青藏高原纳木错流域扎当冰川度日因子特征及其应用

根据青藏高原念青唐古拉峰北坡纳木错流域扎当冰川2007和2008年消融期的物质平衡和气象观测资料,计算了冰川冰和雪的度日因子值,分析了冰川度日因子的时空变化及影响因素.结果表明:扎当冰川雪的度日因子值为5.3mm·d-1·℃-1;不同海拔冰的度日因子在4.0～14.0mm·d-1·℃-1之间,平均为9.2mm·d-1·℃-1.扎当冰川冰的度日因子值随着海拔的升高有所下降,但季节变化规律不明显.利用度日模型对扎当冰川物质平衡进行了模拟,得到2006/2007年度和2007/2008年度该冰川的物质平衡值分别为-534mmw.e.和247mmw.e.,其中2007/2008年度的模拟值接近观测值.     

喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川度日因子研究

根据喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰绒布冰川消融资料和同期气温数据,分析了该冰川度日因子时空变化.研究结果显示:绒布冰川度日因子随海拔升高而增加,海拔5 260 m、5 350 m、5 450 m、5 500 m和5 750 m处冰川度日因子平均值分别为3.27 mm·℃-1·d-1、8.21 mm·℃-1·d-1、23.19 mm·℃-1·d-1、46.41 mm·℃-1·d-1和42.05 mm·℃-1·d-1;不同厚度表碛下的冰川度日因子有所差异;但对同一观测点来说,度日因子随时间变化较小;在喜马拉雅山南北坡海拔5 350 m的地区,冰川度日因子普遍较小(10.5 mm·℃-1·d-1);而在南北坡海拔5 350 m的地区,度日因子普遍较大(大部分15.8 mm·℃-1·d-1),相比南坡,喜马拉雅山北坡冰川度日因子更大.     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川度日因子时空变化特征

度日模型是估算冰川消融的一种简单而有效的方法,度日因子是该模型的重要参数,反映了单位正积温产生的冰雪消融量,其时空变化特征对不同模型模拟冰雪消融过程的精度有较大影响.根据乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川22a的物质平衡花杆观测资料和大西沟气象站气象资料,分析了该冰川度日因子的时空变化规律及其影响因素.结果表明:时间尺度上,融雪度日因子年际变化不大,融冰度日因子随年际变化有增加趋势,且这种增加趋势在冰川中下部要比冰川上部明显;空间尺度上,随海拔升高,度日因子具有明显的下降趋势;2000-2004年与1983-1989年相比,1号冰川东、西支夏季物质平衡变化量分别为-240mm和-290mm,其中气候变化直接引起的变化量为-206mm和-175mm.     

近期小冬克玛底冰川物质平衡变化及其影响因素分析

冰川物质平衡是反映冰川状况最为直接、 可靠的参数.基于2008-2012年小冬克玛底冰川花杆和雪坑实测的物质平衡资料以及相关的气象资料, 获取了小冬克玛底冰川物质平衡数据并对其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明: 2009-2012年冰川末端共退缩19.7 m, 年均退缩量为4.9 m, 是1990年代中末期的2.3倍; 平衡线高度为5 720 m, 相比1990年代初的海拔5 600 m上升了120 m.与1995年相比, 冰川面积减少了0.095 km², 末端海拔从5 380 m上升到5 420 m. 2008-2012年小冬克玛底冰川物质平衡总量为-1 584 mm w.e., 相当于冰川整体减薄1.76 m. 2009/2010年度物质平衡量为-996 mm w.e., 是小冬克玛底冰川有观测记录以来的最大负平衡值, 夏季平均气温偏高和青藏公路维修导致表面反照率急剧降低是主要原因.对影响冰川物质平衡的因素分析结果表明, 气温特别是夏季气温和净辐射是小冬克玛底冰川物质变化的主要影响因素.     

天山南坡科其卡尔巴契冰川度日因子变化特征研究

度日模型是估算冰川消融的一种简单而有效的方法.根据科其卡尔巴契冰川2003年的观测资料,分析了该冰川度日因子的空间变化规律及其影响因素.研究表明:各高度上的度日因子,介于2.0～9.7mm·℃^-1·d^-1之间变化,平均值为5.7mm·℃^-1·d^-1,与青藏高原各冰川及其它地区冰川相比较小;随着海拔的增高,度日因子随之递增;随平均气温的升高而随之递减.由于冰面状况复杂,度日因子变化幅度较大,裸冰区的度日因子明显大于表碛覆盖区.人为测量误差、反照率、地形等对度日因子的影响也不容忽视.     

