A creativity-led rural renaissance? Amenity-led migration,the creative turn and the uneven development of rural Australia

This paper explores the relationships between amenity, creativity, internal migration processes and economic development in a significant proportion of rural Australia. In developing a predictive and synoptic model of migration attractiveness, we explore the extent to which rural regions and localities have been able to attract ‘creative’ human capital since 2001, the geographic distribution of such gains, and the extent to which ‘creative class’ presence is positively associated with business and employment growth. We find that ‘creative industry’ members find high amenity and high socio-economic status areas of rural Australia attractive places in which to live and work, yet this group's presence is not readily attributable to rural migration processes. Presence of the creative class, together with select rural amenity indicators, are powerful predictors of firm numbers but appear to have little influence over employment creation in rural Australia. Given these findings, the paper argues that building regional development policies around the attraction of the creative class is unlikely to yield major economic development gains.     

旅游中心地研究及其规划应用

在对已有旅游中心地相关研究回顾的基础上,探讨了旅游中心地的概念与界定方法,分析了旅游中心地理论在旅游空间规划中的指导意义,并以吉林省旅游发展总体规划为例,介绍如何将旅游中心地的理论运用到实际的旅游规划当中。     

MAKING SUSTAINABLE CREATIVE/CULTURAL SPACE IN SHANGHAI AND SINGAPORE*

ABSTRACT. Shanghai and Singapore are two economically vibrant Asian cities that have recently adopted creative/cultural economy strategies. In this article I examine new spatial expressions of cultural and economic interests in the two cities: state‐vaunted cultural edifices and organically evolved cultural spaces. I discuss the simultaneous precariousness and sustainability of these spaces, focusing on Shanghai's Grand Theatre and Moganshan Lu and on Singapore's Esplanade—Theatres by the Bay and Wessex Estate. Their cultural sustainability is understood as their ability to support the development of indigenous content and local idioms in artistic work. Their social sustainability is examined in terms of the social inclusion and community bonds they engender; environmental sustainability refers to the articulation with the language of existing urban forms and the preservation of or improvements to the landscape. Although both Shanghai and Singapore demonstrate simultaneous precariousness and sustainability, Singapore's city‐state status places greater pressure on it to ensure sustainability than does Shanghai, within a much larger China in which Beijing serves as the cultural hearth while Shanghai remains essentially a commercial center.     

Mosquitoes in the mix: How transferable is creative city thinking?

This paper contributes to recent debates about whether urban policy discourses are transferable and what is at stake in their translation. It draws on discussion of Darwin (Northwest Territory, Australia), a tropical savanna location that the local government wants to promote as a 'creative city', without quite knowing what this might require. We discuss relevant debates on research knowledge construction, the creative city and the path-dependent character of neoliberal governmental objectives. We then turn to the geographical, demographic and cultural characteristics that make Darwin a challenging and distinct context for translation of global theories of creative city rejuvenation. As well as arguing a case for more nuanced, locationally specific, analysis of the capacity of places to embrace travelling policy discourses, we suggest ways in which creative city research can be refreshed through engaging with literatures on (post)colonial urban politics and intersections with policy initiatives other than those targeted at 'creative industries' per se . We systematically outline the particular challenges that tropical cities in remote locations provide to accepted wisdom about creativity-led urban planning.     

Grounding mobile policies: Ad hoc networks and the creative city in Bandung,Indonesia

This paper explores the ad hoc networks that form to move policies to new sites by examining the process through which the city of Bandung, Indonesia adopted a creative city policy. As revealed through the Bandung case, attention to the formation of these networks highlights the way that power operates within them, privileging certain ideas and structuring the ways in which information flows through their channels. This insight suggests that the concept of policy mobilities would be enriched by a closer attention to the way power is used to construct networks that promote specific policies and places as sites of ‘best practice’. Furthermore, this paper extends the concept of policy mobilities to a city ‘off the map’. In contrast to most existing policy mobilities research that tends to focus on the stable, large‐scale networks through which policies travel and on the high‐profile cities constructed as policy models, the case of Bandung provides a study of how policy mobilities may occur differently outside of its well‐established locations.     

