荆襄地区陡山沱组磷块岩的类型、成因和沉积环境

本文根据野外调查和室内初步研究成果并结合有关地质资料,分析、讨论了荆襄陡山沱组含磷岩系的磷块岩类型、成因和沉积环境。通过分析可知,组成磷块岩的磷灰石有不同的形成方式;磷块岩沉积在海退旋回中粘土和硅质沉积向碳酸盐沉积的转变阶段;磷块岩矿床形成在陆缘海内与深水有联系的浅水地带。 矿区含磷岩系特征综合于图1。     

麦哲伦海山群MK海山富钴结壳稀土元素的赋存相态

利用ICP-OES和ICP-MS,分析了麦哲伦海山群西北端MK海山2 170 m水深的MKD23B-3号富钴结壳样品,获得了其剖面上主元素、稀土元素（REE）和Y含量数据,并基于元素含量间的线性相关关系,研究了REE和Y的赋存相态。结果显示:该样品剖面从基岩到表面可划分为5层,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ层为磷酸盐化壳层,第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ层为未磷酸盐化壳层。在未磷酸盐化壳层中,REE和Y主要赋存在δ-MnO₂相中;而在磷酸盐化壳层中,REE和Y除了赋存在Fe、Mn氧化物相中外,主要赋存在独立于碳氟磷灰石（CFA）的矿物相态中,可能为稀土的磷酸盐。并提出利用磷酸盐中REE/Y 估算富钴结壳磷酸盐化壳层次生稀土的方法,据此估算了MK海山富钴结壳磷酸盐化壳层次生稀土的量。在该样品中,次生稀土占稀土总量的42%~88%,近一半以上的稀土是次生的,磷酸盐化作用对于REE和Y的次生富集具有显著的贡献;因此解读磷酸盐化富钴结壳的稀土元素（特别是Nd同位素）古海洋记录必须排除次生稀土元素的干扰。     

Phosphatization of calcium carbonate in phosphorites: microstructure and importance

Fabrics of phosphatized calcium carbonate particles in various phosphorites have been studied using scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray dispersive microanalysis. Replacement of calcium carbonate by apatite has been observed in bivalve shell fragments and in foraminiferal tests; replacement proceeds at constant volume with excellent preservation of the original microtextures. In some deposits, replacement of carbonate by apatite is the main phosphogenic process. However, in general, the process seems to be far less important than might be believed purely on the basis of thin section observations. In many phosphorites, internal or external apatite moulds of bioclasts are common, including very small particles such as coccoliths in phosphatized chalks. Apatite precipitation was typically followed by carbonate dissolution. Later apatite precipitation within the dissolution voids may produce partial or total phosphate pseudomorphs of the original carbonate grain. In these examples direct replacement of carbonate by phosphate cannot be demonstrated.     

震旦纪灯影组磷块岩及其生成特点

灯影组磷块岩有四种类型,即泥晶磷块岩、内碎屑磷块岩、藻磷块岩和细晶磷块岩。组成磷块岩的主要矿物是磷灰石、白云石、石英和少量伊利石等。磷块岩主要沉积在陆缘海内,它的沉积环境是与深水有联系的浅水地区。深水和浅水环境的地质背景分别为构造拗陷和碳酸盐岩台地。前者提供成矿物质,后者提供有利于磷质成矿的沉积环境。     

Recognition of massive Upper Cretaceous carbonate bodies as olistoliths using rudist bivalves as internal bedding indicators (Campanian Merfeg Formation,Central Tunisia)

