滇西保山地块下石炭统的新发现及特征

在区域地质调查过程中在保山地块的东部发现了一套与原下石炭统明显不同的沉积组合,定为下石炭统张家田组,岩石以出现较多碎屑岩、凝灰岩及夹两层蚀变玄武岩为重要特征,产丰富的牙形石化石,可分为三个生物带,时代为早石炭世岩关期一大塘早期。     

东天山北部古生代重大构造事件及其对中亚造山带演化的启示：基于1∶5万板房沟幅和小柳沟幅地质调查新证据

本文基于新疆哈密地区1∶5万板房沟幅和小柳沟幅区域地质调查新成果,对东天山北部古生代的重大构造事件以及演化历史进行了系统的梳理。基于下志留统与奥陶系之间角度不整合、下石炭统与泥盆系之间平行不整合以及上石炭统二道沟组与下伏岩系之间的角度不整合的确定,揭示奥陶纪与志留纪之交、泥盆纪与石炭纪之交以及晚石炭世期间存在几次重大构造事件。结合古生代不同时期沉积大地构造背景转换、岩浆活动构造环境转换以及构造变形格式转换的地质新纪录,提出奥陶纪与志留纪之交的造山事件为北部阿尔曼太洋闭合导致准噶尔—吐哈地块与阿尔泰地块碰撞的响应;泥盆纪与早石炭世之间的造陆构造事件可能是北部卡拉麦里洋盆初始汇拢碰撞的响应,其平行不整合以及下伏的志留纪—泥盆纪较稳定环境的沉积序列预示着介于卡拉麦里洋盆与南部北天山洋盆之间的准噶尔—吐哈地块为古亚洲洋盆体系中相对刚性的稳定陆块区,研究区作为准噶尔—吐哈地块的北部被动陆缘受卡拉麦里洋盆汇聚的影响较小;晚石炭世的造山事件则表现为响应卡拉麦里洋盆闭合后周缘前陆盆地的演化,是早石炭世沿卡拉麦里缝合带发生陆块碰撞以来挤压构造作用峰期的产物,其奠定了东天山北部北西-南东向构造基本格局。本文还重新界定莫钦乌拉断裂为北天山构造带(准噶尔—吐哈地块)与东准噶尔构造带的构造-地层分区界线,推断其为卡拉麦里缝合带向南东的延伸,并讨论了早石炭世受控不同构造体制的沉积和岩浆纪录的空间差异性,认为早石炭世北部莫钦乌拉山区域为与北侧卡拉麦里洋盆闭合后周缘挤压前陆盆地的发育过程,而南部博格达—哈尔里克山则总体呈现为响应南侧北天山洋盆闭合后的碰撞后伸展裂谷发育过程。     

鄂西黄龙期有孔虫组合（带）及其与马鞍煤系富煤带分布规律的关系

鄂西地区上石炭统黄龙组主要分布于香炉山背斜、长阳向斜及仁和坪向斜(图1)。近年来的研究证明,黄龙组中有孔虫组合的垂直分带性,以及黄龙组沉积之后遭受不同程度剥蚀的古岩溶面上残存的有孔虫组合(带),同下二叠统底部马鞍煤系的富煤带关系十分密切,同时对于阐明该区自晚石炭世至早二叠世之间沉积—剥蚀—再沉积三个地质历程的变化关系有着重要意义。     

云南保山地块香山组和丁家寨组沉积序列与碳同位素研究

通过对保山地块北部西邑地区下石炭统香山组和下二叠统丁家寨组详细的野外剖面实测与钻孔编录,并结合层序地层学、沉积相以及碳氧同位素分析结果认为,下石炭统香山组自下向上可分为三个岩性段,分别对应台前斜坡下部、台前斜坡上部、碳酸盐岩台地三种沉积环境。下二叠统丁家寨组为滨岸冰水沉积,下部为冰碛含砾钙质杂砂岩,发育落石构造。下石炭统香山组δ13C_PDB值自下而上逐渐升高,环境可能较稳定,有机质埋藏增加。综合前人古地磁、生物区系对比、大地构造学等研究成果认为早石炭世保山地块较稳定,仍属冈瓦纳大陆北缘。丁家寨组冰碛含砾钙质杂砂岩结束后δ13C_PDB值出现强烈负偏,与研究区冰期结束、早二叠世初次温度上升、大量玄武岩喷发等时限高度一致,共同说明了保山地块在早二叠世开始从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来,并开始向北漂移。该项研究的开展为探讨Submasu地块晚古生代的古海洋、古地理和气候演化具有重要意义,为全球同时期碳氧同位素数据库提供了新资料。     