Are creative workers happier in Chinese cities? The influence of work,lifestyle, and amenities on urban well-being

This paper examines two propositions in the creative-class debate in the context of China’s large cities. The first evaluates Richard Florida’s contention that creative workers enjoy higher level of well-being and are happier than blue-collar workers. The second investigates the influence of urban amenities, lifestyle, and work on creative workers’ happiness. Both propositions are analyzed in relation to China’s post-Socialist, industrial, and mining cities. Based on data from a household survey, the results indicate that Chinese creative workers are indeed happier in post-Socialist, or service-sector oriented, cities. However, creative work does not explain their happiness. Stable social sites that reinforce authentic experience of urban cultural amenities (e.g. the teahouse rather than modern coffeehouses, bars, and theaters) are a significant factor for creative-class happiness in post-Socialist Chinese cities. However, creative work is more likely to explain creative-class happiness in mining cities. Further, our study found that blue-collar workers report a higher level of happiness in those settings with less pronounced inter- and intra-class distinctions at the workplace—in those places where power and status are more evenly distributed.     

基于手机信令数据的城内迁居活跃度识别方法研究——以武汉市为例

中国城市的快速发展加速了城市内部人口的居住迁移,精细测度居民迁居行为及其空间分异特征,对于从人的行为视角来分析城市居住空间结构演进过程具有现实意义。本文以武汉都市发展区为例,基于手机信令大数据,提出净活跃度指标和总活跃度指标来量化描述迁居活跃度,并依据两个指标的分类及组合,将居民居住地划分为高迁入型活跃区、平稳型活跃区、高迁出型活跃区、高迁入型非活跃区、平稳型非活跃区与高迁出型非活跃区六种空间类型,进而探讨居民迁居的空间分布特征。结果表明：① 武汉都市发展区内部人口迁移总体呈现出从主城区向近郊区逐步迁移的趋势,且主城区人口总活跃度相较更高。② 主城区以高迁出型活跃区和高迁入型活跃区为主,近郊区则以平稳型非活跃区为主。③ 不同空间类型内的居住类型存在差异：高迁入型活跃区内以新建小区、高校住区、学区房、城中村为主;平稳型活跃区以农村居住地、园区周边住宅为主;高迁出型活跃区以老旧小区、园区周边住宅、城中村、农村居住地为主;非活跃区则以农村居住地为主。本文提出了一种基于时序手机信令大数据的居民迁居活跃度评价指标体系,并以实证研究证明其对于居民迁居地空间类型划分的有效性,研究结果可为相关规划决策部门掌控城市内部的人口迁移特征提供数据支撑、为城市不同区域针对性的进行公共资源配置提供参考依据。     

Physical environmental characteristics promoting independent and active transport to children's meaningful places

Research on urban structural characteristics promoting physical activity is often focussing on just few of the settings where children and youth spend their time. To overcome this, we used mapping methodology where children themselves defined their important places. Then, the associations between the urban structure and children's active transport and independent mobility were studied. Principal component analysis was used to compose multivariate profiles of physical environment around meaningful places. We found that structure dominated by single family housing promoted both independent mobility and use of active transport modes. Dense urban residential structure allowed for independent mobility but did not promote active transport.     

Metropolitan growth and the mobility and immobility of skilled and creative couples across the life course

The human capital and creative class hypotheses argue that the agglomeration of skilled and creative people is key to economic growth. Migration is assumed to play an important role in forming these agglomerations. However, the results of this study indicate that while younger cohorts of skilled and creative individuals are highly mobile, skilled and creative couples are highly immobile. This research hypothesizes that it is these relatively immobile skilled and creative couples that are behind the link between urban growth and concentrations of skill and creativity. Indeed, this analysis finds a strong empirical link between concentrations of skilled couples, but not creative class couples, and economic growth. Public policies designed to increase the size of the skilled population should be directed at retaining younger cohorts long enough for them to develop the local networks upon which spillover effects rely.     

