矿井地质动力环境评价方法与冲击地压矿井类型划分研究

冲击地压等矿井动力灾害的发生受多因素影响,是自然地质动力环境条件和开采工程扰动条件耦合作用的结果。冲击地压发生的时间、空间、强度等特征与矿井所处区域地质动力环境有关,由于不同煤田、不同矿区、不同矿井所处的区域地质动力环境存在差异性,致使有些煤矿不具备发生冲击地压的地质动力环境条件,而有些煤矿发生冲击地压的类型也不同。提出矿井地质动力环境评价方法,并构建评价指标体系。在地质动力环境研究中,主要考虑自然地质条件下外部地质体的动力作用对冲击地压的影响效应,确定构造凹地反差强度、矿井区域断块构造运动、断裂构造、构造应力、开采深度、上覆岩层结构特征、本区及邻区判据条件等影响因素为评价指标,根据各因素对矿井的影响程度情况,给出每个因素的不同量化评价值。综合量化评价结果,判定矿井是否具有发生冲击地压的地质动力环境：(1)当综合评价指标值n为0～0.25,表明矿井不具备冲击地压发生的地质动力环境;(2)当综合评价指标值n为>0.25～0.50,矿井具有弱冲击地压发生的地质动力环境;(3)当综合评价指标值n为>0.50～0.75,矿井具有中等冲击地压发生的地质动力环境;(4)当综合评价指标值...     

A New Blastability Index for Hard Roof Management in Blasting Gallery Method

The presence of hard and massive sandstone above the coal seam in underground coal mines often leads to delay in caving of overlying rock beds thereby causing excessive load on supports and posing danger to underground workings. The problem is more prominent in blasting gallery (BG) as well as longwall mining methods in Indian coal mines. Induced caving by blasting is a promising means for hard roof management in underground coal mines. Based on extensive studies and data collected from different mines in India, a Blastability Index (BI) has been developed which can be used for the classification of roof according to the degree of ease in caving by induced blasting. Different charge factors have also been suggested based on the Blastability Index. Due to wide change in the method of extractions, ??Cavability Index?? for longwall panel was found ineffective in case of BG method of working as well as bord and pillar working. For this reason, this proposed Blastability Index would be of immense help for caving of hard roof by induced blasting.     

冲击载荷下块系岩体摆型波传播特性的试验研究

摆型波现象是深部开采中块系岩体固有的动力学特征之一。为研究深部块系岩体摆型波传播规律,采用理论分析与室内试验相结合的方法,研究了在冲击载荷作用下摆型波的传播特性。该试验采用12块花岗岩和橡胶夹层材料建立了模型,采用TST5915动态数据采集系统进行信号监测,分别获得了在均质夹层和部分夹层介质增厚情况下的加速度响应曲线,并运用摆型波动力模型理论进行分析。结果表明,摆型波在块体间传播过程中,频率大小不受能量大小的影响,而能量大小决定了波的衰减时间。当块体间介质黏性增加时,加速度幅值均有所下降,但对加速度衰减周期没有影响,而影响加速度衰减的主要因素是冲击载荷的能量大小。此次试验研究将为今后进一步研究摆型波动力传播特性提供一定的基础。     

