地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中沉积物胶体释放规律

以天津滨海地区北大港水库为研究对象,采用室内柱试验,研究地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中不同位置沉积物胶体释放以及盐分释放/截留的动态特征,同时对沉积物胶体释放、盐分释放/截留机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明:水库不同位置地下咸水与水库水体交换过程中,盐分的归宿不同:接近水库入口处的沉积物能将盐分截留下来,而出水口沉积物却将盐分释放转移到水体。随孔隙体积数的增加,沉积物胶体累计释放量逐渐增加,入库口、库中心、出库口最大累计释放量分别为3.275 mg/g、0.386 mg/g和1.382 mg/g;胶体累计释放量随孔隙体积数的变化曲线符合直线型,胶体释放速率变化很小。盐分的释放或截留是沉积物颗粒的粒径、胶体含量、含盐量等多种因素作用的结果,水库水体与沉积物中的盐分处于动态平衡状态,当沉积物中含盐量高于平衡浓度时,其盐分会向水体中释放,同时吸附在胶体上的盐分也会随着胶体的释放而释放;反之,水体中的盐分会向沉积物中迁移被截留下来,沉积物粒径越小,越易吸附水中的盐分。胶体的释放规律可以用双电层理论得到很好的解释。     

Sediment type distribution in reservoirs: sediment source versus morphometry

 Bottom sediments were collected from seven Texas reservoirs to assess the spatial distribution of sediment types in reservoirs. The sediment samples were analyzed for water content, organic content, and grain-size distributions. The reservoirs are characterized by distinct water content patterns (referred to in this paper as Types I, II, and III) that reflect the lithologic units comprising their drainage area. The water content, organic content, and percent mud decreases from Type I (shale, marl) through Type II (limestone-marl-sandstone) to Type III (granite-gneiss-schist-sandstone) reservoirs. Reported elemental concentrations in the reservoir sediments are consistent with concentrations in the dominant rocks within their drainage area. While water depth accounts for part of the spatial distribution, sediment source explains the overall distribution of sediment types. Coarse-grained source rocks, multiple source rocks, and multiple tributaries which input sediment at different points contribute to an inconsistent sediment type distribution. Depending on the sediment source, sand and gravel-size sediments are present in the deeper regions of some reservoirs. This disrupts the classical morphometry (water depth, slope) controlled sediment distribution pattern (coarser sediments in shallower regions and finer sediments in deeper regions) of natural lakes. Thus, the location of tributaries and the type of sediments they carry are the dominant factors that control the sediment type distribution in reservoirs. Received: 16 June 1998 · Accepted: 24 August 1998     

长江三峡库区土壤与水系沉积物Cd地球化学特征

对长江三峡库区段不同介质中Cd的分布特征和长江水系沉积物在垂向、横向剖面上的元素分布特征的研究发现，残坡积型土壤与长江干流水系沉积物Cd含量差异较大，水系沉积物具明显的高Cd异常；各个沉积时期的水系沉积物中均存在Cd异常，上游来源的Cd是引起三峡库区水系沉积物高Cd异常的主要因素；人类活动对土壤和水系沉积物中Cd的含量影响明显，在厂矿、码头、生活垃圾场等地区土壤中Cd的含量远高于一般地区土壤中Cd的含量，城市排污水系沉积物Cd的含量也高于长江干流水系沉积物Cd的含量。自然源是沿长江流域Cd异常普遍存在的根本原因，而人为源却有可能是高Cd异常主要沿长江干流及支流两岸大中城市分布的重要影响因素。     