班公湖—怒江缝合带西段物玛地区原“晚古生代”混杂岩块中发现中生代化石

在班公湖—怒江缝合带西段铁杂—日雍构造混杂岩带物玛地区,原划为上石炭统拉嘎组地层中新发现了中生代孢粉化石14种及未定种,这些化石的发现为将该地层修订为下白垩统多尼组提供了古生物学依据。上石炭统拉嘎组被修订后,研究区班公湖—怒江缝合带不再存在拉嘎组混杂在中生代地层中的现象。同时本次研究在铁杂—日雍构造混杂岩带以南的冈底斯—腾冲地层区物玛分区原划为上石炭统拉嘎组中,发现中生代孢粉化石10种及未定种,并在其灰岩夹层中发现晚侏罗世珊瑚化石6种及未定种,同时在原划分为中二叠统下拉组中也发现晚侏罗世珊瑚化石。根据化石时代和区域地层对比,拉嘎组和下拉组分别被修定为上侏罗统萨波直不勒组和吐卡日组。至此,物玛分区的上侏罗统以萨波直不勒组和吐卡日组为代表,与其北侧的班公湖—怒江地层区上侏罗统可进行对比。本文以班公湖—怒江缝合带西段铁杂—日雍构造混杂岩带为例,证实在混杂岩带开展古生物学研究非常必要。     

班公湖—怒江缝合带西段物玛地区原“晚古生代”混杂岩块中发现中生代化石

在班公湖—怒江缝合带西段铁杂—日雍构造混杂岩带物玛地区,原划为上石炭统拉嘎组地层中新发现了中生代孢粉化石14种及未定种,这些化石的发现为将该地层修订为下白垩统多尼组提供了古生物学依据。上石炭统拉嘎组被修订后,研究区班公湖—怒江缝合带不再存在拉嘎组混杂在中生代地层中的现象。同时本次研究在铁杂—日雍构造混杂岩带以南的冈底斯—腾冲地层区物玛分区原划为上石炭统拉嘎组中,发现中生代孢粉化石10种及未定种,并在其灰岩夹层中发现晚侏罗世珊瑚化石6种及未定种,同时在原划分为中二叠统下拉组中也发现晚侏罗世珊瑚化石。根据化石时代和区域地层对比,拉嘎组和下拉组分别被修定为上侏罗统萨波直不勒组和吐卡日组。至此,物玛分区的上侏罗统以萨波直不勒组和吐卡日组为代表,与其北侧的班公湖—怒江地层区上侏罗统可进行对比。本文以班公湖—怒江缝合带西段铁杂—日雍构造混杂岩带为例,证实在混杂岩带开展古生物学研究非常必要。     

新疆塔里木盆地哈拉奇地区晚石炭世—早二叠世哈拉奇组的建立简

哈拉奇组为新疆阿合奇县开展1∶5万区域地质矿产调查工作时建立的岩石地层单位,分布在新疆阿合奇县哈拉奇地区北部,主要为一套深水碳酸盐沉积,与该区南部属碳酸盐台地沉积的康克林组在岩性、岩石组合及古生物组合上形成明显的差别。通过对该组重力流成因的生物屑砾屑灰岩中古生物化石的研究,确定其 带为Triticites带和Pseudoschwagerina带,进而确定该组地质时代为晚石炭世—早二叠世,与南区康克林组为同时异相沉积。哈拉奇组的建立完善了该地区上石炭统—下二叠统的地层系统,确定了该地区晚石炭世—早二叠世台地边缘斜坡相的存在,对塔西北地区晚石炭世—早二叠世岩相古地理研究具有重要意义。     

新疆塔里木盆地哈拉奇地区晚石炭世—早二叠世哈拉奇组的建立

哈拉奇组为新疆阿合奇县开展1∶5万区域地质矿产调查工作时建立的岩石地层单位,分布在新疆阿合奇县哈拉奇地区北部,主要为一套深水碳酸盐沉积,与该区南部属碳酸盐台地沉积的康克林组在岩性、岩石组合及古生物组合上形成明显的差别。通过对该组重力流成因的生物屑砾屑灰岩中古生物化石的研究,确定其带为Triticites带和Pseudoschwagerina带,进而确定该组地质时代为晚石炭世—早二叠世,与南区康克林组为同时异相沉积。哈拉奇组的建立完善了该地区上石炭统—下二叠统的地层系统,确定了该地区晚石炭世—早二叠世台地边缘斜坡相的存在,对塔西北地区晚石炭世—早二叠世岩相古地理研究具有重要意义。     

