饵料浓度对中华哲水蚤摄食的影响

用饵料浓度差减法和排粪率法研究中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)在饵料(青岛大扁藻、新月菱形藻)浓度从1500到350000个/cm3时摄食率的变化。实验证明中华哲水蚤具有很强的摄食潜力,摄食率在实验饵料浓度范围内一直在增加,在较低的饵料浓度(如青岛大扁藻4000个/cm3)下停止摄食。     

海洋叶绿素a浓度动态可视化研究

为了实现叶绿素a浓度数据的三维动态可视化效果,针对海洋环境数据多维、多时间及多格式等特点,在全面分析NetCDF(network Common Data Form)数据模型的格式、存储的基础上,结合GPU(Graphics Processing Unit)与osgEarth三维地球虚拟场景,提出一套海洋环境中叶绿素a浓度的动态可视化方法。实验表明,该方法具有一定的可行性和高效性,为海洋环境数据的动态可视化与分析提供了强有力的可视化平台。     

台风对海洋叶绿素a浓度影响的延迟效应

利用MODIS、SeaWiFS 3A资料详细分析了2000-2006年间西北太平洋海域主要台风对叶绿素a浓度的影响.结果发现,台风可导致叶绿素a浓度最大增长平均值为2.385倍,个别最高达10倍以上,且增长到最大值平均延迟5.94d;同时叶绿素a浓度最大值与无台风时叶绿素a浓度具有线性相关性,相关系数达0.889;叶绿素a浓度与相应的海域平均海水深度具有负的乘幂关系,其相关系数是0.87;台风后叶绿素a浓度的最大增长量与相应海域海水平均深度也呈负乘幂关系,其相关性略低于前者,相关系数为0.75.     

A simple indirect method for the determination of organic-carbon in marine particles

A simple indirect method for the determination of organic carbon in marine particulate matter is proposed. The recommended procedure is as follows: The dried sample is ashed at 450°C for about 24 hr. The ashed sample is put into a Teflon vessel followed by a mixed solution of nitric acid, perchloric acid and hydrofluoric acid. The vessel is sealed and allowed to stand at 150°C for 5 hr. The concentrations of Si and Al in the digested solution are determined. The organic carbon content (Cal-C, %) is calculated by the following equation: Cal-C=0.52 ([CF]–0.10 [Opal]–0.03 [A-Si]), where [CF] is the combustible fraction (%), [Opal] is the biogenic-SiO₂(%), and [A-Si] is the content of aluminosilicate mineral (%).     

海洋生境的甲烷好氧氧化作用对氧浓度的响应特征

海洋生境来源的甲烷好氧氧化菌及其产生的甲烷氧化作用是否具有独特性,对氧浓度这一环境因子如何响应,目前尚不清楚。本文采用海底新鲜沉积物作为菌种来源,借助微生物培养技术,实验研究了不同氧浓度条件（0%、1%、10%和50%）下的甲烷好氧氧化过程。结果表明,完全无氧条件（0%）不能发生甲烷好氧氧化作用,实验体系的甲烷氧化速率及甲烷氧化菌总丰度随氧浓度升高而降低,当氧浓度由1%升高至50%时,甲烷氧化速率减弱了约15倍,甲烷氧化菌总丰度降低了两个数量级。甲烷氧化菌优势菌属为I型氧化菌Methylobacter属,由Methylobacter leteus和Methylobacter whittenburyi组成,氧浓度增加时Methylobacter leteus的占比随之降低,Methylobacter whittenburyi则相反。本实验中甲烷好氧氧化菌及其氧化作用的最适氧浓度条件为1%,这与采样位置的原始生存环境最为接近。在海底低氧条件叠加低温、高压等特殊生境的长期驯化下,甲烷氧化菌的最适氧浓度条件将逐渐趋于其原始生存环境。     