慕士塔格峰洋布拉克冰川消融的观测分析

2001年7月4日至8月8日,在慕士塔格峰西侧的洋布拉克冰川海拔4600～4460m区间的冰舌段,进行了短期的冰面消融观测.慕士塔格峰冰川区暖期短,冰面强消融时期比较集中.观测期间,冰面纯消融厚度为640～1260mm水层,日平均消融厚度达26～39.6mm,推算冰舌区年消融量不低于1700～2000mm,比青藏高原内部的冰川消融强烈的多.7月21-22日出现最大消融值,在海拔4460m和4600m,日消融量分别为144.5mm和59.5mm.冰面消融随海拔上升而减小,日平均消融梯度:在裸露冰区为0.40～0.55mm·10m-1;在表碛覆盖区为0.21～3.53mm·10m-1,变幅较裸露冰区大.按裸露冰区的消融梯度计算出海拔4800m处的日平均消融量,和过去的研究资料比较,2001年冰面日平均消融量较1987年和1960年的消融量大,反映出慕士塔格峰区影响冰川消融的气候与全球气候变暖的特点是一致的.     

天山南坡科其卡尔巴契冰川消融期气候特征分析

通过分析天山南坡科其卡尔巴契冰川区的气候变化特征及其对冰川消融变化过程的影响, 研究了冰川对气候变化的响应机理及其对塔里木河水资源的影响规律.科其卡尔巴契冰川区夏季气温比较高, 基本处于正温, 日较差较小; 气温直减率较小, 平均值为0.60·℃\5(100m)-1, 冰川冷效应不明显; 对流性降水较多, 降水量的75%发生在白天; 冰川区局地环流--山谷风发育, 海拔3 900 m以上冰川受西风环流影响显著; 净辐射在7月和8月中上旬均较大, 在8月下旬后净辐射开始逐渐减小, 与冰川消融是一致的. 7月初至7月下旬是消融较强的两个时段, 冰川平均消融速率为38.66 mm·5d-1, 到8月中旬消融速率略有降低, 平均为34.79 mm·d-1, 至9月中旬降至28.83 mm·d-1.     

青藏高原冬克玛底冰川可培养细菌群落特征研究

冬克玛底冰川作为重要的长江源头之一,近年来主要以冰川气候、地质变化等自然地理方向的研究为主,而对于冬克玛底冰川不同生境中可培养细菌多样性及群落构成的研究还鲜有报道。为了阐明冬克玛底冰川可培养细菌多样性及其与环境因子的相关关系,发掘冰川微生物资源,针对冬克玛底冰川雪、冰和融水3种生境开展了研究。采用传统可培养法分离菌株,16S rRNA基因序列分析方法进行菌株鉴定,统计学方法分析可培养细菌多样性及其影响因素。结果表明,本研究中可培养细菌分属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。其中放线菌门为优势菌门,库克菌属(Kocuria)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)和马赛菌属(Massilia)为优势菌属。不同生境中的可培养细菌数量、群落结构和多样性均不同,冰样中可培养细菌数量最多、群落结构复杂并且多样性最高。冬克玛底冰川分离的36个菌属中有8个菌属未从其他冰川分离出。冰川不同生境中可培养细菌群落结构差异较大;Cl^-和Ca²⁺     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川成冰带分布特征的再研究

通过分析2006年获取的43个雪坑和2004年的28个雪坑资料,对乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川成冰带的分布特征进行了再研究.结果表明: 1号冰川东、西支消融带和渗浸-冻结带界限(平均值)分别位于海拔4 068 m和4 086 m,渗浸-冻结带和渗浸带的界限分别位于海拔4 086 m和4 122 m处;东、西支顶部的渗浸-冻结带和渗浸带界限分别位于海拔4 184 m和4 435 m处.与20世纪80年代末相比,1号冰川的成冰带谱整体上移,成冰带界限达到各研究时期的最高,且东支的变化幅度大于西支;消融带和冰川顶部的渗浸-冻结带面积增大,渗浸带和冰川中部的渗浸-冻结带面积缩小.     

喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川消融速率特征分析

根据1959年和2009年在喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川获得的冰川消融数据, 分析了该冰川消融速率变化特征.结果表明: 1) 在珠峰绒布冰川表碛覆盖区, 表碛厚度随海拔升高而降低. 2) 不同厚度表碛下的冰川消融速率差别较大; 当表碛厚度>8.5 cm时, 消融速率随表碛厚度的增加而减小; 促进冰川消融的表碛厚度阈值大于5 cm. 3) 从冰川消融速率的空间分布看, 绒布冰川大部分区域的消融速率<20 mm·d^-1, 最大消融速率出现在海拔5 400~5 450 m处. 4) 绒布冰川消融速率受表碛厚度和气温综合影响, 低海拔处表碛太厚, 高海拔处气温较低, 冰川消融在上述两海拔处均受抑制, 冰川消融速率较小; 在中海拔处, 表碛相对较薄, 气温相对较高, 冰川消融速率最大; 冰川日均消融速率与日均正积温正相关. 5) 喜马拉雅山南坡冰川消融速率大于北坡冰川消融速率.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.