岩爆和冲击地压的差异解析及深部工程地质灾害关键机理问题

岩爆和冲击地压原来在自然界并不存在,完全是由于人类进行深部地下空间利用、深部矿产资源开采等工程建设时诱发产生的,两者同属于最典型的深部工程地质灾害。由于历史原因,岩爆和冲击地压长期存在概念混用的情况。本文比较详细地综述了岩爆和冲击地压领域国内早期的研究历程,系统解析了岩爆和冲击地压之间存在的差异。在研究对象(硬岩和煤的承载强度、储能及释能能力、弹脆性)、受力条件(地应力、扰动应力)和边界条件(开挖和开采方法及工序、扰动范围和时效性等)方面,岩爆和冲击地压均存在根本区别;在表观现象、限定对象、研究对象、赋存条件、行业领域、工程建设方法、工程建设目的、要求及支护性质、诱发机理、倾向性判据、划分类型、划分等级、等级评价方法等方面,岩爆和冲击地压也存在很大差异。综上,岩爆和冲击地压是并列的两类地质体动力破坏现象,两者之间不存在隶属关系。在综合参考前人研究的基础上,分别给出了岩爆和冲击地压各自的定义和内涵。岩爆的定义为发生在深埋隧道(隧洞)、深部矿山巷道及矿柱部位的硬岩弹射、爆裂或崩落现象,伴随不同程度声响;冲击地压定义为发生在深部煤矿中煤抛出现象,释放出不同程度的动能,严重时往往伴随震动、巨响、气浪或冲击波。从煤动力冲击破坏的现象与名称统一的角度考虑,建议用“煤冲击”代替“冲击地压”概念。在此基础上,详细阐述了岩爆和冲击地压研究中的7点认识。最后,从研究对象、受力条件和边界条件等3个方面讨论了岩爆和冲击地压的关键机理问题,即从静动(或动静)组合加载力学的角度研究岩爆和冲击地压,符合深部地质体破坏的全受力路径,同时要从能量守恒的角度研究从静态到动态的转换问题。在岩爆和冲击地压的机理分析、预测预报、监测报警、调控防治中,都要科学认识各影响因素之间的逻辑关系和辩证关系(注:本文因为无法找到与冲击地压契合的英文名称,在英文摘要中同时存在“coal burst”和“coal bump”两种表达)。     

Performance Evaluation of Button Bits in Coal Measure Rocks by Using Multiple Regression Analyses

Electro-hydraulic and jumbo drills are commonly used for underground coal mines and tunnel drives for the purpose of blasthole drilling and rock bolt installations. Not only machine parameters but also environmental conditions have significant effects on drilling. This study characterizes the performance of button bits during blasthole drilling in coal measure rocks by using multiple regression analyses. The penetration rate of jumbo and electro-hydraulic drills was measured in the field by employing bits in different diameters and the specific energy of the drilling was calculated at various locations, including highway tunnels and underground roadways of coal mines. Large block samples were collected from each location at which in situ drilling measurements were performed. Then, the effects of rock properties and machine parameters on the drilling performance were examined. Multiple regression models were developed for the prediction of the specific energy of the drilling and the penetration rate. The results revealed that hole area, impact (blow) energy, blows per minute of the piston within the drill, and some rock properties, such as the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and the drilling rate index (DRI), influence the drill performance.     

Study on Distribution Characteristics of Mining Stress and Elastic Energy Under Hard and Thick Igneous Rocks

In the coal measure strata, igneous rocks are often invaded, and their occurrence, size, and distribution form play an important role in mining safety. The breakage of hard and thick igneous rocks easily induces dynamic disasters, such as rock burst, mine seismicity, gas outburst, and surface subsidence, which seriously threaten mine safety production. In view of the working face with overlying hard and thick igneous rocks, the evolution characteristics of mining stress and energy distribution under hard and thick igneous rocks were investigated. Furthermore, the influence law of different horizons and thicknesses of igneous rock on overlying strata movement law, stress distribution, and energy distribution was analyzed based on FLAC3D numerical simulation. Results show that no evident subsidence of the overlying strata exists before the igneous rock is broken. Additionally, the subsidence amount of the overburden is suddenly increased after the igneous rock is broken, thereby showing significant mutability. Before the igneous rock breaks, a high stress area is formed around the goaf, and the stress concentration gradually increases with the increase of the mining scope. After the igneous rock breaks, the coal under high stress is prone to induce dynamic disasters under the action of strong dynamic load. However, the advanced abutment pressure and stored energy rapidly decreased. The accuracy of the numerical simulation is verified by field monitoring. Results of the study are of considerable significance for safe mining of working face under similar geological conditions.     

