随机模型对解算西安流动SLR站坐标的影响

合理的参数估计及精度评定不仅需要可靠的函数模型,而且需要正确的随机模型。从权函数和粗差编辑两方面,研究了不同随机模型对西安流动卫星激光测距（satellite laser ranging,SLR）站坐标解算的影响,采用全球Lageos-1卫星观测数据计算了西安流动SLR站坐标。计算结果表明:①西安流动SLR站的观测精度和坐标解算精度均达到厘米级。②随机模型直接影响SLR站坐标的解算结果及可靠性;对于相同的计算弧段,抗差方差分量估计得到的站坐标精度最高、结果最稳定,残差加权均方差最小,观测资料利用率也最高;对于相同的计算方案,采用的SLR数据越多,坐标估计精度越高。     

Error model for geodetic positions derived from Doppler satellite observations

Doppler observations of Navy Navigation Satellites have been used to strengthen and extend many terrestrial geodetic networks. The main sources of errors in positions determined from these observations are random error of observations, random and systematic errors in satellite positions due to uncertainties in the gravity field, and biases in the coordinate system in which the satellite ephemeris is given. Effects of uncertainties in the gravity field on station coordinates computed with respect to a precise satellite ephemeris are reduced to about 70 cm after 20 satellite passes are observed, but systematic effects prevent assurance that additional observations will improve the accuracy further. A one part per million reduction in scale must be applied to positions computed with the ephemeris to obtain agreement with terrestrial and other precise determinations of scale. The origin of the system is coincident with the center of mass of the earth to 1 m accuracy but the polar axis may be tilted three to five meters at the earth's surface with respect to coordinate systems upon which star catalogues are based.     

Satellite Doppler solutions in terms of a single parameter

By an appropriate combination of the integrated doppler counts for a motionless ground station over two consecutive arcs, of a satellite path, it is possible to obtain a linear mathematical model relating the coordinates of the ground station to the observations. In this mathematical model, the involvement of the fourth unknown of the problem—the frequency off-set parameter, is, however, not linear. By application of the least squares technique, the solutions for the coordinates are obtained as analytical functions of the frequency off-set, parameter only. These, in turn, reduce the basic formula for the doppler count to be an implicit function of the same single variable. The value of the variable which provides the best fit of this function with the observed doppler counts, minimizing the sum of squares of the deviations for all involved pairs of satellite positions is the best value for the unknown frequency off-set parameter and an iterative technique is devised to compute this value. The desired values for the coordinates of the ground station can then be obtained by substitution of the best value of the frequency off-set parameter into the corresponding formula, and correcting for reducing the effects of the random noise in the observed dopple data.     

使用参照物的射电望远镜中心坐标测量方法

为满足新建射电望远镜在单站或多站联合进行的深空探测或射电天文观测对中心坐标精确测定的要求,提出一种利用已知精确中心坐标的望远镜作为参照物,测量地平式射电望远镜中心点坐标的方法和测量数据处理方法。这一方法对场地和设备的要求较低,能够得到毫米级或亚毫米级的位置精度。尤其适合对天线阵列的中心位置进行测量。对国家天文台密云观测站的40 m射电望远镜进行了中心坐标测量,位置均方根误差为2.312 mm,满足了后续的观测工作对其位置的需求。     

Short note: Crustal deformation in the key stone network detected by satellite laser ranging

The paper presents the results of crustal deformation, as evidenced by changed station coordinates, in the Tokyo metropolitan area detected by the satellite laser ranging (SLR) technique. The coordinates of two Key Stone SLR stations, Tateyama and Kashima, were determined from 4 weeks of orbital arcs of the LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2 satellites with respect to 16 SLR stations kept fixed in the ITRF2000 reference frame. The station coordinates were calculated using the NASA GEODYN-II orbital program. The orbital RMS-of-fit for both satellites was 16 mm. The standard deviation of the estimated positions was 3 mm. A jump of about 5 cm in the baseline length between the Kashima and Tateyama stations was detected in June–August 2000 by VLBI and GPS techniques. This work confirms this crustal deformation as determined by SLR and vice versa. Analysis of coordinates of these stations shows that this effect was caused by a 4.5-cm displacement of the Tateyama station in the north-east direction. The change in the vertical component was not significant.     