咸化湖盆混积岩成因机理研究

关于海相及淡水湖盆混积岩的研究已相对完善,而针对咸化湖盆混积岩理论的形成及实践应用却鲜有报道,本文旨在系统地阐述咸化湖盆混积岩的成因机理、沉积模式、分布规律,对比其与一般混积岩沉积特征的异同点,并探讨其与油气富集特征的相关性。本文采用矿物学、微观岩石学分析方法进行混积岩矿物组成、沉积特征、储集空间类型研究,采取地质统计分析方法明确混积岩分布规律,并运用物性分析方法对比不同类型混积岩的储集性能。结合柴达木盆地西北区新近系混积岩研究实例,本文创新性地提出了欠补偿咸化湖盆的混积岩成因类型：机械成因的相混合混积岩和生物成因的藻混合混积岩。相混合又可划分为两种亚类：互层型混合、组构型混合;藻混合亦可划分为两种亚类：藻粘结混合、滑塌再混合。建立了咸化湖盆混积岩的沉积模式：混积岩主要发育于三角洲、水下扇、滩坝等碎屑岩沉积体系与湖相碳酸盐岩沉积体系的过渡相带以及藻灰岩发育区。明确了混积岩的分布规律,可归纳为“盆缘互层型、盆内组构型、藻混合局限分布”。混积岩沉积特征对比分析结果表明,任何环境下混积岩形成的先决条件均为碳酸盐岩的生长和聚集,而不同于淡水湖盆及海相混积岩沉积厚度大,生物含量高等特点,咸化湖盆混积岩单层厚度极薄,并发育特殊的藻混积岩类。综合研究认为,藻混合混积岩与油气储层的相关性要大于相混合混积岩。以上成果可为咸化湖盆混积岩,乃至陆相湖泊混合沉积物的成因类型及油气地质意义研究提供借鉴与参考。     

渤中25-1油田沙三段重力流沉积模式及油气地质意义

运用最新重力流沉积理论,以钻井岩芯、地震资料为基础,系统研究了渤海海域渤中25-1油田沙三段重力流沉积特征、类型、岩相组合、砂体空间展布特征以及沉积模式。结果表明,研究区主要发育滑塌重力流、砂质碎屑流、浊流3种重力流沉积类型,并构成5种典型的岩相组合,包括湖相细粒沉积与滑塌重力流组合（MS）、砂质碎屑流与滑塌重力流组合（DS）、砂质碎屑流与浊流组合（DT）、浊流与砂质碎屑流组合（TD）、湖相细粒沉积与浊流组合（MT）。研究区重力流沉积具有"源-坡-断-流"联控的"滑塌-砂质碎屑流-浊流"沉积过程与发育模式,其中砂质碎屑流砂体呈舌状体分布,浊流砂体则具有朵状体形态特征。储层综合评价表明,砂质碎屑流砂体粒度粗、宽厚比小、泥质含量低、物性好,是优质的重力流储层类型。对不同重力流类型沉积特征、展布形态以及储层性质的精细研究,对深水优质砂岩储层的预测具有重要的指导意义。     

Biogeochemical controls on reaction of sedimentary organic matter and aqueous sulfides in holocene sediments of Mud Lake, Florida

The distribution and quantity of organic sulfur and iron sulfur species were determined in the Holocene sediments from Mud Lake, Florida. The sediments of this shallow, sinkhole lake are characterized by high sulfur and organic carbon contents as well as active sulfate reduction. They record a shift from a basal peat (below 2 m) comprised of water lily-dominated organic matter to the present cyanobacterial/algal-dominated lake deposit (upper 1 m). This shift in depositional environment and subsequent organic matter source was accompanied by variation in the amount of reactive iron delivered to the sediments, which in turn influenced the type and extent of organic matter sulfurization. Extractable intramolecular organic sulfur is principally found as C₂₅ highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) thiolanes. Extractable polysulfide-linked lipids, determined by selective chemical cleavage with MeLi/MeI and analyzed as methylthioethers (MTE), are dominated by n-alkanes with sulfur attachments at position 1 and 2, as well as lower amounts of C₂₅ HBI-MTE. The δ¹³C values and carbon-chain length distribution of both series of n-alkylMTE indicate that they are derived from distinct biological precursors. Among the n-alkylMTE with sulfur attachment at position 1 there are three homologous series: one saturated and two with both cis and trans enethiol isomers. The identification of the enethiol in the sulfur-linked macromolecules indicates that n-alkylaldehydes are precursors lipids. The intervals of high concentration of bulk organic sulfur and sulfurized lipids coincide with the intervals of high mineral sulfur content (acid volatile sulfide and chromium reducible sulfur). We suggest that the main control on the enhanced addition of sulfur to the organic matter in Mud Lake was the increased formation of polysulfides during the reduction of iron hydroxides and the subsequent reaction of those polysulfides with mildly oxidized sedimentary organic matter.     

