基于机器学习的孔隙型碳酸盐岩油藏相控建模研究——以中东H油田白垩系Mishrif组油藏为例

孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层的化学及机械沉积作用使得各沉积微相空间上不具备碎屑岩储层沉积微相明确的几何形态和外部结构,且不同成因储层的物性差异明显。依据常规的沉积微相建模方法难以如实地再现不同微相复杂的空间展布规律,进而也降低了相控属性建模的精度。本文以中东H油田白垩系Mishrif组生物碎屑灰岩为研究对象,通过开展波阻抗、孔隙度和渗透率的反演,利用机器学习的方法建立研究区的三维沉积微相模型。在此基础上,通过不同微相的变差函数分析,开展相控属性建模。结果表明,利用机器学习方法建立的沉积微相模型符合海相碳酸盐岩台地相序变化规律,充分体现了微相的空间形态和各微相间的接触关系,以沉积微相为约束条件建立的储层属性模型不仅满足了模拟结果与已知数据的概率一致性问题,又能分相带反映储层的空间变化特征。     

水下扇储层沉积微相建模--以濮城油田沙三中亚段油藏为例

储层沉积微相是影响储层非均质性的重要因素之一,准确预测储层沉积微相分布对认识储层非均质性、提高油田油气采收率具有重要意义.储层随机建模方法具有很强的地质适用性,合理选择随机建模方法能够有效提高模型精度.以东濮凹陷濮城油田沙三中亚段6-10水下扇油藏为例,由于水下扇沉积储层微相具有几何构型及空间分布复杂的特点,选择序贯指示建模可以对不同微相采用不同变差函数来表征其空间分布结构特征,从而再现储层微相复杂的空间分布.通过定义沟道吻合程度参数Mat对模拟实现进行检验,抽稀井沟道吻合程度参数Mat平均值达到84.7%,表明建模结果具有较高的准确度.序贯指示建模适合于建立水下扇储层沉积微相模型.     

沉积微相-岩石相随机模拟及其控制下的属性建模——以苏里格气田苏49-01加密试验区为例

常规岩相控制建模方法体现不了不同沉积微相的储层非均质性的类型及强度,同时传统的三维沉积微相控建模虽然在一定程度上分相带反映了储层的物性变化,但反映不了同一种微相内部不同岩性所引起的储层非均质性。本文以苏里格气田苏49-01加密试验区块为例,在岩相模型的基础之上,统计各沉积微相建模所需参数,以基于目标的建模方法建立沉积微相三维地质模型。在应用沉积微相-岩石相划分方法精细表征不同成因砂体间岩性、物性差异之后,建立起研究区沉积微相-岩石相的地质知识库。继而在三维沉积微相模型内部模拟沉积微相-岩石相模型,最后以该模型约束建立起高精度属性模型,该属性模型可精细刻画不同沉积微相以及同一沉积微相内部不同岩性所引起的储层非均质性。     

储层地质建模在油藏描述中的应用

以张店油田为研究对象,在储层构造、沉积微相、测井解释、储层非均质等研究基础上,建立地质数据库,应用三维可视化技术建立三维模型,通过储层三维模型,实现了油田开发地质研究工作中沉积微相研究成果的量化应用及与储层参数分布的有效结合。     

下刚果盆地北部海域海相碳酸盐岩沉积储层特征

西非下刚果盆地为一典型被动大陆边缘含盐盆地,下刚果盆地北部海域在白垩系海相碳酸盐岩层系获得丰富油气发现。研究区海相碳酸盐岩领域油气勘探面临的核心瓶颈问题,即白垩系碳酸盐岩的沉积模式、演化规律、储层特征以及沉积储层发育控制因素。综合钻井、地震、区域地质等资料,分析认为自下向上相对海平面的上升控制了沉积演化,沉积体系演化模式为浅海碳酸盐岩台地→浅海混积陆棚→半深海-海底扇。下刚果盆地碳酸盐岩储层展布在纵向及平面上均可以划分为内中外3个储层发育带,碳酸盐岩储层最主要发育于下白垩统Albian阶下Sendji组。该时期研究区整体发育浅海碳酸盐岩混积缓坡台地沉积体系,沉积亚相可进一步划分为混积滨岸、后缓坡、浅水缓坡以及深水缓坡4种类型,其中浅水缓坡亚相颗粒滩微相与后缓坡亚相台内浅滩、砂质浅滩微相储层最为发育。碳酸盐岩储层岩性组合主要包括颗粒灰岩、砂岩、砂质灰岩、白云岩4种类型;储层发育主要受沉积相带的控制,并受成岩作用的影响。     

辽东湾J油田东三段上部沉积微相及其对油气分布的影响

J油田东三段上部主要为三角洲前缘和前三角洲沉积亚相体系,发育河口坝、水下分流河道、分流间湾等微相。其中河口坝、水下分流河道砂体储集性能较好,分流间湾较差。本区段沉积亚相和沉积微相的类型和展布特征决定了储层砂体的性质和展布,进而控制和影响油气的储集和分布。储层评价结果表明E3d^3-Ⅰ-2最好,E3d^3-Ⅰ-3次之,E3d^3-Ⅰ-1较差。     