The Merfeg Formation (upper Campanian) of Central Tunisia crops out around the southwestern periclinal termination of Jebel el Kébar, near Sidi Bouzid. At its base is a massively bedded unit of locally dolomitized, sparsely fossiliferous micritic to microbioclastic limestone that contains several discrete, plurimetric mound-like bodies (lithosomes) of micritic limestone containing locally abundant rudists and corals. The lithosomes are separated laterally from one another by megabreccias and conglomerates containing clasts of similar lithology and are overlain, with sharp contact, by onlapping argillaceous pelagic limestones, within which are intercalated at least two more, somewhat thinner rudist/coral limestone units. This complex of facies is laterally equivalent to thicker, deep platform limestones of the Abiod Formation to the north and east, and to restricted carbonate platform facies of the Berda Formation to the south and west. The lithosomes have previously been interpreted as in situ downslope mudmounds that became capped by rudist and coral formations, cemented, and then surrounded by erosively emplaced debris flows. However, our detailed studies of rudist orientations imply variable and in some cases relatively high angles of bedding within the lithosomes with respect to the regional dip of the host strata. Such steep inclinations of internal bedding are unlikely to have been primary. Accordingly, we propose an alternative interpretation that the lithosomes were platform-derived olistoliths, emplaced along with the associated debris flow deposits. Micritic beds, neighbouring the olistoliths are of variable thickness and contain rare large inoceramids and randomly oriented rudists, as well as locally developed microbioclastic beds with planar and small-scale swaley cross stratification. These micritic and microbioclastic beds are, by contrast, interpreted as primary (i.e., non-olistostromal) slope deposits. Whether the proposed catastrophic collapses of the original platform margin were induced by sea-level fall or seismically triggered (or a combination of the two) remains uncertain.     

陕南天台山、茶店一带磷块岩的时代和成因特征

陕西南部汉中天台山、勉县茶店和略阳何家岩、金家河一带磷块岩的时代,目前有三种看法,即:泥盆纪、震旦纪和寒武纪。这一带磷块岩的成因也比较复杂。在磷酸盐沉积、成岩以后,又受到变质、褶皱、断裂和水溶液活动影响。本文对天台山、茶店一带的磷块岩的成矿时代和生成特点提出一些初步意见。     

藏北羌塘盆地羌资2井中侏罗统布曲组碳酸盐岩岩石学及储集物性特征

本文讨论了羌塘盆地羌资2井中侏罗统布曲组碳酸盐岩岩石学及储集物性特征。碳酸盐岩主要有亮晶鲕粒灰岩、白云岩、泥晶灰岩, 以及他们之间的过渡类型; 储集空间主要有孔隙与裂缝两种类型, 表现为孔隙—裂缝组合。孔隙可分为粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、晶间孔、晶间溶孔、沿缝合线等分布的溶孔; 裂缝可 分为构造缝、构造—溶解缝、压溶缝和溶蚀缝。亮晶鲕粒灰岩孔隙度平均值1.084%, 渗透率平均值0.0319× 10-3 mm2; 白云岩孔隙度平均值1.77%, 渗透率平均值0.1591×10-3 mm2; 储集物性特征均为低孔低渗、高排替压力、微-细喉道、分选中等-不好的负偏态细歪度特征。泥晶灰岩和过渡类型灰岩的储集物性特征与亮晶鲕粒灰岩和白云岩相似。最后, 讨论了成岩作用对碳酸盐岩储集物性的影响, 并认为成岩作用对储集物性的不利影响明显大于有利影响。     

Alkali carbonate reaction expansion of dolomitic limestone aggregates with porphyrotopic texture

Effects of porphyrotopic textures on expansion of dolomitic limestone aggregates due to alkali–carbonate reaction (ACR) are presented. The dispersed distribution of dolomites in the texture of aggregates can be divided into pophyrotopic-M, psedoporphyrotopic-M and porphyrotopic-S types. It is proved that porphyrotopic textures are more important to ACR expansion than lithologic species of dolomitic limestones. The dolomitic limestones with both porphyrotopic-M or psedoporphyrotopic-M texture and the small size of dolomite crystals are expected to be highly alkali–carbonate reactive. These aggregates can be found not only in dolomitic micritic limestones but also in dolomitic micritic allochemical limestones as well as dolomitic sparry allochemical limestones.     

