常流河向季节河转变过程中河床适应性调整及对行洪影响——以黄河和滹沱河为

研究黄河和滹沱河对季节河化的适应性调整,发现季节化程度较高的滹沱河下游床断面和平面形态调整幅度不大,而河床的糙率成倍增加造成下游的小水大灾现象;黄河下游近年流量减小,不断断流,主槽淤积,虽然河槽断面形态在游荡段变得更窄深,但主槽明显变小、变窄、变高,构成下游近年出现的小水大灾现象的主要原因。     

长白山区天然红松阔叶林乔木种多样性变化

以长白山区红松阔叶林为研究对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,对于不同年度进行中度择伐后形成的天然次生林,进行群落学调查,并根据树高划分为主林层、中林层、更新层,分析和探讨了经过人为干扰以后的28年恢复期间乔木种多样性的变化动态。研究结果表明,经人为干扰后,天然次生林内林分的乔木种丰富度和Shannon多样性指数变化均较小,林分均匀度指数在择伐后的5年间迅速减小,直至第28年为止始终小于原始林;在28年恢复期间物种丰富度指数、Shannon指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数在不同高度层的分布格局变化均较大,且同原始林相比相差较大;林分不同层内乔木树种的多样性变化动态较复杂。     

干旱区内陆河流域典型绿洲土地利用格局变化中的人为影响空间分异研究

如何量化人为活动对土地利用格局变化的影响是国内外学者所关注的热点问题,目前涉及人为影响空间分布特征的研究尚不多见.塔里木河上游地区是典型的生态脆弱带和环境危机带,对以人类活动为主导的区域水土资源的开发反响强烈,主要表现在其土地利用的空间格局随水土资源开发程度而发生的变化.本研究借助于3S技术和地统计学的空间分析方法,较系统分析了1990-2002年塔里木河上游地区阿克苏绿洲土地利用的时空变化特征,建立人为影响指数,定量揭示人为开发利用活动的空间变异、强度分布.研究表明,以阿克苏绿洲中心所在的人工绿洲系统为人为影响程度相对高的区域,广大的荒草地、沙地和部分水域为人为影响低的区域.2002年的人为影响特征与1990年相比,出现了较大变化,人为影响指数较高的区域面积在不断扩大,这与近年来当地人口数量上升导致的城乡建设用地面积增加和通过毁林、毁草来拓垦耕地有直接关系.     

西南地区水耕人为土诊断层土壤特性及SEM特征

对我国西南地区代表性水耕人为土诊断层土壤特性进行研究,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)进行土壤微形态研究,结果表明:不同母质和发育程度的水耕人为土,在土壤特性及在剖面上的变化特征都有明显差别.通过SEM观察研究表明:粗、细颗粒物质形态与矿物组成密切相关,如以薄片状、针条状等细粒物质为主的土壤,在水耕条件和外力作用下,易于定向、粘结聚合而引起土壤压实和板结.水耕人为土的微团聚体含量少而分散,对肥力的贡献有限.长期培肥的水耕人为土能够形成丰富的各类微孔隙和微结构类型,是调节土壤水、热、气和养分状况的主要机制.     

古水耕人为土诊断层的特征与形成过程——以广汉三星堆遗址水耕人为土为例

选定广汉三星堆遗址的典型古水耕人为土,研究剖面的诊断层特性与形成过程,取得了以下主要研究结果:形成时期长、发育程度高的古水耕人为土,在土壤剖面形态和特性上,表现出明显的层次分化.同时水耕表层结构发育,犁底层适度紧实和有一定结构发育;水耕氧化还原层表现出物质的水耕淋淀及其转化特征等.深化了水耕人为土诊断层及其形成过程的认识.对高肥力水耕人为土的培育,以及在水耕人为土系统分类研究上取得进展,都有一定意义.     