渤海BZ油田沙三中段沉积演化特征及有利储层预测

渤海BZ油田沙三中段为特低渗油藏，发育扇三角洲沉积，由于储层横向变化复杂及对“甜点层”认识不清，制约了油田开发进程。本文重点研究沙三中段沉积演化并对其有利储层进行预测，以指导特低渗油藏的开发。综合区域沉积特征、钻井及地震资料，利用残余厚度法和印模法相结合的方法进行古地貌研究的结果认为，沙三中段主要发育古洼陷、古斜坡、古沟谷和古凸起4种古地貌单元；通过岩芯观察和测井相分析认为，沙三中段主要发育分流河道、河口坝、浊流、分流间湾和前扇三角洲泥沉积微相。综合研究认为，小层沉积微相及厚度与古地貌形态具有较好的相关性。古洼陷储层主要发育分流河道及河口坝优质微相且沉积厚度最大，古斜坡和古沟谷次之，古凸起最差。综合古地貌、沉积微相及演化特征分析，有利储层主要受控于古地貌及沉积微相。以储层厚度和物性综合确定出沙三中段的“甜点”区分布，为特低渗油藏不同井区采取不同的开发策略提供了地质依据。     

莺歌海盆地中新统轴向重力流沉积特征及勘探潜力

轴向重力流沉积是一种重要的深水储层,其形成的岩性油气藏也是目前莺歌海盆地重点勘探领域。通过钻井、测井、地震和区域地质等资料的综合研究,分析莺歌海盆地中新统轴向重力流沉积特征和演化规律,探讨轴向重力流岩性油气藏的成藏条件和控制因素。结果表明,中新统储层为重力流沉积成因的厚层细砂岩,主水道和朵叶复合体是重力流沉积有利的沉积微相;中新世海南物源供给充足、断裂坡折带发育以及盆地轴向负向地形是该区形成轴向重力流沉积的宏观地质条件,在中新世各个时期形成了一系列沿盆地轴向分布、具有前积反射结构特征的轴向重力流沉积。研究区中新统轴向重力流储层厚度大、沉积规模广、临近烃源岩、构造脊微裂隙发育、圈闭保存好,具备优越的岩性油气藏成藏条件,是盆地下一步勘探的重要领域。     

哥伦比亚Magdalena盆地V油田沉积及演化特征

通过岩心、录井、测井等资料分析认为研究区为辫状河三角洲沉积,沉积主体为辫状河三角洲前缘亚相,只在研究区北端为辫状河三角洲平原沉积。研究区Guaduas组经历了两期湖平面的升降旋回,十几个短期旋回。由于辫状河道频繁改道,河漫滩以及水下分流河道间湾沉积形成的隔夹层分布广泛,储层的连通性变差,形成非常复杂的油水系统。储集砂体主要是水下分流河道与河口坝,物性受沉积微相的控制,河口坝砂体储层物性最好,水下分流河道次之,辫状河道最差。     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷W区流沙港组储层非均质性研究及应用

基于沉积微相研究和测井精细解释数据统计分析,开展了涠西南凹陷W区古近系始新统流沙港组储层非均质性研究.W区储层为流一段和流三段,沉积微相研究表明,流沙港组主要为正常三角洲相和扇三角洲相沉积.储层夹层岩性主要为泥岩、粉砂质泥岩,主要成因为分流水道间、水下分流河道与砂坝、砂坝与砂坝、辫流坝与辫状水道、辫状水道间的泥质沉积物...     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe

Marine environment protection in Europe faces a number of challenges. One is the coordination of relevant sectoral policies — such as agricultural and fisheries policies — with regard to marine protection objectives. The question in the following is on how marine protection issues can be more closely integrated in sectoral policies under the conditions prevailing at present. In particular the strength and weaknesses of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the key instrument for marine environment protection in Europe are analyzed in this context. In particular, the MSFD does not adequately address all sectors and policies which are relevant to marine environment protection. One possible means of giving the MSFD greater influences on other policies of relevance to marine waters is to integrate the objectives established under the MSFD in the European maritime policy. The aim should be to require the further development of sectoral policies to take unrestricted account of the objectives of the MSFD implementation process. But also other instruments of marine policy such as maritime spatial planning and marine protected areas are crucial to advance the protection of European seas.     

Recent advances in marine technology in Canada

Much of the recent Canadian activity in marine technology has focused on development of capabilities in Arctic waters, and on the update and replacement of naval vessels. This paper describes some of the significant projects and programs now under way, and suggests future research and development requirements.     

一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展

对一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展进行了归纳,总结了一氧化氮对浮游植物生长的影响,探讨了浮游植物中一氧化氮的产生机制,并对今后的研究重点提出展望。     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

Mesozooplankton in the Arctic Ocean in summer

The biomass, species and chemical composition of the mesozooplankton and their impact on lower food levels were estimated along a transect across the Arctic Ocean. Mesozooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column was significantly higher (19–42 mg DW m^-3) than has previously been reported for the Arctic Ocean, and it reached a maximum at ca. 87°N in the Amundsen Basin. The lowest values were recorded in the Chukchi Sea and Nansen Basin, where ice cover was lower (50–80%) than in the central Arctic Ocean. In the deeper strata (200–500 m) of the Canadian and Eurasian Basins, the biomass was always much lower (4.35–16.44 mg DW m^-3). The C/N (g/g) ratio for the mesozooplankton population was high (6.5–8.5) but within the documented range. These high values (when compared to 4.5 at lower latitudes) may be explained by the high lipid content. Mesozooplankton accounted for approximately 40% of the total particulate organic carbon in the upper 100 m of the water column. Mesozooplankton species composition was homogeneous along the transect, consisting mainly of copepods (70–90% of the total number). It was dominated by four large copepod species (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, C. finmarchicus and Metridia longa), which together accounted for more than 80% of the total biomass. According to measurements of gut pigment and gut turnover rates, the mesozooplankton on average ingested between 6 and 30% of their body carbon per day as phytoplankton. Microzooplankton may have provided an additional source of energy for the mesozooplankton community. These data emphasize the importance of mesozooplankton in the arctic food web and reinforce the idea that the Arctic Ocean should no longer be considered to be a “biological desert”.