Biogeochemistry of sulfur and iron in Thioploca-colonized surface sediments in the upwelling area off central chile

The biogeochemistry of sedimentary sulfur was investigated on the continental shelf off central Chile at water depths between 24 and 88 m under partial influence of an oxygen minimum zone. Dissolved and solid iron and sulfur species, including the sulfur intermediates sulfite, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur, were analyzed at high resolution in the top 20 cm. All stations were characterized by high rates of sulfate reduction, but only the sediments within the Bay of Concepción contained dissolved sulfide. Due to advection and/or in-situ reoxidation of sulfide, dissolved sulfate was close to bottom water values. Whereas the concentrations of sulfite and thiosulfate were mostly in the submicromolar range, elemental sulfur was by far the dominant sulfur intermediate. Although the large nitrate- and sulfur-storing bacteria Thioploca were abundant, the major part of S⁰ was located extracellularly. The distribution of sulfur species and dissolved iron suggests the reaction of sulfide with FeOOH as an important pathway for sulfide oxidation and sulfur intermediate formation. This is in agreement with the sulfur isotope composition of co-existing elemental sulfur and iron monosulfides. In the Bay of Concepción, sulfur isotope data suggest that pyrite formation proceeds via the reaction of FeS with polysulfides or H₂S. At the shelf stations, on the other hand, pyrite was significantly depleted in ³⁴S relative to its potential precursors FeS and S⁰. Isotope mass balance considerations suggest further that pyritization at depth includes light sulfide, potentially originating from bacterial sulfur disproportionation. The δ³⁴S-values of pyrite down to −38‰ vs. V-CDT are among the lightest found in organic-rich marine sediments. Seasonal variations in the sulfur isotope composition of dissolved sulfate indicated a dynamic non-steady-state sulfur cycle in the surface sediments. The ¹⁸O content of porewater sulfate increased with depth at all sites compared to the bottom water composition due to intracellular isotope exchange reactions during microbial sulfur transformations.     

官厅水库水和沉积物中的重金属

研究了官厅水库水和沉积物中重金属铜、铅、锌、镉的分布和行为特性.结果表明,它们在水体中以可溶态存在的只占4.2%,大部分赋存于悬浮物中.对这些重金属在沉积物中的赋存状态作了研究,结果表明,可交换态的比例仅为0.6%.重金属在水体的分布可反映污染源和沿途沉积的影响.从不同沉积期底质中的重金属含量可以推断其污染历程.长期水质变化趋势表明,水中重金属含量在1985年前呈上升趋势,以后呈下降趋势,其原因是由于水体含沙量的变化.     

海湾水库蓄水初期的单次往复密度流

为了探讨海湾水库蓄水初期单次往复水平密度流的产生与效应,进行砂质斜坡沉积物与水体之间盐分交换的水槽实验。通过沉积物孔隙水与其上覆水的多剖面电导率动态监测,分析盐分的时空分布特征,并计算深水区、浅水区和中心区的边界层单位面积含盐总量。实验结果显示,进水在浅水区沉积物表面产生明显的渗入-溢出现象,浅水区沉积物孔隙水盐分浓度显著低于中心区与深水区同一高度的盐分浓度,深水区初始底边界层含盐量与初始边界层下边界盐分浓度均为最高;这表明进水过程在倾斜沉积物表面产生了前进密度流,水流携带的盐分在坡底累积。水槽进满水后深水区边界层含盐总量与边界层下边界盐分浓度快速降低,并且浅水区表层沉积物孔隙水与深水区同一深度水体之间的盐分快速达到平衡;这表明蓄水初期在两者之间形成了返回密度流,从浅水区表层沉积物冲刷出的盐分在密度流作用下再次进入沉积物。为避免再次进入沉积物的盐分在后期继续影响水库泛咸,建议在蓄水结束后尽快实施坡底咸水排除方案。     