GNSS接收机与全站仪控制点恢复测量及精度分析

主要利用GNSS接收机与全站仪对基坑控制点进行恢复测量,GNSS接收机通过RTK技术在基坑周边重新布设5个控制点,利用全站仪假定方向推算出控制点的坐标,并且分析其相对精度。通过实地观测计算分析,推算出的坐标与基坑中心点位置X方向相差5 mm、Y方向相差4 mm,恢复后的控制点能够对其他特征点进行详细测设。利用高精度的0.5″级全站仪进行点位测量精度对比分析,点位精度在2 mm范围之内,可以得出工程单位所用的仪器可满足精度,能够用于此类工程点位测设工作。     

Laser station coordinates and baselines from long-ARC and short-ARC analyses of starlette

Laser ranging to Starlette from April 1983 to April 1984 has been used to determine a coordinate set, UASC.ST1, of laser reference points for 18 tracking stations. The coordinates were derived by application of the least-squares data reduction procedure in a simultaneous solution along with geodynamic parameters for 49 near consecutive 5–6 day arcs. Comparisons with the University of Texas station coordinates,LSC 8112 andLSC 8402, and theRGO, Herstmonceux, coordinates,RGOSC.LG2, reveal consistency to near 30 cm in each coordinate. Furthermore, the translation vectors of the comparisons are not significantly different from zero indicating consistency in the implied origins of the systems. The period of analysis included seven occasions in which STARLETTE was tracked near simultaneously by three or four laser stations in North America. Using the short arcs as reference frameworks, station coordinates were determined by application of two contrasting methods, namely, a multi-arc simultaneous analysis and a weighted mean of the individual pass solutions. The former compared more favourably with baselines from the long-arc solution with anRMS error of near 16 cm. Comparison against theLSC 8402 coordinates confirmed that baselines accurate to within 15 cm can be achieved by satellite laser ranging to Starlette.     

The 2008 DGFI realization of the ITRS: DTRF2008

A new realization of the International Terrestrial System was computed at the ITRS Combination Centre at DGFI as a contribution to ITRF2008. The solution is labelled DTRF2008. In the same way as in the DGFI computation for ITRF2005 it is based on either normal equation systems or estimated parameters derived from VLBI, SLR, GPS and DORIS observations by weekly or session-wise processing. The parameter space of the ITRS realization comprises station positions and velocities and daily resolved Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP), whereby for the first time also nutation parameters are included. The advantage of starting from time series of input data is that the temporal behaviour of geophysical parameters can be investigated to decide whether the parameters can contribute to the datum realization of the ITRF. In the same way, a standardized analysis of station position time series can be performed to detect and remove discontinuities. The advantage of including EOP in the ITRS realization is twofold: (1) the combination of the coordinates of the terrestrial pole—estimated from all contributing techniques—links the technique networks in two components of the orientation, leading to an improvement of consistency of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) and (2) in their capacity as parameters common to all techniques, the terrestrial pole coordinates enhance the selection of local ties as they provide a measure for the consistency of the combined frame. The computation strategy of DGFI is based on the combination of normal equation systems while at the ITRS Combination Centre at IGN solutions are combined. The two independent ITRS realizations provide the possibility to assess the accuracy of ITRF by comparison of the two frames. The accuracy evaluation was done separately for the datum parameters (origin, orientation and scale) and the network geometry. The accuracy of the datum parameters, assessed from the comparison of DTRF2008 and ITRF2008, is between 2–5?mm and 0.1–0.8?mm/year depending on the technique. The network geometry (station positions and velocities) agrees within 3.2?mm and 1.0?mm/year. A comparison of DTRF2008 and ITRF2005 provides similar results for the datum parameters, but there are larger differences for the network geometry. The internal accuracy of DTRF2008—that means the level of conservation of datum information and network geometry within the combination—was derived from comparisons with the technique-only multi-year solutions. From this an internal accuracy of 0.32?mm for the VLBI up to 3.3?mm for the DORIS part of the network is found. The internal accuracy of velocities ranges from 0.05?mm/year for VLBI to 0.83?mm/year for DORIS. The internal consistency of DTRF2008 for orientation can be derived from the analysis of the terrestrial pole coordinates. It is estimated at 1.5–2.5?mm for the GPS, VLBI and SLR parts of the network. The consistency of these three and the DORIS network part is within 6.5?mm.     