世界创意产业的兴起、特征与发展趋势

随着经济全球化进程的深化,世界经济结构呈现出从“工业型经济”向“服务型经济”转化的趋势。融合传统文化与现代数字技术、生产性服务业与消费性服务业的创意产业应运而生。创意产业处于产业链、价值链的高端,跨越多个行业、渗透诸多行业,不同于传统行业的统计分类。企业组织上旱现小型化,空间分布上出现集聚化的特征与趋势。     

Securing the Neoliberal City: Discourses of Creativity and Priority Neighborhoods in Toronto,Canada

This paper examines the convergence between the discourse of the creative city and the discourse on priority neighborhoods within urban policy imaginaries in Toronto, Canada. In particular, it examines the development of a number of arts programs targeted at low-income neighborhoods in the city. The twin objectives of these programs are to (a) foster creative and entrepreneurial subjectivities among “at-risk” youth, and (b) reduce the risk of violence that is presumed to be associated with youths living in poor neighborhoods. The paper analyzes how these two discourses are intertwined in a neoliberal politics devoted to enhancing regional quality-of-life competitiveness and to branding Toronto as an attractive creative-class destination. [Key words: creative city, poverty, low-income neighborhoods, neoliberalism, Toronto.]     

A fuzzy formal concept analysis-based approach to uncovering spatial hierarchies among vague places extracted from user-generated data

The spatial hierarchy of part-whole relationships is an essential characteristic of the platial world. Constructing spatial hierarchies of places is valuable in association analysis and qualitative spatial reasoning. The emergence of large amounts of geotagged user-generated content provides strong support for modelling places. However, the vague nature of places and the complex spatial relationships among places make it intractable to understand and represent the hierarchies among places. In this paper, we introduce a fuzzy formal concept analysis-based approach to uncovering the spatial hierarchies among vague places. Each place is represented as a concept that consists of its extent and its intent. Based on the place concepts, the spatial hierarchies are generated and expressed as a graph that is easy to comprehend and contains abundant information on spatial relations. We also demonstrate the rationality of our result by comparing it with the result of a questionnaire survey.     

State Geography Standards in 2004

Abstract

National Geography Standards for the middle school years generally stress the teaching of latitude and longitude. There are many creative ways to explain the great grid that encircles our planet, but the author has found that students in his college-level geography courses especially enjoy human-interest stories associated with lines of latitude and longitude. In particular, certain nautical “rites of passage” and GPS-enabled adventure show how some people identify with these imaginary lines as places to celebrate and explore. The author contends that humanizing this global geometry enhances student understanding and appreciation at any grade level.     

Community resources for small city creativity? Rethinking creative economy narratives at the Blue Mountains Music Festival

ABSTRACT

Limitations in scale, infrastructure and business opportunities in combination with a greater sense of community in small centres require a more diverse understanding of the small city creative economy. Entrepreneurship and business development builds on non-capitalist resources, creative community initiatives, volunteers and community networks. Fostering the creative economy in small cities requires a rethinking of creative narratives that iterate the key role of non-capitalist community resources. I illustrate this argument via a case study of the Blue Mountains Music Festival, in New South Wales, Australia. It examines the gap between creative economy aspirations of a small city government and the reality of creativity ‘on the ground’. The City of the Blue Mountains is a small urban centre on the fringes of metropolitan Sydney and regional New South Wales. Its council has recently adopted a creative industries approach to enhance local employment in line with national and metropolitan creative agendas. The Blue Mountains Music Festival was launched in response to creative economy policy more than 20 years ago, but has now lost this connection as it fails to fit current policy aspirations. The festival is, however, an effective example of how creativity in a small city unfolds, demonstrating that beyond jobs and growth are key matters of non-capitalist community networks and resources.     

Spatial practices of integration and segregation among internally displaced persons and their hosts in Sri Lanka

This article recounts how a group of Muslim internally displaced persons from the Northern Province of Sri Lanka arrived and settled in the North-Western Province of the island. The account is placed in the context of local integration, as one of the so-called durable solutions for refugees and displaced people. It is argued that it is useful to study integration and segregation as related processes. The main focus of the article concerns the development of resettlement villages for displaced people and how this has made it necessary for local people to reconstruct and redefine their places. One particular confrontation that took place between local Sinhalese people and displaced Muslims is discussed, to show how the negotiation of place may become violent. The article concludes by arguing that, in order for the process of local integration to succeed, active participation by all groups involved in the local integration process is a prerequisite.     