基于能量理论的煤岩体破坏电磁辐射规律研究

为了给电磁辐射预测矿井冲击地压灾害提供理论依据,采用电磁波和损伤力学理论初步分析了电磁辐射能和加载机械能的关系;采用试验和能量理论研究了单轴压缩条件下煤体变形破坏产生电磁辐射能与受载煤体能量积聚、耗散的耦合关系。研究结果表明：加载机械能与煤体变形破坏产生的电磁辐射能成系数为m正线性关系,m与煤体的弹性模量成0.107 4的比例关系;受载煤体峰值弹性应变能与电磁辐射能成正对数关系,煤体的弹性能指数与峰值累积电磁辐射能、总累积电磁辐射能均成正线性关系,电磁辐射信号反映了能量聚集和耗散的状态,表征了煤体冲击破坏的难易程度。因此,电磁辐射能够预测矿井冲击地压灾害的发生。     

Fatigue damage evolution of coal under cyclic loading

The experimental study of fatigue damage to coal under cyclic loading is important for guiding the design of pillars in underground coal mines where the pillars may be affected by repeated mining activity. In this paper, the strength, deformation, energy dissipation, and fatigue of samples of coal from a mine in China are studied using cyclic loading with a servo-controlled rock mechanical test system. The results indicate that coal is more likely to suffer fatigue damage than other, harder, rock lithologies. Under uniaxial cyclic loading, the fatigue failure “threshold value” for the coal samples studied is less than 78% of its uniaxial strength, but there is also a certain amount of fatigue damage when the cyclic loading/unloading experiments are carried out below the threshold value for fatigue failure. Axial deformation during the tests can be divided into three stages: initial deformation, constant steady deformation, and accelerated deformation. Transversal deformation can be divided into two stages: stable deformation and accelerated deformation. During cyclic loading experiments, imminent sample failure is signaled when transversal deformation increases significantly and quickly and the deformation recovers little when the load is removed. With an increasing number of loading/unloading cycles, a graph of energy dissipation per unit volume versus number of cycles presents an L-shaped curve when the coal samples do not suffer fatigue failure. However, for the coal samples that do rupture due to fatigue, the curve is U-shaped. Under cyclic loading, the evolution of compaction, strain hardening, strain softening, and failure of coal can be revealed in great detail by fatigue damage experiments.     

不同初始瓦斯压力下煤体动力学特性及其劣化特征

为探究不同初始瓦斯压力下煤体动力学特性及其劣化规律,利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩动静组合加载试验系统对含瓦斯煤开展冲击压缩试验,结合CT扫描系统分析了含瓦斯煤内部裂隙的扩展演化规律,并基于不同初始瓦斯压力下冲击煤样内部裂隙率增量定量表征了其细观损伤程度,探讨了冲击荷载作用下含瓦斯煤宏观力学参量劣化规律。研究结果表明：（1）冲击荷载作用下含瓦斯煤动态应力-应变曲线无明显压密阶段,分为线弹性阶段、塑性硬化阶段和破坏阶段,并发现随初始瓦斯压力升高,冲击煤样峰值强度、峰值应变和弹性模量均出现弱化现象;（2）瓦斯加剧了煤体内部裂隙的扩展和贯通,并根据CT扫描结果发现,含瓦斯煤冲击破坏模式主要以劈裂和层裂破坏为主,随初始瓦斯压力升高,两种破坏模式越显著,煤体内部裂隙数量及其损伤程度逐渐增大,空间裂隙网络更为复杂;（3）基于细观层面定义了损伤变量,得其值随初始瓦斯压力升高呈现二次函数上升,对比冲击载荷作用下煤体动态强度与以裂隙率增量定义损伤程度所得理论强度,验证了细观层面煤体裂隙率增量定义损伤变量的合理性,建立了含瓦斯煤细观劣化与宏观参量损失的内在联系。研究成果丰富了含瓦斯煤动力学基础理论,为矿井煤岩瓦...     

坚硬顶板超前区域治理技术在神东布尔台煤矿的应用

坚硬顶板是岩层控制的一大难题,高位坚硬岩层的破断失稳经常会诱发强矿压灾害,严重威胁矿井的安全生产,坚硬顶板的治理是煤矿安全生产的重大难题之一。针对神东矿区布尔台煤矿煤层顶板厚度大、硬度高、垮落难等问题,分析定向长钻孔分段水力压裂的压裂机理和技术优势,基于关键层理论确定了钻孔布置层位,采用拟三维裂缝模型对压裂注入时间和注入流速对裂缝扩展的影响进行分析计算,确定布尔台煤矿42108工作面顶板压裂钻孔布置方式,沿工作面倾向方向平行布孔3个,裂缝半长41 m,压裂控制区域覆盖了整个工作面。实践表明:42108工作面在实施了坚硬顶板分段水力压裂弱化后,工作面正常支架循环末阻力同比下降3.33%;周期来压期间,支架循环末阻力同比下降6.81%;动载系数平均降低了10.88%;强矿压显现减弱,保证工作面安全回采。      