水位变化条件下海湾水库盐分达标探讨

针对中国北方海湾水库间歇来水、连续取水和沉积物动态释盐的特点,建立水量与盐分耦合的数学模型,以青岛拟建的沐官岛水库为例,探讨水位变化条件下混合型海湾水库库水盐分的影响因素、超标风险与达标条件。模拟结果表明,在水库水位连续降低条件下,毫米量级的日蒸发量对库水盐分的累积效应显著。在不利水文条件下,受沉积物释盐、水分蒸发与人工取水的影响,混合型海湾水库长期存在盐分超标的风险。与水位不变时相反,水位降低时库水盐分浓度随着取水量的增大而升高;因此,当库水盐分存在超标风险时,可以通过减少日取水量实现库水盐分达标。为保障安全供水,在海湾水库设计与运营管理阶段,均需要综合考虑水量-盐分因素进行水库的日取水量调算。     

澜沧江高坝大库物质迁移转化特征及其机制

针对澜沧江高坝大库对物质迁移转化的影响问题, 自主研发了深库智慧采样设备和潜流带动态监测系统, 于2016年、2017年、2018年开展了澜沧江上游1 290 km的9个梯级水库的监测分析, 实现了280 m最大工作水深的垂向分层水样与沉积物样无扰动采集和潜流带水土环境界面的多指标监测。研究发现: 梯级水库促进了水体中生物有效磷、氨氮占比和沉积物中生物有效磷释放的沿程增加;沉积物中甲基汞的分布与泥沙颗粒沉降有关, 受到水力停留时间和库龄的共同调控;温室气体的排放通量因建坝有所提升, 但远低于世界平均水平;潜流带因干湿交替频率和面积的增加, 加强了水库关键带脱氮和温室气体削减效应;水库中微生物群落并未因建坝隔离, 在沿程和垂向上, 水温都是其关键影响因子。     

Present environment of Dam Lake Sambe,southwestern Japan: a geochemical study of bottom sediments

Geochemical analyses of lakebed and core sediments from Lake Sambe on the outskirts of Oda City in Shimane prefecture in southwestern Japan were carried out in order to assess the water quality and the concentration and distribution patterns of sixteen elements. The lake water showed a stratified condition with respect to dissolved O₂, and As, Fe, and Mn concentrations in the bottom layers which increased in the summer. The chemical composition of the sediments, as measured by X-ray fluorescence, included major and trace elements (P, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Zr, Pb, and Th), and total sulfur (TS). Elevated values of As, Zn, V, Fe, P, and TS were present in several layers of the upper cores (from 0 to 5 cm) and other surface sediments. Increases in the abundances of these metals in lake sediments are probably related to the reducing condition of the sediments, fine-grained organic rich sediments, and post-depositional diagenetic remobilization. Moreover, correlations between the concentrations of trace metals and iron in the sediments suggest their adsorption onto Fe (oxy)hydroxides, whereas correlations with sulfur indicate that they were precipitated as Fe-sulfides. The average abundances of As, Pb, Zn, and Cu exceeded the lowest effect level and Interim Sediment Quality Guideline values that the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment determined to have moderate impact on aquatic organisms. In addition, concentrations of As and Zn exceeded the Coastal Ocean Sediment Database threshold value, indicating potentially toxic levels. Therefore, the presence of trace metals in the lake sediments may result in adverse effects on biota health.     