国外创意产业集聚的理论视角与研究系谱

创意产业,又被作创意工业、创意经济,不同国家或地区对其内涵、概念的诠释或理解不一。近年来关于“文化产业”、“文化创意产业”、“内容产业”等的研究,多与一般意义上的“创意产业”相关．目前的研究主要集中于该产业的经济贡献、就业结构等方面,尚未形成统一的理论体系。本文试图从创意产业思想发展脉络、创意场域、创意产业园区、艺术家主体和创意阶层、创意城市等方面梳理国外对创意产业研究的系谱。     

旅游型城市公共空间特征及场所营造指向研究——以甘南藏族自治州夏河县为例

近年来,随着城镇化和旅游业的快速发展,加速了夏河县城市公共空间的更新建设,但也带来场所精神蜕变、识别性降低等一系列问题。在对夏河县进行社会调查、路网拓扑建模的基础上,采用模糊综合评价法、空间句法、核密度分析等方法对场所空间品质、空间活力进行系统地探析,进而对场所单元、丛拉商业文化场所等5处公共场所组团提出了具体的营建策略,并提出场所系统的营造应从构筑系统化的场所、坚持多组团多策略的营造原则、从多主体进行场所营造、营造高通达性的场所、以热点场所单元策动场所组团和场所系统的营造等视角出发营造一个高品质、高活力的场所系统。同时,期望能够为旅游型城市公共空间的场所营造提供一套可借鉴的公共空间评价方法和营造策略     

非表征理论视角下的城市再生方式——广州创新创业空间案例

以非表征理论为切入点,本文以广州创新创业空间为案例,探讨情感空间和身体等要素在促进城市再生进程中的作用。研究发现：各主体在孵化器/众创空间的建设发展过程中邂逅,通过身体实践作用于物质空间构成创新创意空间关系网络和城市再生体系,重构创新创业空间的文化内涵并培育创新情感和创造行为,为创意产业的发展和地方感的重构提供物质基础以及赋予其多元的地方意义。而后,创意阶层的日常生活实践重塑了社区环境促进微空间的再生产,实现资本积累以完成第一轮时空修复,并随着其社会影响范围的扩大成为新城市文化,促进第二轮时空修复的完成。上述结论回应了非表征理论看待世界的方式和填补了非表征理论在宏观尺度研究上的空缺,为城市再生提供了新的实践切入点。     

地方创意环境和实体空间对城市文化创意活动的影响——以北京市南锣鼓巷为例

文化创意产业成为21世纪中国经济的重要增长点。本文以北京南锣鼓巷的案例,展示了在文化体制改革的背景下,自发形成的地方创意环境和实体空间对城市文化创意活动的影响。近十年来,作为老城中心休闲场所的南锣鼓巷,已经成为演员、导演、编剧和其他艺术者集中的文化创意地。质性访谈和小样本的问卷调查显示,丰富的历史文化遗产、周边高等级的艺术和演出机构提供了创意活动的有力支持,有形的历史文化空间则形成创意过程的催化剂;而酒吧和咖啡店等的出现使创意人才得以聚集,其中的创意交流活动则促进创意成果的产生。本文认为,打造文化创意园区并非唯一的发展之路。是否能吸引具有创意潜质的人才,将其有机地组织并提升集体创造力,进而促进创意活动更密集地发生才是关键。     

设计创意人才的空间集聚及其影响机理研究——基于城市舒适性视角

从城市舒适性理论出发,系统梳理了创意人才及其空间集聚过程的相关文献,构建了驱动中国设计创意人才空间集聚的城市舒适性指标体系,通过大数据方法从国内设计师社交平台站酷网获取设计创意人才的属性数据,运用地理集中指数、区位熵、负二项回归方法,深入剖析了中国设计创意人才的空间集聚特征与机理。研究表明：① 中国设计创意人才及其创作在空间上呈现出显著的集聚现象,以北京为主的一线城市最为集中,但杭州、长沙、武汉、郑州这些新兴城市也表现良好,甚至超过部分一线城市;② 城市舒适性理论在解释中国设计创意人才空间集聚时具有很强的解释力,其中文化环境、教育环境和自然环境是影响设计创意人才空间集聚的核心因素;③ 证实了西方创意阶层理论的部分结论,发现文化基础设施、文化遗产、文化旅游、高素质人力资本、温暖的气候与良好的空气质量是提升城市对创意人才吸引力的重要因子,同时发现科研投入对设计创意人才集聚具有明显挤出效应,并且西方学者普遍强调的生活环境舒适性因子对设计创意人才影响有限。为深入理解创意人才的空间过程及其影响机理提供了详实的实证案例,为地方政府改善城市创意环境提供了参考依据。