震旦纪陡山沱组的泥晶磷块岩

泥晶磷块岩(micritic phosphorite)是磷块岩的主要类型之一。我国的磷块岩矿床也多有这种矿石。过去往往把组成泥晶磷块岩的磷酸盐矿物叫做胶磷矿(collophane)。扫描电镜、X-射线衍射等观察结果表明,胶磷矿实际上也是结晶质磷灰石,只是由于颗粒极其微小而已。由这种泥晶磷灰石组成的泥晶磷块岩也同样不像过去描述的那样单调,而是具有比较复杂的结构、构造。     

The genesis, mineralization, and stratigraphic significance of phosphatic/glauconitic condensed limestone unit in the Manavgat Basin, SW Turkey

A condensed hemipelagic limestone unit with glauconite and phosphate separates a drowned Late Burdigalian carbonate platform from overlying Langhian pelagic mudstones, marls, and calcarenitic tempestites within the Neogene Manavgat Basin of southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. The unit consists of coeval lenticular limestone bodies, between 1 cm and 15 m in thickness, ranging from 10 m to 3 km in lateral extent. The P2O5 content of this limestone ranges from 0.2 to 10% by weight and the iron-oxide, clay, and other metal-oxide contents of this unit substantially exceed those of the underlying and overlying rocks.This condensed stratigraphic unit was deposited on the southwesterly outer shelf portions of drowned horsts that directly faced upwelling currents. The unit displays three main facies: 1) glauconitic phosphate crusts associated with hardgrounds; 2) bedded glauconitic-phosphatic limestones; and 3) glauconitic-phosphatic limestones interbedded with resedimented limestones. Facies (1) forms the thinnest units whereas facies (3) is the thickest, since the thickness and spatial distribution of this facies are related to environmental contrasts caused by block faulting of the underlying carbonate platform.This lithostratigraphic unit of hemipelagic glauconite–phosphate deposition represents an interval of maximum flooding in tectonically active situations and depositional hiatus on submarine highs that separate the carbonate transgressive systems tract from the overlying terigenic tempestite highstand systems tract. This appears to be the sole condensed unit within the Miocene Manavgat Basin; and is here ascribed to a third-order (2.3) eustatic rise in sea level comprising the maximum flooding of the first-order cycle. This is also the time for early–Mid Miocene major changes in Mediterranean climate from tropical to temperate.     

Geoheritage significance of three Pleistocene formations recording a succession of climates and sea levels on the Yalgorup Plain in southwestern Australia

The Yalgorup Plain of southwestern Australia is underlain by two limestone formations and a linear quartz-sand formation containing limestone lenses. These limestones record carbonate deposition in seagrass banks during the Pleistocene; they are capped either by a prograding beach-ridge system of small cuspate forelands or a quartz-rich shore-parallel coastal barrier. The cuspate forelands formed behind protective offshore limestone reefs within a given Pleistocene wind-and-wave field, while the quartz-rich coastal dune barrier formed under enhanced swell conditions. These formations record three different Pleistocene interglacial depositional events, separated by unconformities, each linked to a distinct climate and mean sea level. Foraminiferal assemblages within the two limestones and within the limestone lenses of the quartz-sand formation faithfully record changes in minimum seawater temperature, reflecting these changes in climate. They indicate a cycle of warm–cool–warm water accumulation of carbonates. Such a record of both climate and sea level history for southwestern Australia is unique, contributing greatly to the Pleistocene coastal sedimentary history of limestones within southwestern Australia. These formations occur within the globally unique setting of Western Australia and are conserved within a National Park and represent an outstanding record of Quaternary coastal geomorphic development in terms of both carbonate and siliciclastic sedimentation linked to both climate and sea level changes. Given their array of lithofacies, environmental setting, sea level and climate changes, as well as their biostratigraphy reflecting these changes, these formations form a sedimentary ‘package’ that is of global geoheritage significance, with many of its inherent geological features also of global to national geoheritage significance.     