常流河向季节河转变过程中河床适应性调整及对行洪影响--以黄河和滹沱河为例

研究黄河和滹沱河对季节河化的适应性调整，发现季节化程度较高的滹沱河下游河床断面和平面形态调整幅度不大，而河床的糙率成倍增加造成下游的小水大灾现象；黄河下游近年流量减小，不断断流，主槽淤积，虽然河槽断面形态在游荡段变得更窄深，但主槽明显变小、变窄、变高，构成下游近年出现的小水大灾现象的主要原因。     

荒漠区踩踏生物土壤结皮对土壤微生物量的影响

土壤微生物量可敏感指示土壤质量,是衡量荒漠地区生态恢复程度的重要生物学指标,而有关荒漠区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮与土壤微生物量关系的研究相对缺乏。以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区和天然植被区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮下的沙丘土壤为研究对象,分别采集未踩踏、中度踩踏和重度踩踏结皮下0～5 cm和5～15 cm土样并测定土壤微生物量碳和氮。结果表明:人为踩踏藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮可减少生物土壤结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮,且土壤微生物量碳和氮随踩踏程度的增加而减少,重度踩踏显著减少土壤微生物量碳和氮(P<0.05),土壤速效磷、速效氮、全磷和全氮的损失是导致土壤微生物量碳和氮减少的重要因子。除踩踏程度外,土壤微生物量碳和氮也受结皮演替阶段的影响。人为踩踏的藓类结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮显著高于藻-地衣结皮(P<0.05),表明演替晚期的藓类结皮比演替早期的藻-地衣结皮抗干扰能力更强;无论季节如何更替,土壤微生物量碳和氮均表现为未踩踏>中度踩踏>重度踩踏;人为踩踏结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮均表现明显的季节变化,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。腾格里沙漠人工植被固沙区和天然植被区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮可减少土壤微生物量,表明人为踩踏生物土壤结皮可引起土壤质量下降,导致荒漠生态系统的退化。因此,保护荒漠区生物土壤结皮有利于荒漠生态系统的修复。     

受扰土壤全量氮磷钾的光谱反演

选取无人为干扰区、人为干扰区共55个土壤样品测定全氮磷钾含量,结合实测光谱的微分变换建立预测模型,并筛选出不同人为干扰下最优模型。结果表明:人类活动造成土壤全氮磷钾含量降低,数据集中程度和分布状态均发生变化。无人为干扰区以二阶微分建立的全氮、全钾含量预测模型和全磷以对数的倒数一阶微分建立的模型建模集r^2均超过0.9,检验集相对分析误差(RPD)均大于2.0,预测效果最佳。人为干扰区以倒数一阶微分建立的全氮、全磷含量预测模型不仅RPD>2.0,而且r^2> 0.92,也达到极好水平。入选RPD> 2预测模型的敏感波段中,无人为干扰区均位于可见光近红外波段,而人为干扰区则在近红外波段。这为今后提高全氮磷钾含量预测精度提供了新视角。     

西藏生态脆弱区人为作用对生态退化的影响

西藏是典型的生态脆弱区，西藏生态具有自然基础不稳定性和对外力干预的敏感性特点。本文从阐述西藏生态的敏感性入手．在辨识生态退化的人为作用方式的基础上，探讨了生态敏感性、人为作用与生态退化之间的关系及人为作用机理．进一步利用典型相关分析方法，在西藏自治医县域尺度上就人为活动对生态退化影响的强度进行了量化分析。得出了三点结论：1）人为作用通过生态敏感性而使生态趋于退化。2）人为因子与生态敏感性之间的作用不是简单的加和，而是一种乘数效应。3）总人口是生态退化的最显著的人为因子。     

半干旱地区泥石流沟道地形要素关联度评价：以神府—东胜矿区人为泥 …

在神府－－东胜态和区人为泥石流沟道广泛野外调查的基础上,选取了４３条典型泥石流样沟,在１：１００００地形图及其卫片上进行了形态要素量测,应用流域地貌分析原理,对４３条样沟各形态要素进行了剖析及关联度评价,并进行了泥流沟道发育阶段的信息维分析,所得结论为：为干旱地区的人为泥充沟道地势比沿持续干旱为主以形成区比降最大,区别于自然泥石流沟道;沟道分区面积比以汇海淀区面积最大,明显区别于湿润地区,流域形状     

基于二元水循环的河流生态需水水量与水质综合评价方法——以辽河流域为例

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed,and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements,the efficiency of water resource usage,the consumption coefficient,and the concentration of waste water elimination,the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed,and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established,and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model,the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River,Dongliao River,mainstream Liaohe River,Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated,each taking up 39.3%,63.0%,43.9%,43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow,the results show that: except Xiliao River is "median",the rest are all upon "good",the Dongliao River is even "very good". The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that,the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%,74.1%,60.8%,60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering "quantity",except Xiliao River,the rest rivers can all achieve the "quantity" criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements,but if considering the aspect of "quality",only Dongliao River can reach the "quality" standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method,only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands.     