藏北羌塘中部冈玛错—日湾茶卡地区下石炭统望果山组的建立及其地质意义

望果山组是发育在龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带内的一套早石炭世基性—酸性火山岩沉积地层,以火山角砾岩、火山凝灰岩、安山岩及流纹岩为主,夹少量玄武岩,具有多旋回式喷发的特点,被下石炭统日湾茶卡组整合覆盖,总体为一套近火山口相的海相火山岩沉积地层,表现出扬子型地层的亲缘性。在青山梁地区获得的望果山组安山岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为350Ma±1Ma,结合下石炭统日湾茶卡组砂岩碎屑锆石的最年轻年龄峰值(362Ma),认为望果山组应形成于早石炭世杜内阶。望果山组的建立对龙木错—双湖构造地层区地层系统的完善,以及探讨龙木错—双湖—澜沧江洋的演化历史等具有重要的地质意义。     

怒江白垩纪花岗岩体内基性岩墙群地球化学性质及其构造意义

滇西三江地区被认为与青藏高原同属于东特提斯构造带,由多个地块和地块相间的构造带组成,如腾冲地块、保山地块和贡山地块.本文研究的基性岩样品采自怒江-松塔韧性剪切带与诺拉-贡山韧性剪切带之间的磨老新花岗岩岩体内的基性岩墙群,属于贡山地块.磨老新岩体呈南宽北窄的透镜状侵入石炭系地层,总体走向约北西340°左右;东部边界与下石炭统浅变质泥质和粉砂质板岩接触.     

海南岛全新世海滩岩的胶结作用与成岩环境的关系

我国海南岛及南海诸岛沿岸,广泛发育海滩岩。1980年我队赴海南岛考察现代沉积时,对海滩岩的分布、岩性特征及其与周围环境的关系进行了观察和采样。样品采自崖县鹿回头三亚湾水尾岭海蚀崖、西洲岛、小东海、东瑁岛、西瑁岛、天涯海角,乐东县莺歌海,文昌县渔业等地(图1)。有关的地质、地貌及岩性特征等,已有许多描述,对海滩岩的岩石学及成岩作用也有许多研究。本文侧重探讨海滩岩的胶结作用及与成岩环境的关系。     

Facies analysis and depositional environments of the Bhander Limestone (Precambrian), southeastern Rajasthan and adjoining Madhya Pradesh,India

Special interest is attached to the Bhander Limestone because it is the only calcareous formation in the very thick elastic sequence of Precambrian age, designated informally as the “Upper” Vindhyan. The sedimentology of the Bhander Limestone was studied in the Mandalgarh-Singoli area of southeastern Rajasthan and adjoining Madhya Pradesh with a view to interpreting the depositional environments of the formation. This study has an important bearing on the exploration for oil in India and presents one of the few examples of Precambrian limestones of which thorough modern sedimentological analysis has been made.The Bhander Limestone comprises micritic limestones, crystalline dolostones, siltstones and shales that show desiccation structures (horizontal fenestrae, bird's-eye structures, mud cracks), very shallow small channels filled with flat-pebble breccia, algal lamination, palisade structure, and occasional ripple marks, ripple lamination and micro-cross-lamination. The major petrographic constituents are micrite, intraclasts, sparry-calcite cement, pseudospar and replacement dolomite. Seven environmentally significant microfacies have been recognized: micrite, silty micrite, graded micrite, dolomitized micrite, neomorphosed micrite, intrasparrudite and intramicrudite.The Bhander Limestone Formation has been divided vertically into four lithofacies: red argillaceous micritic limestones (lithofacies A), interlaminated blue micritic limestones and red dolomite (lithofacies B), olive calcareous shales (lithofacies C), and black micritic limestones (lithofacies D). Each lithofacies is characterized by certain megascopic sedimentary features and microfacies. The various lithofacies have been interpreted as representing deposition in the different subenvironments of a generally low-energy, marginal marine environment comprising tidal flats and lagoons. The vertical changes from one lithofacies to another are interpreted as reflecting the change from one subenvironment to another brought about by the landward shifting of the boundaries of these subenvironments in response to a transgression.     

