1 and Q2strata,resulting in the common angular unconformity between them.In addition,this region entered into an erosion-cutting stage,with its cutting depth reaching up to tens of meters,and formed very striking high lake terraces.     

Analysis of Unit Supporting Time and Support Installation Time for Open TBMs

Estimation of advance rate and utilization of tunnel boring machines (TBM) are some of the important steps in planning a TBM tunneling project. Estimation of the utilization factor depends on realistic analysis of downtime components. Among the different parameters influencing TBM downtime, tunnel support is the most influential factor, which can take up to 50% of the total excavation time in some cases. Although, there are some rock mass classification systems specifically developed to link ground conditions with the type and amount of support installed in TBM tunneling, the related downtime for support installation has not been studied in detail. Unit supporting time (UST) is the time required for the installation of ground support per unit length of tunnel. Support installation time (SIT) is the time required for installation of a single ground support element. In this paper, approximate ranges of UST and SIT are discussed and analyzed on the basis of recorded ground SIT from a number of TBM tunneling projects. The primary goal of this paper is to link UST with rock mass classifications that have been specifically developed to assess ground support requirements for different tunnel sections using open-type TBM. An accurate estimate of UST and SIT allows for realistic determination of the related downtime and TBM utilization rate.     

“深时”（Deep Time）研究与沉积学

近百年来全球气候正在经历一次以变暖为主要特征的显著变化,人类文明的发展迫切要求我们对这种变化的发展趋势及其环境与资源效应有更加深入的了解。仅仅对现代和第四纪气候研究是有局限性的,全面了解地球表层及气候系统需要研究整个地质历史时期地球表层系统的发展演化。基于这样一种需求,从沉积记录研究前第四纪地质历史时期的地球古气候变化及重大地质事件,并为未来气候预测提供依据的“深时”（Deep Time）研究计划在国际地球科学界逐渐形成。“深时”研究将聚焦地球气候系统中的重大科学问题,通过地质历史时期极端气候事件探讨气候变化的极限和速率、大气成分和大洋成分变化、大气环流和大洋环流以及生物圈、固体地球与太阳的联系等,最终揭示地球气候系统与地球系统的联系。“深时”研究将通过解译、定年和模拟的基本方法,发展完善大陆科学钻探项目,获得保存良好、高分辨率的沉积记录是重中之重。可以预见,“深时”研究将与“深空”（Deep Space）、“深海”（Deep Sea）和“深部”（Deep Interior）研究计划一样,成为未来国际和国内地球科学重大研究领域。同时,在开展“深时”研究过程中,沉积学也将扮演核心学科的角色发挥重要的作用。     

A Pulsar Time Scale

Astronomy Reports - A pulsar time scale is considered, including possibilities for its realization and possible applications to fundamental problems in astronomy and physics.     

The Geologic Time Scale and the Italian stratigraphic record

The construction of the Geologic Time Scale (GTS) is a titanic scientific challenge that has been under way for two centuries and will require much dedicated effort in the future. Italy preserves a paramount stratigraphic record of Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine sediments that have been significant in the development of the modern GTS. The Italian stratigraphic record has been histori-cally important in introducing and defining the standard Chronostratigraphic Units (CUs) of the Neogene and Quaternary. Pelagic successions from Northern Apen-nines and Southern Alps have been used in the seventies for integrating the late Cretaceous-Paleogene Geomag-netic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) with planktonic microfossil biostratieraohv and standard CUs. This was a major contribution to the construction of a new gener-ation of GTS based on integrated magnetobiochronol-ogy. The middle Miocene to early Pleistocene marinerecord from Sicily and southern Italy has been funda-mental for establishing the recently developed Astro-nomical Time Scale (ATS). In prospect, there are many potentials still to be exploited in the Italian marine stratigraphic record for implementing the GTS by defin-ing GSSPs of various CUs, improving magneto-biochronology and extending downwards the ATS.     

Radiocarbon dating of the Goti-Finiglacial boundary of the Swedish Time Scale

While working with the revision of the Swedish Time Scale, based on clay-varve chronology, mollusc shells of Portlandia (Yoldia) arctica were found in the clay at Ekensberg, Stockholm, Sweden, deposited at the beginning of the Finiglacial epoch. The clay-varves have been connected with the revised Swedish Time Scale and the time for deposition is 10,370 clay-varve years cal BP. Shells of bivalves, shell fragments and periostracum have been AMS radiocarbon-dated at the The Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala. The 11 radiometric datings are grouped in two assemblages, one between 10,500 and 11,600 BP (shell carbonate) and one between 8200 and 9100 BP (periostracum). These results are compared with the radiocarbon age obtained for a fish skeleton ( Salmo alpinus ) found in varved clay close to Ekensberg during the geological mapping of the area. The age of the fish is 8600 BP, which is in agreement with the periostracum datings. Reservoir effects and calibration of the radiocarbon ages (BP) to sidereal years (cal BP) are discussed.     