Investigation into the Behaviour of a Support System and Roof Strata During Sublevel Caving of a Thick Coal Seam

Monitoring of strata control parameters and behaviour of a powered support was carried out during an experimental trial of a mechanized longwall sublevel caving face for exploitation of a 7.5m thick coal seam. Field observations indicated that the requirement of support density for underwinning of top coal by sublevel caving under intact strata is different from that for underwinning under broken and fractured rock mass. Analysis of the leg closure observations and support resistance variations during different mining cycles showed rapid increase of the setting load density of the support in relation to the yield load density. This resulted in a large amount of leg closure during mining cycles of the sub level caving face under broken rock strata. Due to operational constraints, the field observations could not provide enough information to visualize the behaviour of the overlying rock strata. Simulation of the field conditions was therefore performed on a physical model to bridge this gap of information. Results of laboratory investigations on the physical model are combined with those of the field to explain the critical behaviour of the support system during sublevel caving under broken rock strata.     

我国煤矿井下复杂地质条件下钻探技术与装备进展

针对我国煤矿井下碎软煤层、坚硬岩层、冲击地压地层、破碎带、水敏性地层等复杂地质条件下钻探技术需求和存在的问题，总结了碎软煤层本煤层钻进与筛管护孔、碎软煤层梳状钻孔定向钻进、复杂顶板高位钻孔定向钻进、全断面硬岩穿层钻进、冲击地压卸压钻进等技术与装备方面的研究和应用情况。提出了碎软煤层双管护孔定向钻进及碎软煤层旋转定向钻进技术与装备的研究思路，有助于提升碎软煤层钻进的钻孔深度、护孔筛管直径和钻进效率等，而碎软煤层定向钻进技术与配套装备的完善也将促进碎软煤层瓦斯抽采模式的变革。防冲防突钻孔机器人的研究是煤矿井下复杂地质条件下钻探技术与装备的发展趋势，可为无人化矿井建设奠定基础；除此之外，还应着力解决好局部复杂地层对钻进的影响，更好地促进智能化钻探技术装备的进步，为煤矿安全高效生产提供保障。      

红山煤矿石门揭突出煤层综合防突技术

煤矿井下石门揭煤诱发的煤与瓦斯突出是一种十分复杂的矿井地质动力灾害,严重威胁着煤矿安全高效生产。选取辽宁红山煤矿为工程背景,运用FLAC3D模拟分析矿井南翼瓦斯突出危险区石门揭12煤过程中围岩力学响应特征,揭示石门揭煤突出机理,提出瓦斯预抽措施配以改进金属骨架的综合防突技术方案。研究结果表明:石门揭12煤期间,工作面超前支承压力随石门掘进动态前移,距煤层6 m范围内,工作面前方围岩掘进扰动强烈,煤体出现明显应力集中现象,垂直应力为15~19 MPa,已超过煤体强度。同时,石门工作面围岩变形量急剧增大,顶板下沉位移为15~92.22 cm,煤体弹性变形能积聚;工作面围岩塑性区范围也迅速扩展,在石门中线垂直剖面上的面积为10~50 m2,裂纹贯通形成碎煤射流通道。综合模拟结果可知,石门揭12煤过程中煤体承载较高集中应力和瓦斯压力,且储存大量弹性变形能,极易诱发突出。基于此,在传统瓦斯预抽防突措施的基础上,对现有金属骨架防突技术进行改进,使其同时具备瓦斯预抽、煤体固化和超前支护的综合防突作用,并通过现场应用取得了良好效果,为类似条件石门揭煤防突研究提供重要借鉴和参考。      

Stability of goaf-side entry driving in 800-m-deep island longwall coal face in underground coal mine