Purine and pyrimidine bases in marine particles in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Purine and pyrimidine bases in marine environmental particles collected in Harima-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography.Purines and pyrimidines concentrations varied from 0.3 to 9.3 μg l⁻¹ (n=20) for suspended matter, and 0.3 to 0.6 mg g⁻¹ (n=10) for sinking particles. A good correlation was found between chlorophyll a and purine+pyrimidine bases in suspended matter, indicating that these bases contained in suspended matter originated from phytoplankton.A comparison between several compositional data of the suspended matter and the sinking particles, namely CN ratio, composition of purines and pyrimidines, and percentages of the nitrogen bases relative to total particulate organic nitrogen, demonstrates that the sinking particles were different from suspended matter. Also, from the variety of purine and pyrimidine concentrations of marine particle samples, it was estimated that the decomposition rate of these bases seemed more rapid than decomposition rates of amino acids reported in our earlier study.     

海洋沉积物/颗粒物在生源要素循环中的作用及生态学功能

海洋沉积物/颗粒物是生源要素循环过程中的关键源与汇,沉积物/颗粒物一方面是海水生源要素的主要归宿,生源要素从溶解态经复杂的生物-化学过程转变为颗粒态,颗粒物质再沉降形成沉积物,另一方面,海洋沉积物/颗粒物经过微生物-浮游动物-底栖生物作用分解形成溶解态的生源要素,并释放到海水中再次被浮游植物利用,进入下一轮循环,所以,海洋沉积物/颗粒物具有异常重要的生态学功能。浮游植物是海水溶解态生源要素的利用者和海源颗粒态生源要素的初始形成者,浮游动物通过摄食浮游植物或其他有机颗粒物可释放出溶解态生源要素或形成更大的颗粒物,颗粒物沉降后形成的沉积物又通过底栖生物摄食-扰动-破碎等过程将颗粒生源要素释放进入水体参与再循环。生态系统不同类群的生物在颗粒生源要素的释放-沉降中所起的作用不同而又相互关联,其中浮游动物-底栖生物的摄食与代谢、微生物参与的分解过程起着非常重要的作用。所以,海洋沉积物/颗粒物生态学功能研究作为支撑海洋环境和资源的持续利用的科学基础,已成为海洋科学的前沿领域,必将获得跨越发展。     

海州湾水流紊动强度和含沙量对沉降速度的影响研究

选取海州湾近岸潮流和含沙量实测资料,分析水体紊动强度与含沙量对近岸絮凝体沉降速度的影响,提出了新的沉降速度确定方法。研究表明：淤海州湾近岸泥沙沉降速率大部分在 0.05 ~ 2.50 mm/s 之间,潮周期内泥沙絮凝体的沉降速度 有明显变化。于含沙量较小时,泥沙絮凝体的沉降速度基本随含沙量的增加而增加;含沙量较大时,含沙量与沉降速度呈现出负相关,无论是大潮还是中潮,当含沙量达到 0.7 kg/m3左右时,絮团沉降速度最大,而随着含沙量的增大,絮团沉降速度开始减小。盂在涨落潮垂线平均流速最大时刻,紊动强度达到峰值,含沙量较低时,随着紊动强度增加,沉降速度也随之增加,大潮期间紊动强度对泥沙沉降速度的影响高于中潮。榆新的泥沙沉降速度计算公式不仅考虑了含沙量,还计入了紊动强度 G,大大提高了沉降速度计算值与实测值的相关性。     

Trace metal concentration in marine organisms of Huanghe River estuary and adjacent sea region

The Huanghe River estuary, as one of world-known large river estuary and its adjacent sea re-gion are important aquatic product base with rich marine product resources in North China. The au-thors collected about 60 species of fishes. crustacea. mollusca and polychaeta in this region (119°05′-20′E,37°15′-38°15′N) from Apri1 to May. 1984. The concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in eachmarine organisms was measured and concentration factors of trace metals were calculated. The ashingmethods was used for sample treatments. The concentration of trace metals was determined by anti-adsorption physical coating mercury electrode inverse polarography (Davis A1660 Differential CathodRay Polarograph).     