Deep-water stratigraphic cyclicity and carbonate mud mound development in the Middle Cambrian Marjum Formation, House Range, Utah, USA

Abstract In mid‐Middle Cambrian time, shallow‐water sedimentation along the Cordilleran passive margin was abruptly interrupted by the development of the deep‐water House Range embayment across Nevada and Utah. The Marjum Formation (330 m) in the central House Range represents deposition in the deepest part of the embayment and is composed of five deep‐water facies: limestone–argillaceous limestone rhythmites; shale; thin carbonate mud mounds; bioturbated limestone; and cross‐bedded limestone. These facies are cyclically arranged into 1·5 to 30 m thick parasequences that include rhythmite–mound, rhythmite–shale, rhythmite–bioturbated limestone and rhythmite–cross‐bedded limestone parasequences. Using biostratigraphically constrained sediment accumulation rates, the parasequences range in duration from ≈14 to 270 kyr. The mud mounds are thin (<2 m), closely spaced, laterally linked, symmetrical domes composed of massive, fenestral, peloidal to clotted microspar with sparse unoriented, poorly sorted skeletal material, calcitized bacterial(?) filaments/tubes and abundant fenestrae and stroma‐ tactoid structures. These petrographic and sedimentological features suggest that the microspar, peloids/clots and syndepositional micritic cement were precipitated in situ from the activity of benthic microbial communities. Concentrated growth of the microbial communities occurred during periods of decreased input of fine detrital carbonate transported offshore from the adjacent shallow‐water carbonate platform. In the neighbouring Wah Wah Range and throughout the southern Great Basin, coeval mid‐Middle Cambrian shallow‐water carbonates are composed of abundant metre‐scale, upward‐shallowing parasequences that record high‐frequency (10⁴?10⁵ years) eustatic sea‐level changes. Given this regional stratigraphic relationship, the Marjum Formation parasequences probably formed in response to high‐frequency sea‐level fluctuations that controlled the amount of detrital carbonate input into the deeper water embayment. During high‐frequency sea‐level rise and early highstand, detrital carbonate input into the embayment decreased as a result of carbonate factory retrogradation, resulting in the deposition of shale (base of rhythmite–shale parasequences) or thin nodular rhythmites, followed by in situ precipitated mud mounds (lower portion of rhythmite–mound parasequences). During the ensuing high‐frequency sea‐level fall/lowstand, detrital carbonate influx into the embayment increased on account of carbonate factory pro‐ gradation towards the embayment, resulting in deposition of rhythmites (upper part of rhythmite–mound parasequences), reworking of rhythmites by a lowered storm wave base (cross‐bedded limestone deposition) or bioturbation of rhythmites by a weakened/lowered O₂‐minimum zone (bioturbated lime‐ stone deposition). This interpreted sea‐level control on offshore carbonate sedimentation patterns is unique to Palaeozoic and earliest Mesozoic deep‐water sediments. After the evolution of calcareous plankton in the Jurassic, the presence or absence of deeper water carbonates was influenced by a variety of chemical and physical oceanographic factors, rather than just physical transport of carbonate muds.     

Evaluation of bulk carbonate δ13C data from Triassic hemipelagites and the initial composition of carbonate mud