Goaf-side entry driving in underground coal mines could greatly improve coal recovery rates. However, it becomes more difficult to maintain stability, especially in deep coal mines. Pillar width plays a pivotal role in the stability of goaf-side entry driving. To obtain a reasonable and appropriate narrow pillar width, theoretical calculations of the widths of mining-damaged zone and limit equilibrium zone in the pillar are derived according to limit equilibrium theory. Based on the stability issues of goaf-side entry driving in the first island longwall coal face (LCF) at a depth of 800 m below the surface in Guqiao Coal Mine in China, a numerical model is established by FLAC software to analyze the stability of the surrounding rock of goaf-side entry driving during excavation, using various coal pillar widths and support schemes. The results obtained from theoretical calculations, numerical simulation, and engineering practice indicate that an 8-m-wide coal pillar is relatively reasonable, appropriate, and feasible. Field measurements show that deformations of the surrounding rock could be efficiently controlled 31 days after the support schemes were implemented in goaf-side entry driving with an 8-m-wide narrow pillar along the adjacent goaf side with a compaction duration of 10 months. The mining influence range of the overlying LCF on the stability of goaf-side entry driving is found to be the area from 50 m ahead of the LCF to 70 m behind the LCF as it passes over the measurement point.     

不等长工作面台阶区域覆岩运动诱冲机制及防治

针对阳城煤矿不等长工作面台阶区域发生冲击地压灾害问题,基于工作面特殊布置方式及覆岩赋存特征,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测等方法,分析了台阶区域覆岩结构运动特征和围岩应力演化规律,研究了台阶区域冲击地压诱发机制。研究结果表明：1304工作面台阶区域覆岩经历了“OX-S-C”型较为复杂的结构演变,覆岩空间结构由OX向S型转换时,顶板岩层大面积破断下沉,在台阶区域形成多个悬臂梁结构,越往高位,悬臂梁长度越大;受覆岩运动和采动应力场叠加影响,煤岩体形成高应力集中区,在顶板岩层动载冲击作用下,煤岩体弹性应变能突然释放,诱发冲击地压。采用COMSOL软件对不同卸压钻孔参数下煤体应变能分布特征进行模拟研究,优化了台阶区域卸压钻孔参数。根据模拟结果,随着钻孔孔径、孔深增大及间距减小钻孔卸压效果越明显,考虑工程实际,确定孔径为150 mm、孔深为30 m、间距为1 m为合理有效的卸压钻孔参数,并应用于1302工作面台阶区域的冲击地压防治,取得了较好的防冲效果。     

Validation of RMR-based support design using roof bolts by numerical modeling for underground coal mine of Monnet Ispat, Raigarh, India—a case study

In underground coal mines, a lot of major fatalities have occurred due to roof fall in the newly developed faces or galleries of coal mines during the development or production of coal. There are around 500 underground coalmines in India, and continuous production or development or exploitation of coal depends upon the stability of the gateways developed in the form of galleries, which are supported in such a manner so that they can last up to that period, unless it has been finally extracted out with an operation called depillaring. A system of support design with roof bolting, resin bolting, and cable bolting for the aforesaid galleries is presently being decided on the basis of rock mass rating (RMR). The same support design has been attempted with the use of 3D numerical modeling technique—a tool nowadays very extensively used in geotechnical engineering to predict the stability of structures to be built or for the structures which are built against nature, i.e., underground mines. In this study, the support design system on the basis of RMR has also been validated with a numerical modeling technique for three locations of Monnet Ispat underground coalmine. After the study, it has been found that the numerical modeling technique can give better design of support system in underground coal mines in comparison with RMR-based support design system, and it will also play a major role in reducing the total cost incurred in coal exploitation from the underground coal mines.     