半干旱区季节性河流在荒漠化发育中的作用——以内蒙古四子王旗塔布河流域为例

荒漠化发育方式和过程的各不相同 ,具有明显的地域性和成因差异性特点。半干旱区季节性河流在荒漠化地貌发育中的作用是引人注目的一个科学问题。内蒙古四子王旗塔布河流域内有丰富的第三系和第四系河湖相冲 (洪 )积沉积物。该流域正发生着内蒙古乌兰察布盟最严重的荒漠化。本文基于LandsatTM图像的处理与分析 ,对该区季节性河流流域的荒漠化程度、分布及其成因作了研究 ,探讨了风 -水复合作用下荒漠化发育的具体模式。在干旱 -半干旱的气候背景下 ,地表植被稀疏、甚至裸露 ,在暴雨作用下 ,形成的洪流搬运大量泥沙碎屑物质沉积在中下游的宽谷地带 ,随着河道的淤积、抬高与加宽 ,干燥的流沙向两岸蔓延 ;再在特殊地段河道的“狭管效应”与局部气流循环共同作用下 ,流沙向四周进一步扩展 ,与山前洪积扇相连 ,造成荒漠化大范围的发生和发展 ,并可能导致整个地区的荒漠化。     

干旱区人水和谐治水思想的探讨

在温故古人治水思想的基础上,认真总结和深刻领悟现代治水新思路,并针对干旱区内陆河流域径流形成、利用、转化、耗散等水循环特征和经济社会发展与生态环境保护在用水方面的突出矛盾,反思水资源在开发、利用、治理、配置、节约和保护等水事活动中存在的诸多问题,提出了“治河之术,治水之学,治域之理,人水和谐之道”的治水思想。这是实施资源水利战略,实现水资源可持续利用目标的重要思想理论基础,对于其它流域或区域治水方略的确立也具有广泛的借鉴意义。     

Water quantity-quality combined evaluation method for rivers&rsquo|water requirements of the instream environment in dualistic water cycle: A case study of Liaohe River Basin

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river re-quirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized. Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that: except Xiliao River is “median”, the rest are all upon “good”, the Dongliao River is even “very good”. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that: considering “quantity”, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the “quantity” criteria of the en-vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of “quality”, only Dongliao River can reach the “quality” standard. By water quantity-quality combined evalua-tion method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem de-mands.     

Water quantity-quality combined evaluation method for rivers＇ water requirements of the instream environment in dualistic water cycle： A case study of Liaohe River Basin

In this article the meaning of the quantity and quality of environmental flows of river in dualistic water cycle is discussed, and compared with the meaning of unitary water cycle. Based on the analysis of the relationship between environmental flows of river requirements, the efficiency of water resource usage, the consumption coefficient, and the concentration of waste water elimination, the water quantity and water quality calculation method of the environmental flows of river requirements in dualistic water cycle is developed, and the criteria for environmental flows of river requirements are established, and therefore the water quantity-quality combined evaluation of natural river flows requirements are realized Taking the Liaohe River as a model, the environmental flows of river requirements for Xiliao River, Dongliao River, mainstream Liaohe River, Huntai River and northeast rivers along the coasts of the Yellow and Bohai seas in unitary water cycle are calculated, each taking up 39.3%, 63.0%, 43.9%, 43.3% and 43.5% of runoff respectively. Evaluated according to Tennant recommended flow, the results show that： except Xiliao River is ＂median＂, the rest are all upon ＂good＂, the Dongliao River is even ＂very good＂. The corresponding results in dualistic water cycle are that, the proportion of natural flows for each river is 57.5%, 74.1%, 60.8%, 60.3% and 60.4%; while the combined evaluation results show that： considering ＂quantity＂, except Xiliao River, the rest rivers can all achieve the ＂quantity＂ criteria of the en- vironmental flows of river requirements, but if considering the aspect of ＂quality＂, only Dongliao River can reach the ＂quality＂ standard. By water quantity-quality combined evaluation method, only Dongliao River can achieve the criteria. So the water quality is the main factor that determines whether the environmental flows can meet the river ecosystem demands.     