Petrography and geochemistry of Paleocene–Eocene limestones in the Ching-dar syncline, eastern Iran

The Ching-dar syncline is located to the west of the city of Birjand, in the east of han. The ca. 500 m thick studied section at the eastern flank of the syncline contains a sequence of almost continuous shallow- marine limestones that exhibit no major sedimentary breaks or evidence for volcanic activity. Skeletal grains consist of large benthic foraminifera and green algae whereas non-skeletal grains are mostly peloids and intraclasts. They were deposited on a shallow-marine carbonate ramp. The limestones have undergone extensive diagenetic processes with varying intensities, the most important of which are micritization, cementation, compaction （chemical and mechanical）, internal filling and stylolitization. Chemical analysis of the limestone samples revealed high calcium and low magnesium content. Major and minor element values were used to determine the original carbonate mineralogy of these lime- stones. Petrographic evidence and elemental values indicate that calcite was the original carbonate mineral in the limestones of the Ching-dar syncline. The elemental composition of the Ching-dar car- bonates also demonstrates that they have stabilized in a meteoric phreatic environment. Variation of Sr/ Ca vs. Mn values suggests that diagenetic alteration occurred in an open geochemical system.     

云南施甸丁家寨组沉积环境及下部含砾层的成因探讨

<正> 滇西保山地区在大地构造位置上介于怒江断裂带和澜沧江断裂带之间。段新华等(1983)发现下冈瓦纳相地层及古生物,对本区晚古生代古生物、地层和沉积相的研究为地质工作者所关注,关于上石炭统丁家寨组下部含砾层的成因解释是人们感兴趣的课题之一。王义昭(1983)、曹仁关(1986)等提出含砾层属于冰川—海洋相成因,把它和西藏曲     

Depositional Environments and Diagenesis of the Kuldhar and Keera Dome Carbonates (Late Bathonian–Early Callovian) of Western India

This paper describes 11 microfacies types in late Bathonian–Early Callovian carbonates of the Kuldhar Member of the Jaisalmer Formation (Rajasthan) and the Keera Golden Oolite Member of the Chari Formation (Kachchh Mainland) western India. The different microfacies associations reported in this study reflect an ideal shallowing upward sequence, representing a system of bioclastic bars developed on the lower ramp, evolving into an oolitic bar-to-bank system separating restricted lagoonal—from lower ramp environment. Four main types of cements, i.e. bladed, fibrous, syntaxial overgrowth and blocky cement (characterized in a few cases by ferroan calcite and anhydrite II) occur in these carbonates. The study also reveals that chemical compaction followed the two phases of early mechanical compaction that largely governed porosity of these limestones. However, micritization and neomorphism also contributed significantly in this respect. Diagenetic signatures in these carbonates suggest that marine phreatic and fresh water phreatic environments dominated, but deep burial diagenesis also played its role in shaping these rocks. The early and late diagenetic changes have been controlled by the depositional facies evolving in a basin riddled with rifting in an extensional tectonic regime forcing regional-scale sea level fluctuations.     

山东淄博地区石炭纪含(竹蜓)地层

<正> 石炭纪含(竹蜓)地层在山东境内出露比较广泛,包括淄博、章邱、峄县、莱芜等地,以淄博及章邱一带出露较好。石炭纪含(竹蜓)地层可分为上石炭统本溪组和上石炭统太原组二部份,含(竹蜓)石灰岩的层数和厚度在山东各地不一,变化较大。谭锡畴(1922)在淄川、博山地层柱状图中,将含(竹蜓)石灰岩作为博山组(Poshan Formation)的下部,相当于山西的太原组。李四光、赵亚曾(1926)在山东境内找到三处石炭纪含(竹蜓)地层,即:章邱煤田、博山煤田及峄县煤     

鄂尔多斯东部奥陶系马家沟组微相分析

早奥陶世马家沟期,在鄂尔多斯东部的陕北地区沉积了近千米厚的碳酸盐岩－蒸发岩地层。运用微相分析的方法,对这套地层进行了矿物岩石学、古生物学、沉积动力特征及形成环境的分析。按矿物组成、微观结构、组构和生物化石（及其碎屑）的组成等特征,把该区碳酸盐岩－蒸发岩划分为18个典型的微相类型。又根据其成因概括为6个微相系列,即与开阔海环境有关的微相系列、与滩相沉积有关的微相系列、与生物礁(丘)有关的微相系列、与隐藻席有关的微相系列、与局限－强烈蒸发条件有关的微相系列、次生晶粒结构微相系列。各系列的微相类型具有相近的成因环境特征,且微相的变化表现为相对的连续性。微相研究结果还表明,该区马家沟组的石灰岩类微相主要形成于开阔海陆棚环境和潮坪环境,部分与生物礁的发育有关;硬石膏岩、石盐岩等蒸发岩类微相主要形成于蒸发盆地与外海周期性隔绝的干化蒸发条件下;白云岩类微相有两种成因类型,即萨布哈环境的准同生白云岩化作用和埋藏成岩环境的成岩白云岩化作用。     