利用煤炭开发地下空间储能的技术路径与地质保障

煤炭资源在我国能源结构中仍处于主体地位,但煤炭工业发展面临着“碳达峰碳中和”的新挑战。积极发展煤炭开发地下空间储能技术,是推动能源利用低碳化和清洁化的有效手段,也是保证我国能源战略安全的关键措施。结合当前储能技术,探讨了煤炭开发地下空间的利用现状,围绕利用煤炭开发地下空间抽水蓄能、热储能、压缩空气储能、电化学储能、生物质储能等储能新技术,重点阐述废弃矿井不同能源类型的储能理念及方式,系统分析储能过程中面临的地质保障关键技术难题。煤炭开发地下空间储能新技术总体思路为：利用煤炭开发地下空间所具有的低位势能差,将其用作梯级储水库(抽水蓄能);或直接将其用作储质、储能空间(热储能、压缩空气储能、电化学储能、生物质储能),既可提升煤炭开发地下空间资源的开发利用率,又可避免土地资源浪费,尽量降低对生态环境的扰动。虽然煤炭开发地下空间可作为大规模储能库,但其开发利用过程仍存在一些亟待解决的地质问题以及地质保障技术。主要包括：(1)地质条件与选址适宜性分析和安全性评价,即对储能空间的地质因素进行岩土工程性质和环境地质条件的系统研究,查明储能空间稳定性主控因素及其权重,构建选址指标体系与评价方法,重点查...     

高静载条件下受频繁动力扰动时蛇纹岩动力学特性研究

基于改进的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）岩石动静组合加载试验系统,进行了在不同静力轴压条件下受频繁动力扰动作用的动力学试验,研究蛇纹岩在高静载下受频繁冲击扰动过程中的动态变形特性、动态峰值应力和应变、能量变化规律和岩石破坏模式等动力学特性。研究结果表明：高静载条件下受频繁冲击扰动作用时,在动态峰值应力前,动态应力与应变呈正相关关系,而在动态峰值应力后,出现变形回弹和不回弹两种现象;随着动力扰动次数的增加,岩石动态峰值应力减小、动态峰值应变增大、动态变形模量减小、岩石由释放能量向吸收能量方向转化;随着预加静力轴压的增大,单次冲击过程中岩石损伤加剧,岩石破坏需要的扰动冲击次数减少,同时岩石由拉伸破坏模式向压剪破坏模式转变,破坏块度由小变大、均匀度降低。试验结果对揭示深部岩体承受高地应力和频繁开挖爆破等动力扰动作用下的破坏机制具有重要意义,同时为工程实际中通过调整围岩静应力状态和爆破以提高围岩长期稳定性的可行性提供了室内试验支持。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of stresses in a fully grouted rock bolts

Rock bolts are widely used for rock reinforcement in hard-rock mining and civil engineering since a long time. However the use of fully grouted rock bolts and cable bolts is limited in coal mines. In order to improve performance of the rock bolts as a supplementary roof support system for any type of roof condition in coal measured formations, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the behavior of the bolt–grout and grout–rock interactions as well as the mechanism of load transfer in rock bolts.As the performance of grouted bolts depends on bond strength, extensive laboratory pullout as well as pushout tests were conducted in the present investigations with the variations in the bolt diameters, length and cement–water mixing ratios of grout. The load–displacement curves were developed and were verified with the numerical results obtained from finite element analysis using ALGOR software.Numerical models were validated for pushout tests and a detailed analysis was carried out to know the displacement, stress, strain distribution along the bolt.     

点荷载法测试易风化泥质岩强度的可靠性分析

在川南地区在近年的煤炭开发过程中,多数基建矿井在巷道开拓期间大量出现围岩软弱、易风化、节理裂隙发育、变形大、支护难、多次返修等严重困扰矿井正常投产的支护难题,为合理选取支护技术,必须对软岩类型及等级进行划分。首先进行地质工程调查,选择巷道主要分布的厚层黑灰色泥岩为研究对象,在井下采用点荷载测试仪对新鲜不规则岩块进行强度测试。在对可疑数据采用Grubbs准则进行取舍后,采用传统法、ISRM法、工程分级法分别进行点荷载强度计算,所得结果采用F检验法和t检验法对各公式计算结果进行随机误差和系统误差检验,研究各方法的适宜性。研究发现,在对泥岩进行点荷载测试时,传统法和ISRM法较工程分级法所得单轴抗压强度平均值的随机误差和系统误差小,更适宜作为该类岩性进行工程软岩分级评价时的重要指标;点荷载所获泥岩强度值的偏差系数在11%～30%范围内,与一般岩石单轴抗压强度测定值偏差系数接近,具有可靠、快速、方便、费用低的优点,适宜作为围岩取样困难的巷道进行软岩类型评价的测试方法。