海洋潮汐浪溅区混凝土表面氯离子浓度计算模型

海洋混凝土结构的表面氯离子浓度反映了海洋氯化物环境的腐蚀作用强度,是海洋混凝土结构耐久性分析和定量设计的重要参数。本文依据国内外不同地区的大量自然暴露试验数据,通过数理统计和回归分析,确定了各种海洋环境条件下表面氯离子浓度的统计特征值,分析了海洋潮汐浪溅区混凝土中氯离子的传输机理和积聚规律,揭示了水胶比对混凝土表面氯离子浓度的影响规律,进而综合考虑水胶比、胶凝材料种类和时变特性等因素的影响,建立了海洋潮汐浪溅区混凝土表面氯离子浓度的改进计算模型。结合国内外各种表面氯离子浓度经验模型的预测结果和海洋自然暴露试验的实测数据,对比验证了所建立表面氯离子浓度计算模型的有效性和适用性,为海洋氯化物环境下混凝土结构的耐久性设计和服役寿命分析提供了重要边界条件。     

太平洋悬浮体特征及近底雾状层(雾浊层)探讨

2005年在太平洋12个测站分层采集了悬浮体水样及连续的水体温度、盐度、深度等数据.利用水体悬浮体含量在垂向上的分布特征初步分析了大洋雾状层的特点,并讨论了水体中悬浮体颗粒物质的来源,对不同海洋环境中悬浮体分布进行了对比,发现大洋水体中悬浮体含量总体很小,一般不超过0.30mg/dm3,但在一定水层内悬浮体含量相对较高,形成雾状层.雾状层在大洋内广泛分布,一般以表层雾状层和近底雾状层形式存在.大洋水体中悬浮体颗粒物来源广泛.表层雾状层的形成主要受透光层内生物作用的影响,而底质沉积物的再悬浮是影响底部雾状层形成的重要因素.因受水体物理海洋环境和物质来源的影响,不同区域水体中悬浮体含量不同,雾状层的分布不同.海山顶部受水流及岩石基底影响雾状层分布不明显,海山底部与开辟区洋盆海域雾状层更普遍.开辟区东西区由于物源差异水体中悬浮体含量差别明显,靠近火山喷口的西区水体中悬浮体含量明显高于东区的.     

Elemental composition of individual pico- and nano-sized marine detrital particles in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

The elemental composition of individual < 10 μm detrital particles from Mediterranean surface waters was analysed using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-Ray microanalyser. Results show that carbon and phosphorus content per detritus volume are much higher in pico-detrital particles < 2 μm (42 kg C m⁻³ and 1 kg P m⁻³) than in 5–10 μm detrital particles (20 kg C m⁻³ and 0.1 kg P m⁻³). The C:N:P atomic ratios for different sized fractions of the detrital particles were found to be 82:10:1 for < 2 μm particles, 120:29:1 for 2–5 μm particles and 308:37:1 for 5–10 μm particles. The average ratio for all size classes of detrital particles (< 10 μm) was 132:23:1. The differences in elementary compositions of the detrital particles studied here suggest that the different size fractions probably have different origins. The role and origins of < 10 μm detrital particles within the biogeochemical cycles are discussed.     

Light and substrate concentration relationships with marine ammonium assimilation and oxidation rates

Relationships between light intensity and substrate concentration and rates of assimilation and oxidation of ammonium by microorganisms were investigated at four stations off the Washington coast and three stations in the Southern California Bight. Ammonium oxidation rates were negatively correlated with light in the photic zone at all stations; light inhibition of nitrifying bacteria forms an important control over the depth distribution of ammonium oxidation activity. Both assimilation and oxidation were positively correlated with ammonium concentration at the Washington coast stations, where ambient ammonium concentrations were high. Light and ammonium assimilation rate were positively correlated at the Southern California Bight stations (within the photic zone; i.e., excluding depths greater than 150m), but unrelated at the Washington coast stations. Assimilation and oxidation have nearly opposite distribution patterns with depth in the water column, but phytoplankton and nitrifying bacteria probably compete for ammonium at depths near the bottom of the photic zone.     

