Spectral theory of electromagnetic induction in a radially and laterally inhomogeneous earth

Summary The partial differential equations of electromagnetic induction in a 3-D Earth of inhomogeneous conductivity are reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations of the 2nd order for the spectral coefficients of the field.

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Matrix approach to the solution of electromagnetic induction in a spherically layered earth

Summary Matrix formulae for the intensities of the M- and E-fields have been derived. They have been applied to express the apparent resistivity, the transfer function, as well as the frequency equation determining the frequencies of free motion of the M- and E-waves. A fast algorithm for computing the transfer function and the apparent resistivity has been suggested.

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Analytical solutions to global and local problems of electromagnetic induction in the earth

This review of analytic solutions is divided into two parts. The first part reviews electromagnetic induction in radially symmetric distributions of conductivity, and is appropriate to the study of global problems. In the second part, local problems of a specific nature are considered, the model being a half-space conductor with at least one lateral discontinuity separating regions of different uniform conductivities. In some problems, an approximate surface-boundary condition is used, and it is shown that the accuracy of the solutions has yet to be determined satisfactorily.     

On calculating transient electromagnetic fields of a small current-carrying loop over a homogeneous earth

Summary The basic theory of airborne EM surveying, in the time domain, is considered. Rather than resorting to tediousdouble numerical integration, a more direct approach is adopted. This method, valid in the quasi-static regime, is illustrated for a homogeneous flat earth. The results exhibit a number of clear-cut features that are relevant to remote sensing. For example, a vertical co-axial loop system has a desirable transient response from the standpoint of yielding conductivity data without requiring accurate information on the height of the device above the ground.The research reported here was supported by AFCRL Contract No. PRO-Y-71-872.     

On the inversion of global electromagnetic induction data

The initial phase of any inversion of geophysical data must examine the question of the existence of globally distinct solutions. Previous inversion st point of view. A basic inversion strategy for geophysical data is considered. It is concluded that future progress depends on the use of synthetic data to resolve questions about the potential constraining power of GEMI data.     

Stresses in different rotating spherical earth models with rigid core

Summary A direct method has been applied in this paper to find the stresses in some steadily rotating, self-gravitating spherical earth models.     

Electromagnetic induction in a spherical earth with a circular bulge in the upper mantle

Summary Results of computing the anomalies of the variable magnetic field, generated by a harmonically variable field of the H_1,0-type in the model of a spherical Earth with an expressive bulge in the well-conducting part of the mantle, are presented. It was found that not only the radial, but also the tangential component of the magnetic field is disturbed above the bulge. The largest amplitudes of these changes can be observed over the area of the largest slope of the conductivity boundary if the exciting magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the interface.     

Electromagnetic induction of a three-dimensional conductivity inhomogeneity in a two-layer earth

Summary The results of numerical computations of the electromagnetic field induced in a two-layer model of the Earth with a three-dimensional inhomogeneity (a block) in the subsurface layer are given. Several recommendations are given which have enabled the solution of a complicated system of integral equations and the computation of the field at the Earth's surface in an effective way. The analysis of the obtained solution has proved that, in an anomalous electromagnetic field, the field of the horizontal electric dipole, oriented in the direction of the exciting field, is predominant. A number of practically usable diagrams and approximative formulae is given.     

Electromagnetic induction in a spherical model of the earth with a real distribution of near-surface conductivity

The current functions calculated for a spherical Earth model with real near-surface conductivity distribution are presented. The system is excited by a uniform external field of three different polarizations.     

Electromagnetic induction of a three-dimensional conductivity inhomogeneity in the two-layered earth

Summary The calculation of the elements of Green's tensor function is presented for solving the problem of the electromagnetic induction by means of a vector integral equation. A two-layered Earth is considered as the medium, the surface layer including a three-dimensional conductivity inhomogeneity. Use is made of the boundary condition requiring the vertical component of the electric current to be zero at the Earth's surface which partly simplifies the theoretical computation. Long-period asymptotics of the individual complicated functions, occurring in Green's tensor function as well as in the tensor function required to calculate the components of the anomalous magnetic field at the surface of the halfspace, were effected. With the aid of these asymptotics one can obtain estimates of the functions occurring in the theoretical analysis of the problem.     