海湾水库沉积物对水体咸化影响的时间尺度

为预测海湾水库沉积物盐分释放对库水咸化影响的持续时间,建立了描述沉积物孔隙水盐分剖面分布的非稳态数学模型,并优化选取模型的边界条件与关键参数(沉积物孔隙水盐分的扩散系数)。稳态与非稳态条件下沉积物盐分释放的对比分析表明,在计算污染沉积物对其上覆水水质的影响时间时,按非稳态释放更符合实际情况。非稳态盐分释放的计算结果表明,拟建沐官岛海湾水库沉积物中盐分释放对库水咸化的影响时间将大于600年,该影响时间远长于水库的寿命;表明在水库的整个生命周期内,均需要定期监测海湾水库底层水的盐分浓度,并需采取有效措施预防水体的突然泛咸,而不能仅在建库初期关注咸化问题。     

Geochemical fractionation of manganese in the Riogrande II reservoir, Antioquia, Colombia

The Riogrande II reservoir in Colombia has a total storage capacity of 240 million m³ and lies 2,270 m above sea level. The reservoir is used for power generation, water supply and environmental improvement. Dissolved manganese (Mn) is removed from reservoir water dedicated to domestic use by purification processes. Removal of Mn, however, poses a major challenge to purification processes and warrants the study of ways to naturally reduce dissolved Mn levels in the reservoir. The source of Mn within the reservoir is not well understood, however, presumably arises from sediment mobilization initiated by variation in pH, redox potential (ORP or Eh), dissolved oxygen (O₂) and ionic strength conditions. This study investigated conditions within the reservoir to further understand Mn transfer from the sediment into the water column. O₂, pH, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP or Eh), organic matter content and electric conductivity were measured in water samples and sediment from the reservoir. Sequential extraction (SE) procedures were used to test the specific effects exerted by each of these conditions on Mn mobilization from the sediments. The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure was used to quantify metals in sediment (referred to as the BCR extraction below). Statistical analysis of geochemical data from water samples (both water column and sediment pore water) and sediments demonstrated the conditions under which Mn can be released from sediments into the water column. The results indicated a primarily oxic water column and anoxic reducing conditions in the sediment (ORP or Eh ≤ ?80 mV). The pH of water in contact with bottom sediments varied from 7.6 to 6.8. The pH of sedimentary pore water varied from 6.8 to 4.7. The sediments contained significant amounts of organic matter (20 %). Chemical extractions showed that the exchangeable fraction contained over 50 % of the total Mn within sediments. Microscopic analysis using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) indicated that Mn does not occur within well-crystallized mineral phases in the Riogrande II sediments. A large proportion of Mn exists instead as material adsorbed onto the surfaces of recently deposited sediment particles. Bacterial oxidation of organic matter may cause the observed anoxic conditions at the bottom of the reservoir. Mineralization of organic matter therefore contributes to reducing conditions within the sediments. Mobilization of Mn from the sediment into the water column may result from reductive dissolution of this fraction. Manganese release by this mechanism diminishes the water quality of the Riogrande II reservoir and warrants further study.     

Some results obtained on the study of the chemical composition of Eurasian oils depending on the depth and age of the reservoir rock

The sulfur, paraffin, resin and asphaltene contents of some 6570 Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eurasian oils were analysed statistically in terms of reservoir age and depth. The database includes all principal oil-bearing basins from 60 Eurasian countries. The results of the studies of the relationships between the distribution of oils with different sulfur, paraffin, resin and asphaltene contents and the reservoir age and depth are presented. Predictive trends are established allowing polynomial predictions of average properties.     

Mercury mobility at the Carson River Superfund Site, west-central Nevada, USA: Interpretation of mercury speciation data in mill tailings, soils, and sediments

The Carson River Superfund Site in west-central Nevada is an area of Hg-contaminated soil, sediment, water, air, and biola resulting from the amalgamation milling of Ag-Au ores of the Comstock lode worked approximately a century ago. In order to develop an understanding of the behavior, transport, and fate of Hg at this site, a technique was developed to estimate the proportions of total, elemental, exchangeable, organic, and sulfide Hg in soils, sediments, and tailings.Results of this analysis performed on active Carson River sediments indicate that Hg is selectively dissolved out of Hg-Au amalgam particles and subsequently adsorbed to fine-grained sediments which are then deposited in downstream, low-energy reaches of the Carson River and Labontan Reservoir. In the relatively more-reducing environment of the reservoir Hg appears to be converted, in large part, to relatively-insoluble HgS.The original elemental form of Hg released to the environment is the chemical form which is still dominant in most highly-contaminated soils, sediments, and tailings. Deeper, more-reducing soil horizons, however, appear to fix a significant portion of the Hg as HgS, analogous to the Lahontan Reservoir example described above. This fixation as HgS is documented to be largely limited to higher-sulfur areas where sulfide minerals from the Comstock ores increase the total sulfur concentrations of contaminated soils, sediments, and tailings.     