关于南京猿人生存时期的气候环境讨论

根据南京猿人产地（葫芦洞）中的孢粉分析结果推测当时气温明显比现在低,可能相当于一次冰期。该结论与南京猿人共生的哺乳动物化石群的性质是一致的。     

监利水文站年径流量序列多时间尺度分析

水文时间序列往往在时域中存在多层次时间尺度结构和局部化特征.本文运用小波分析的多分辨率功能,对监利水文站1951～2006年年径流量时间序列资料进行了多时间尺度分析,研究内容具有一定的实际意义和应用价值.研究结果表明,监利站年径流量存在明显的年际变化特征,主要存在20～30年、15～20年、5～10年及5年以下4类尺度的周期变化规律,变化主周期为17年,第二周期为7年;径流变化趋势分析表明,自2006年以后的6年左右,监利河段年径流量将处于一个相对偏枯期.     

Data on the Time Required for the Building of Coral Reefs

The time required for the building of recent coral reefs has hithertobeen calculated by applying the results obtained from experiments of thegrowth rate of reef corals to that of the coral reef.T.W.Vaughan~1studied the growth rate of Orbicella annularis Dana,living in the waters     

软流层的地球膨胀成因及其形成时间

地球的软流层(圈)堪称全球构造、岩浆与成矿作用动力之源。以往人们虽然认识到软流层的重要作用,但其形成机制的定量研究还不够。最近20多年来,对地球半径变化的检验研究结果表明,地球膨胀已经有了较多的直接证据。而且,即使按照地球膨胀晚期0.1 mm/a的半径增长率计算,所产生的地球膨胀构造动力事件,也将是一个全球性超级构造动力事件。根据地球的非线性有限膨胀演化,所提出的软流层成因是:源于原始地球深部的膨胀内压,推挤原始地幔顶部物质做功并转化为原始岩石圈球壳围限下的地幔顶部物质的压缩能A,当压缩能的积累超过原始地幔顶部物质局部熔融所需要的热能Ω时,地幔顶部物质便开始熔融并逐渐形成地球的原始软流层。据此,按照地球非线性膨胀演化初期的半径增长率1.08 mm/a、原始地幔顶部物质以15%的局部熔融和绝热等压过程估算,地球开始膨胀后仅19.2 Ma,地球的原始软流层(圈)便可形成。     

地磁极性年表的发展回顾

磁性地层研究是对新生代乃至中生代沉积序列定年的重要方法之一。地磁极性年表作为磁性地层定年的标准,其精度对地层学、古生物学、古气候学等领域的研究有重要影响。回顾了地磁极性年表的发展历史,并着重介绍了当前天文极性年表的发展现状。按照地磁极性年表不同时期的发展特点,可将其发展大致归纳为3个阶段:①早期阶段:20世纪60年代末,主要基于火山岩剩磁测量和K/Ar测年建立了最近约5Ma以来的地磁极性年表;②中期阶段:20世纪60年代末到90年代初,基于大量海底磁异常条带相对宽度建立了中中生代以来完整的地磁极性年表;③现今阶段:20世纪90年代以来,基于天文学和古气候学研究对极性界限的轨道调谐,正在构建高精度的天文极性年表。在天文学和古气候学发展的推动下,高精度的天文极性年表有望取代传统的CK95年表而被广泛应用并促进相关领域的发展。     

内蒙古中部索伦-林西缝合带封闭时代的古地磁分析

索伦-林西缝合带被认为是华北和西伯利亚地块间中亚洋（或古亚洲洋）最后闭合的界线。利用华北和西伯利亚地块的古地磁数据对比分析,结合相关地质资料,对两地块的碰撞拼合历史,以及位于两地块间相应的中亚洋盆最终闭合时代进行了分析。结果表明：(1)分隔华北和西伯利亚地块的中亚洋在晚泥盆世至晚石炭世期间进一步张开,纬度宽度扩大,大约在早二叠世初期,中亚洋达到最大纬度宽度,约39°;(2)早二叠世以后西伯利亚地块开始快速向南漂移,二叠纪末期（～250 Ma）和华北地块发生碰撞,导致索伦-林西缝合带的形成。     

Noise-Dependent Adaption of the Wiener Filter for the GPS Position Time Series

Various methods have been used to model the time-varying curves within the global positioning system (GPS) position time series. However, very few consider the level of noise a priori before the seasonal curves are estimated. This study is the first to consider the Wiener filter (WF), already used in geodesy to denoise gravity records, to model the seasonal signals in the GPS position time series. To model the time-varying part of the signal, a first-order autoregressive process is employed. The WF is then adapted to the noise level of the data to model only those time variabilities which are significant. Synthetic and real GPS data is used to demonstrate that this variation of the WF leaves the underlying noise properties intact and provides optimal modeling of seasonal signals. This methodology is referred to as the adaptive WF (AWF) and is both easy to implement and fast, due to the use of the fast Fourier transform method.