Diel variations of marine snow concentration in surface waters and implications for particle flux in the sea

Successive measurements of the size distribution and abundance of marine snow in the upper 100 m of the Santa Barbara Channel, California, with an in situ still camera system following 11 tagged water masses revealed a consistent pattern of nighttime decreases in the abundance of large particles. A net nocturnal reduction in particulate flux from the upper 100 m as calculated from camera profiles occurred in 75% of the day–night comparisons, and nighttime aggregate carbon losses resulted in a 38% average reduction in camera-derived aggregate flux. Intensive investigation of three stations for 24–48 h each indicated that nighttime decreases in aggregate concentrations and derived aggregate flux could be registered throughout the observed water column. Nocturnal decreases in marine snow concentration are unlikely to result from diel variations in the production of marine snow either as feeding webs of zooplankton or through variations in aggregation rates of smaller particles. Moreover, measured diel variations in the intensity of surface mixing and convective overturn during one of the 24 h deployments were not intense enough to produce aggregate fragmentation and reduced aggregate flux. Nighttime increases in large crustacean zooplankton (i.e., euphausiids and the large copepod Calanus pacificus) could explain some or all of the reduction in aggregate abundance at most stations. Fragmentation and consumption of marine snow by migrating macrozooplankton could produce our observed synchronous diel cycles in marine snow concentration. This is the first empirical evidence of a diel pattern in the concentration and calculated particulate flux of large sinking particles in near-surface waters. The data presented here are consistent with the only other existing diel study, which also reported decreases in marine snow abundance at night at 270 m depths in the oceanic north Atlantic. Diel variations in the sizes and concentrations of marine snow may impact water column processes dependent upon particle availability and size, such as grazing and remineralization, and may generate a diel cycle of food availability to the benthos.     

The concentration and distribution of dimethyl sulfide in the marine atmospheric boundary layer near the equator

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西港海洋牧场底层海水溶解氧浓度时变特征

利用海底有缆在线观测系统获得的连续实时观测数据,研究了2016年6月2日至10月22日期间威海市西港海洋牧场底层海水溶解氧浓度的时间变化特征,并探讨了其影响机制。结果表明,观测期间底层海水溶解氧浓度整体呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,其变化范围为2.99 mg/L至11.43 mg/L,均值约为6.65 mg/L。进一步分析表明：（1）底层海水饱和溶解氧浓度的变化并不显著,于6月出现过饱和现象;（2）海水温度是底层海水溶解氧浓度日际变化和月变化的主要影响因素;（3）7月至8月中旬,在季节性温跃层抑制垂向混合和水温升高的共同影响下,底层溶解氧浓度总体呈下降趋势;（4）日平均风速与日平均海水溶解氧浓度的相关性并不显著,但大风期间底层海水溶解氧浓度存在先升高后降低的变化特征;（5）底层海水溶解氧浓度的日变化以全日周期为主,可能主要受生物过程、垂向混合扩散和潮流输运等日变化的影响。本研究对于进一步探讨山东半岛海洋牧场区域海水溶解氧的时空分布特征及其影响机制具有重要意义。     

两种海洋微藻的浓度和配比对太平洋纺锤水蚤生长的影响

本研究以变态存活率、产卵量、成体头胸部长和体长为指标,研究了球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)和海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)不同浓度和配比对太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)生长发育和产卵量的影响,以期探索培养太平洋纺锤水蚤最适合的饵料配方.实验结果表明:在饵料浓度(碳含量,下同)为1.70μg/cm3,配比为2∶1时,其变态存活率最高,可达到92.62%;在饵料浓度为4.25μg/cm3,配比为1∶2时,产卵量最高,雌体平均日产卵量可达47.1±2.7个;在饵料浓度为1.70μg/cm3,配比为2∶1时,成体头胸部长和体长均最长,分别为932.9、1 252.3μm.太平洋纺锤水蚤生长和发育的最优饵料组合为球等鞭金藻与海洋原甲藻浓度为1.70μg/cm3,配比为2∶1.