岱海14 C测年的现代碳库效应研究*

碳库效应的复杂性是影响建立湖泊沉积物高精度年代序列的一大障碍。本项研究通过我国内蒙古半干旱区封闭湖泊表层沉积物、湖水、现生沉水植物狐尾藻、现生鲤鱼鱼骨和湖岸表层土壤等一系列样品的¹⁴ C年代测定,表明现代岱海确实存在碳库效应。碳库效应年龄因湖水盐度在湖区的不均而有所变化,岱海西部湖区弓坝河径流补给量大,湖水盐度较东部稍低,碳库效应年龄也略小于东部湖区。表层沉积物中有机质包含浮游生物和沉水植物的混合信息,因而其碳库效应年龄较沉水植物年龄轻,岱海湖心表层沉积物碳库效应年龄在2000a左右。这一碳库效应年龄较通过沉积钻孔¹⁴ C年龄线性回归获得的年龄偏大,可能的原因是在时间序列上碳库效应并非恒定。     

低渗透砂岩油藏沉积物粒度分布特征研究

利用MS 2000激光粒度仪,对胜利油区砂岩油藏中112口井的3000多块样品进行测试分析。实验发现低渗透砂岩油藏与中高渗透油藏不同,其沉积物粒度分布主要存在三种方式,每种方式都有其特定的粒度分布特征,并且与一定的沉积作用相联系。研究表明,沉积岩粒度中值分布、泥质含量、分选性等是影响油藏岩石渗透能力的重要因素,正态分布和混合正态分布能较好地描述低渗透砂岩油藏中沉积物的粒度分布特征。     

滨海红树林泥炭沉积物中硫的赋存特点及其控制因素

海南和厦门两地滨海红树林沉积物和埋藏泥炭中硫的成分分析表明,滨海红树林沉积物和泥炭中的硫以硫化铁硫为主,有机硫次之,硫酸盐硫含量最低。泥炭沉积物中硫的赋存形式和特点与沉积环境密切相关。海南福田地区红树林泥炭沉积物主要形成于红树林潮上坪和泥炭坪,硫含量较高,平均为2.60%,且有机硫含量与有机碳含量呈正相关,而硫化铁硫含量与有机碳含量没有明显的相关性;厦门海沧镇红树林泥炭沉积物形成于红树林潮间坪以及潮道环境,硫含量较低,平均值仅为0.43%,形态硫和有机质的相关性与海南红树林泥炭地沉积物相反。红树林泥炭沉积物中铁的硫化物主要以黄铁矿形式产出,且以莓球状形态为主。研究表明,黄铁矿与次生有机硫的生成与微生物活动密切相关,造成红树林泥炭中硫含量差异最主要的原因不是硫源,而是有机质的供给与沉积微环境的影响。现代滨海红树林泥炭沼泽中硫的赋存特征将对煤中硫成因的研究提供重要的科学依据。     

Pinpointing the key parameters in estimating the bed-load sediment flux in reservoir engineering

When a dam is constructed on a river to store water, sediments transported by the water flow are also stored and reservoir capacity is gradually reduced by sediment accumulation. Prediction of sediment distribution in reservoirs is an important issue for dam designers to determine the reservoir active storage capacity, outlet sill elevation, dam stability, recreational facilities, and backwater conditions. The main objective of this study is to develop the most reliable parameters of sedimentation that are directly or indirectly influencing in the equations and measured dataset. For validation of the proposed parameters, data of 40 reservoir sets gathered from different reliable sources, rather than focusing entirely on bed-load equations. Artificial neural network (ANNs) method was used to validate this study. Several graphs and statistical analysis were presented to emphasize the influencing effect of those parameters that were detected by ANNs and are directly controlling the error in the bed-load sediment flux using measured particles datasets.