基于单站摄影测量的高铁轨道板检测方法研究

结合国内外高铁轨道板检测技术的研究现状,〖HT5〗〖HT5"〗对比传统的轨道板检测技术、全站仪检测技术、激光跟踪仪检测技术、摄影测量检测技术的发展历程、检测方式的差异、精度和效率,本文通过大量的实验,设计出了最优化的辅助测量棒,通过实验数据分析,得出了具体的外观设计和物理尺寸,设计出了特定的圆形标签,通过相关算法完成中心坐标提取,最终实现了基于单站的摄影测量方法进行高铁轨道板检测。与以往的摄影测量检测技术相比,本文提出的方法不需贴标签点,避免了贴标签花费大量时间,同时绕过了标签编号的问题,节约了大量的检测时间。借助设计的辅助测量棒测量点位可不通视,通过实际的实验,解算点位的精度也能符合轨道板检测的要求,总体性价比较高。结论表明:在高铁轨道板的检测上,对比以往的技术,从精度和检测效率两个方面分析,基于单站的摄影测量方法,不仅节省了大量时间,同时解算结果也符合高铁轨道板检测的精度要求,但是在摄像机主光轴方向上,随着距离的增大,摄像机坐标系下Z值的精度影响较大,X值和Y值受影响较小,精度较好。     

CORS支持下的超站仪快速坐标测量算法分析

超站仪是全站仪和GPS接收机的一体化仪器,在CORS网络的支持下,可以实时得到仪器的厘米级精度坐标,通过距离交会,可以实现无定向点设站。文中对该方法做了分析,并进行精度评定。通过实验得出实测结果与理论分析一致,表明文中方法能够满足目前的应用部门对测量的精度要求,且算法简单,方便易行,能极大地提高作业效率,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

An estimate of the geodetic accuracy attainable with a transportable lunar laser station

A transportable lunar laser ranging station can be expected to measure the range to the lunar corner retroreflectors from a site on the Earth's surface with an uncertainty of about 3 cms. The accuracy with which that station can infer its geocentric position is influenced by many factors including the uncertainties in the pole position and rotation rate of the Earth and the data loss due to weather. The results of a simplified modelling study intended to include these factors are presented in cartographic form. The modelling indicates that, assuming the successful operation of three or more widely separated fixed laser stations, the transportable station will be able to determine its relative geocentric position in all three coordinates with an accuracy comparable to the original range uncertainty.     

The extension of the parametrization of the radio source coordinates in geodetic VLBI and its impact on the time series analysis

The radio sources within the most recent celestial reference frame (CRF) catalog ICRF2 are represented by a single, time-invariant coordinate pair. The datum sources were chosen mainly according to certain statistical properties of their position time series. Yet, such statistics are not applicable unconditionally, and also ambiguous. However, ignoring systematics in the source positions of the datum sources inevitably leads to a degradation of the quality of the frame and, therefore, also of the derived quantities such as the Earth orientation parameters. One possible approach to overcome these deficiencies is to extend the parametrization of the source positions, similarly to what is done for the station positions. We decided to use the multivariate adaptive regression splines algorithm to parametrize the source coordinates. It allows a great deal of automation, by combining recursive partitioning and spline fitting in an optimal way. The algorithm finds the ideal knot positions for the splines and, thus, the best number of polynomial pieces to fit the data autonomously. With that we can correct the ICRF2 a priori coordinates for our analysis and eliminate the systematics in the position estimates. This allows us to introduce also special handling sources into the datum definition, leading to on average 30 % more sources in the datum. We find that not only the CPO can be improved by more than 10 % due to the improved geometry, but also the station positions, especially in the early years of VLBI, can benefit greatly.     

无定向点优化布局的多边交会测量精度分析

多边交会系统利于提高激光跟踪仪坐标测量精度,但测量精度易受测站布局和系统参数标定精度的影响。引入球心拟合的无定向点系统参数标定法,避免传统系统参数标定精度受定向点分布的影响,根据无定向点系统参数标定模型推导出多边交会的最佳测站布局——直角正三棱锥,从而保证多边交会测量精度。仿真结果表明,在5 m范围内,球心拟合的无定向点系统参数标定中误差为0.006 4 mm,最佳测站布局下多边交会的点位中误差为0.005 mm。经标准尺长度测量验证和四面体标准器坐标测量验证,优化后多边交会的长度测量中误差为0.003 6 mm,坐标测量中误差为0.005 3 mm。在无定向点系统参数标定和直角三棱锥布局下,激光跟踪仪多边交会能够实现微米级三维坐标测量。     