Application of a new river classification scheme to Australia's tropical rivers

A revised typology of Australian tropical rivers was applied to the complete channel network (named and major rivers) shown on 1:250 000 topographic maps for three large drainage basins in northern Australia (Daly River, NT; Fitzroy River, WA; Flinders River, Qld). Reach mapping and classification were conducted using the revised typology. The 12 major river types proposed were: (1) bedrock rivers; (2) bedrock‐confined and ‐constrained rivers; (3) low sinuosity (straight) rivers; (4) meandering rivers; (5) wandering rivers; (6) anabranching rivers; (7) chains of ponds; (8) gullies; (9) floodouts; (10) lakes, swamps, billabongs and wetlands; (11) non‐channelized valley floors; and (12) estuarine rivers. The 12 major river types were developed based on river reach mapping for more than 264 000 km² of tropical Australian catchments. At scales larger than 1:250 000, subdivision of each major river type is recommended. In the Daly and Fitzroy catchments, confined and constrained rivers dominate, whereas in the Flinders and Fitzroy catchments, anabranching rivers dominate. The dominant river types need benchmarking with adequate numbers of control reaches so that channel changes induced by human and natural impacts can be measured by reference to the stability of these controls. Wandering rivers, floodouts and non‐channelized valley floors were rare for the 1:250 000 channel network in northern Australia but need inclusion in national parks.     

我国河水主要离子组成与区域自然条件的关系

对我国四大水系－长江、黄河、松花江和珠江５０年代末至８０年代中期河水中主要离子含量流域降水量、区域地质岩性等自然条件进行了统计研究。研究表明：区域地质岩性对河水离子含量和组成有显著影响;河水离子总量与相应区域的降水存在显著负相关关系。     

游荡性河流演变规律研究进展及其河型归属探讨

游荡性河道在中国广泛分布,其中以黄河下游上段最为典型,但关于游荡性河型的归属问题尚存在很大争议,国际上多将游荡性河流归属为辫状河型。本文以黄河下游游荡性河道为典型案例,系统总结了游荡性河流的演变特征、主要影响因素和形成机理,并从定义、成因、特征及河道形成过程方面,将游荡与辫状河型的异同点进行对比分析。得到以下启示：游荡性河型是一种重要的河道型态,与辫状河型在许多方面存在较明显差异。特别是游荡河型主要发育于能量小于输沙需求的环境,因而形态呈现不稳定特性,但辫状河型不仅出现在能量较多的环境,而且也常在能量较小的环境中出现,因而一部分具有稳定形态,另一部分则表现出不稳定的特性,因此,有必要对游荡性河道和辫状河道给予区分。最后对未来研究进行了展望,提出应重视河型形成的内在机理,对能量理论进行发展及深化,进一步系统性评价游荡性河道与辫状河道的异同性,以解决游荡性河道的河型归属问题。     

基于虚拟地理环境的数字黄河研究进展

虚拟地理环境是人类社会环境和自然环境在计算机三维虚拟空间的映射,是近20年来随着信息技术进步而迅速发展起来的研究领域。“原型黄河”、“模型黄河”、“数字黄河”则是基于地理信息系统、三维可视化技术、现代遥感遥测技术和虚拟地理环境技术的发展而提出来的。通过概述“数字黄河”的研究意义、研究方法,探讨了“数字黄河”研究需要解决的关键技术问题,包括自然环境中“原型黄河”各有机组成部分在虚拟地理环境中的表达及行为描述,自然环境和人类社会环境对黄河具有重要影响的因子之间相互作用的计算机表达。以“数字河道模型”为例详细论述了“数字黄河”的重要组成部分,如“数字河道模型”、“数字流域模型”、“数字水库模型”和“数字河口模型”在虚拟地理环境的表达。