Diagenetic model of carbonate rocks of Guri Member of Mishan Formation (Lower to Middle Miocene) SE Zagros basin,Iran

In order to understand the post-depositional history of carbonate rocks of Guri Member (Lower to Middle Miocene), three stratigraphic sections were selected in north Bandar-Abbas in southeast of Iran. Sampling was carried out, analyzed for selective parameters such as oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) and interpreted in the present study. We recognized several diagenetic processes including micritization, cementation, neomorphism, compaction, dissolution, silicification, dolomitization, fracturing and vein filling. Some of the diagenetic processes occurred at different conditions, so in order to achieve precise interpretation, samples from different carbonate components such as, micrite, fracture cement, solution pore cement, intergranular cement, and some biotic allochems were analyzed. In this study micrite samples were subdivided into two groups including micro-spary and micrite. They were recognized under Cathodoluminescence microscope. In addition, micrite samples were classified into five groups based on their depositional environments: supratidal, lagoon, coral bar, open sea, and open basin. There were minor changes in stable isotope ratios based on the sedimentary environments, stratigraphy successions, and micro-spary or micrite properties. In this study, similar calcite cements in petrography studies were differentiated by stable isotope data. Those calcite cements have formed in different diagenetic environments such as meteoric and burial cements. Paragenetic sequence of carbonate rocks were interpreted by integration of petrographic and isotopic studies. We have reconstructed diagenetic models of Guri Member into four stages including marine, meteoric, burial, and uplifting.     

济阳坳陷奥陶系碳酸盐岩及缝洞充填方解石C、O同位素特征及其意义

对济阳坳陷奥陶系碳酸盐原岩及孔洞缝中充填方解石进行了C、O同位素测定,结果表明孔洞缝充填方解石的δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值比原岩偏负。奥陶系三山子组和马家沟组孔缝中充填的方解石C、O同位素演化有很大区别,前者的δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值均为负值,δ¹³C向较高负值偏移,δ¹⁸O值向较低负值偏移;马家沟组八陡段孔缝充填方解石的δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O值也多为负值,δ¹³C向较正值方向偏移,δ¹⁸O值向较高负值偏移。奥陶系碳酸盐岩孔缝充填方解石形成于大气淡水环境和埋藏成岩环境,次生孔洞可能主要形成于早期表生阶段,裂缝形成于中-新生代的构造运动,方解石主要充填于埋藏环境中。次生孔缝的主要形成时期早于油气大量运移期,对古潜山油藏的形成有利。     

Evinosponges in the Triassic Esino Limestone (Southern Alps): documentation of early lithification and late diagenetic overprint

A carbonate buildup of Middle Triassic age, the Esino Limestone, outcrops in the Southern Calcareous Alps of Lombardy (N Italy). Along its margin and within the open subtidal facies, the Esino Limestone contains calcite cement-filled cavities of cm to m size. These features, known as evinosponges, may form pervasive networks within the host rock. The filling consists of concentric, isopachous layers of fibrous low-Mg calcite crystals characterized by strong undulose extinction and bent cleavages. The cement crusts are non-luminescent under cathodoluminescence, but both cements and host rock are cross-cut by micro-fractures filled with bright-luminescent calcite, related to late void-filling sparite. Mixing of different carbonates is reflected in stable isotope data. On the hand specimen scale, the oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of cements and host rock show little variation. When compared on a regional scale, the values cover a broad range from δ¹⁸O(PDB)=?5‰ to ?12‰ and from δ¹³O =0‰ to +3‰. The linear covariant trends defined by the oxygen and carbon isotope data for different sampling regions reflect the admixture of late, isotopically depleted calcite with an isotopically enriched non-luminescent calcite of early diagenetic origin. The Esino Limestone fibrous cements, which were probably precipitated in the marine or marine-meteoric phreatic environment, were affected by late diagenetic processes that caused mineral deformation and isotopic depletion through recrystallization and the admixture of a later calcite. These later calcites precipitated from penetrative fluids possibly related to Late Triassic volcanic activity and/or to the Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeogene alpine orogeny.