Evaluation of the ITRF2008 GPS vertical velocities using satellite antenna z-offsets

We develop a method to evaluate the terrestrial reference frame (TRF) scale rate error using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite antenna phase center offset (APCO) parameters and apply it to ITRF2008. We search for the TRF in which z-APCO parameters have the smallest drift. In order to provide realistic error bars for the z-APCO drifts, we pay attention to model periodic variations and auto-correlated noise processes in the z-APCO time series. We will show that the GPS scale rate with respect to a frame is, as a first approximation, proportional to the estimated mean z-APCO trend if that frame is used to constrain station positions. Thus, an ITRF2008 scale rate error between ?0.27 and ?0.06 mm/yr depending on the GPS analysis center can be estimated, which demonstrates the high quality of the newly constructed ITRF2008. We will also demonstrate that the traditional estimates of the GPS scale rate from 7-parameter similarity transformations are consistent with our newly derived GPS scale rates with respect to ITRF2008 within two sigmas. We find using International GNSS Service (IGS) products that the traditional approach is relevant for scale rate determination even if some of the z-APCO values supplied by the IGS were not simultaneously calibrated. As the scale rate is related to the accuracy of vertical velocities, our estimates supply a conservative evaluation that can be used for error budget computation.     

自由设站法在点云拼接中的应用

为方便三维点云数据的统一管理和工程应用,需要为其提供统一的坐标基准。在数据采集阶段,对于在控制点可通视的测区内,可利用后视定向的方法完成点云扫描测量工作。针对控制点无法通视的测区,本文提出基于全站仪三维自由设站控制测量的方法,建立间接设站点平差模型并进行平差,进而解算标靶点坐标,利用标靶将扫描点转换到绝对坐标系中。试验结果表明:标靶坐标的测量精度和点云拼接的精度符合要求。在测区观测条件不好的情况下,自由设站法的应用为点云拼接提供了一种可行的方法。     

A catalog of station coordinates for GEOS-C orbit determination

Center-of-mass coordinates for 57 tracking sites participating in the GEOS-C mission are given in a unified system having a common origin and scale. The positions were obtained either directly from analyses of satellite observations or from survey ties to colocated sites with coordinates previously determined by various investigators from optical, laser of doppler data. The uncertainty of the positions in nearly all cases is 5 m in each coordinate. Data reductions show that station coordinates of this quality introduce a rapidly changing error into the altitude of a satellite unless global tracking constrains the orbit.     

A real-time inertial-aided cycle slip detection method based on ARIMA-GARCH model for inaccurate lever arm conditions

GPS Solutions - The GPS satellite transmitter antenna phase center offsets (PCOs) can be estimated in a global adjustment by constraining the ground station coordinates to the current International...     

法线式直线方程在圆曲线测设中的应用

圆曲线的详细测设是先计算出圆曲线一定间隔的各中桩的坐标,然后通过全站仪极坐标放样的方法在实地放出各中桩的位置。本文通过建立圆曲线两切线的法线式直线方程,并以此推求出过圆心平行切线的两平移直线的法线式直线方程,进而通过解方程组求得圆心坐标,同时求出圆心到圆曲线上任意点的距离和坐标方位角,然后按照坐标正算的方法求得各中桩的坐标。     

数据融合模型选取对工业测量整体平差结果的影响分析

工业测量中,传统移站测量法的点位测量误差会随着移站次数的增加不断累积增加,导致最终的测量精度不可控。讨论了基于原始观测值和基于坐标观测值的两种整体平差数据融合方法,与传统移站测量法相比,这两种方法解算的点位精度较高且稳定。实验表明,即使融合的函数模型和随机模型等价,采用不同的融合方法,得到的融合结果并不完全等价。在实际应用中需根据具体情况选择不同的融合方法,从而得到解算精度可靠的待测点坐标。     

不同定位模式下CGCS2000坐标确定及精度分析

阐述了ITRF参考框架向CGCS 2000坐标变换的基本原理,分析了速度场对转换精度的影响。通过比较不同定位模式下CGCS 2000坐标计算结果,证明了采用相对定位和绝对定位进行CGCS 2000坐标定位的可行性。试验结果表明:精密单点定位通过坐标转换可以达到与相对定位同等精度的CGCS 2000坐标;在转换过程中,测站速度的精度直接影响了CGCS 2000坐标的精度,在我国范围内可使用陆态网络提供的速度场模型进行转换。