Sensitivity and inversion of marine electromagnetic data in a vertically anisotropic stratified earth

The controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) and magnetotelluric method (MT) are two techniques that can be jointly used to explore the resistivity structure of the earth. Such methods have, in recent years, been applied in marine environments to the exploration and appraisal of hydrocarbons. In many situations the electric properties of the earth are anisotropic, with differences between resistivity in the vertical direction typically much higher than those in the horizontal direction. In cases such as this, the two modes of the time‐harmonic electromagnetic field are altered in different ways, implying that the sensitivity to the earth resistivity may vary significantly from one particular resistivity component (scalar, horizontal or vertical) to another, depending on the measurement configuration (range, azimuth, frequency or water depth). In this paper, we examine the sensitivity of the electromagnetic field to a vertically anisotropic earth for a typical set of configurations, compare inversion results of synthetic data characterizing a vertically anisotropic earth obtained using the isotropic and anisotropic assumptions and show that correctly accounting for anisotropy can prevent artefacts in inversion results.     

Inversion problem in regional electromagnetic induction studies

For completeness of the theory proposed by Oni (1972), the inversion problem is examined. It is shown that parameters which constrain distinct solutions of the inverse problem can be determined in the application of the theory. The fundamental basis of the inversion and the strategy to be adopted are discussed.     

Regionalization of global electromagnetic induction data: a theoretical model

Systematic differences are noted between those global response functions (Q = I₁/E₁; $\text{W}\text{= Z/H}$) derived from single observatories and those derived from global averages. Using a simple first-order model to simulate global scale lateral heterogeneities, we argue that reasonable differences in the depth to the conductosphere (d (average) = 400 km in one hemisphere, 600 km in the other) result in significant differences in the response functions at single observatories. These differences appear to be easily resolvable within the expected error-bars of actual observations. At this point it is believed that regional differences in global response parameters can indeed be used to infer large-scale differences in the depth to the conductosphere, providing that systematic biases introduced in data processing and interpretation are minimized.     

On the earth structure in some regions of the USSR from surface waves data

Summary The phase velocity method has been applied for estimation of the crust structure o the Russian platform and Middle Asia. By the determination of phase velocities spectral and peak-and-trough visual methods have been used. The surface waves observations have been interpreted along the profiles and triangles of seismic stations. Group velocity method has been applied for crust investigations in the Far East regions and along different directions for isolated seismological stations.

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Presented to XIV assembly IUGG.     

磁性层状介质的CSAMT电场分量响应特征

在传统的勘探电磁学理论中,往往把岩层磁导率近似看成空气中的磁导率,从而得到简化后的电磁场响应式,主要用于指导非磁性介质情况下的电磁探测.本文开展了磁性介质的电磁响应理论、数值模拟和特征分析等研究,以便实现对磁性矿体的电磁精细探测.首先推导出磁性层情况下的电磁响应表达式;然后,计算了几种典型磁性介质地质断面的响应曲线,并对其响应特征进行了分析;研究结果表明：当磁性层位于地表时,当表层相对磁导率μr>1.2,磁性层对电磁测深曲线具体明显的影响;当岩层为中间层时,只要μr>1.2,对H型、A型曲线中段会有影响.对H型曲线,主要表现在使极小值处的曲线抬高、变宽,以致使曲线形态发生变化;当磁性层处于最后一层时,不论岩层的磁导率是多少,对各类二、三层曲线来讲,不会影响曲线的形态,只是使渐近线前第一个极值点的位置右移,极值点至渐近线之间的线段变得较为陡峭.     

An introduction to electromagnetic induction in the ocean

The governing equations for the induction of electromagnetic fields in the ocean by ionospheric and oceanic sources are presented. A uniformly conducting layered model and a nonuniformly conducting thin-sheet model are discussed with reference to the interpretation of fields observed in the ocean. A procedure for the separation of the electric field continuum into parts of ionospheric and oceanic origin is presented.     

Direct and inverse problems in local electromagnetic induction

Various methods of solving direct and inverse problems in local electromagnetic induction are presented. In the section dealing with direct problems some improvments are suggested in the finite difference method in the case of two-dimensional modeling. Two ways of dealing with inverse problems are presented, the first continous, the other parametric. Emphasis is laid upon algebraic aspects of dealing with one-dimensional inverse problems.