Bulk carbonate samples of hemipelagic limestone–marl alternations from the Middle and Upper Triassic of Italy are analysed for their isotopic compositions. Middle Triassic samples are representative of the Livinallongo Formation of the Dolomites, while Upper Triassic hemipelagites were sampled in the Pignola 2 section, within the Calcari con Selce Formation of the Southern Apennines in Southern Italy. Triassic hemipelagites occur either as nodular limestones with chert nodules or as plane‐bedded limestone–marl alternations which are locally silicified. In the Middle Triassic Livinallongo Formation, diagenetic alteration primarily affected the stable isotopic composition of sediment surrounding carbonate nodules, whereas the latter show almost pristine compositions. Diagenesis lowered the carbon and oxygen isotope values of bulk carbonate and introduced a strong correlation between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. In the Middle Triassic successions of the Dolomites, bulk carbonate of nodular limestone facies is most commonly unaltered, whereas carbonate of the plane‐bedded facies is uniformly affected by diagenetic alteration. In contrast to carbonate nodules, plane‐bedded facies often show compaction features. Although both types of pelagic carbonate rocks show very similar petrographic characteristics, scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that nodular limestone consists of micrite (< 5 μm in diameter), whereas samples of the plane‐bedded facies are composed of calcite crystals ca 10 μm in size showing pitted, polished surfaces. These observations suggest that nodular and plane‐bedded facies underwent different diagenetic pathways determined by the prevailing mineralogy of the precursor sediment, i.e. probably high‐Mg calcite in the nodular facies and aragonite in the case of the plane‐bedded facies. Similar to Middle Triassic nodular facies, Upper Triassic nodular limestones of the Lagonegro Basin are also characterized by uncorrelated δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values and exhibit small, less than 5 μm size, crystals. The alternation of calcitic and aragonitic precursors in the Middle Triassic of the Dolomites is thought to mirror rapid changes in the type of carbonate production of adjacent platforms. Bioturbation and dissolution of metastable carbonate grains played a key role during early lithification of nodular limestone beds, whereby early stabilization recorded the carbon isotopic composition of sea water. The bulk carbonate δ¹³C values of Middle and Upper Triassic hemipelagites from Italy agree with those of Tethyan low‐Mg calcite shells of articulate brachiopods, confirming that Triassic hemipelagites retained the primary carbon isotopic composition of the bottom sea water. A trend of increasing δ¹³C from the Late Anisian to the Early Carnian, partly seen in the data set presented here, is also recognized in successions from tropical palaeolatitudes elsewhere. The carbon isotopic composition of Middle and Upper Triassic nodular hemipelagic limestones can thus be used for chemostratigraphic correlation and palaeoenvironmental studies.     

南天山大山口下石炭统野云沟组碳酸盐岩岩石学特征及沉积相分析

南天山和静县大山口剖面石炭系野云沟组发育齐全,出露完好,主要由碳酸盐岩及少量碎屑岩组成,总厚度为696.8 m.岩石类型以碳酸盐岩为主,主要包括砾屑灰岩、含陆源碎屑鲕粒灰岩、生物碎屑微晶灰岩、含陆源碎屑砂屑灰岩、微晶灰岩及泥晶灰岩等.野云沟组主要为斜坡相和盆地相沉积,少量为碳酸盐台地相沉积.斜坡相主要发育砾屑灰岩、薄层...     

新疆库车坳陷中、新生界碳酸盐岩及其成因意义?

新疆库车坳陷古近系库姆格列木群为与广海连通不畅的半封闭局限海湾-蒸发潟湖环境沉积，它应是新特提斯洋向北的延伸部分，其中的碳酸盐岩主要为海相蒸发潮坪环境的潮上带膏云坪，潮间带生屑滩、砂屑滩、鲕滩和潮下带泥晶灰岩、泥岩、泥晶云岩等。白垩系巴什基奇克组底部的灰黑色泥灰岩为深湖环境的沉积，分布较局限，仅见于克拉201井；白垩系巴什基奇克组中部的浅灰色透镜状泥灰岩结核是典型干旱陆上暴露环境的产物，仅在库车河剖面见零星分布。侏罗系湖相碳酸盐岩主要分布在恰克马克组，其次是阳霞组和克孜勒努尔组，在卡普沙良河剖面的恰克马克组上部，可见到大量的叠层石灰岩，它们主要形成于能量较强的浅湖环境；深灰色泥晶灰岩常与灰黑色泥岩伴生，是深湖-半深湖环境产物。以上这些不同时期不同沉积环境的碳酸盐岩具有不同规律的微量元素和碳、氧同位素特征，它们对于研究库车坳陷的沉积环境变迁和盆地演化具有重要意义。个别样品地球化学数据的偏差不能代表对整体沉积环境的判别，所以碳酸盐岩沉积环境的判别需要结合共生岩石沉积构造、沉积组合序列、古生物和沉积地球化学等资料进行综合分析。     

广西泗顶-古丹铅锌矿田中、上泥盆统碳酸盐相的特征与成矿关系的探讨

广西融安县境内的泗顶-古丹铅锌矿田面积约600平方公里。它位于江南古陆之南缘,湘、桂、粤褶皱带内。本区分布有中型铅锌矿床两处,铅锌矿、黄铁铅锌矿、黄铁矿（褐铁矿）等矿点约二十多处,是寻找铅锌矿床有利地区。 区内广泛出露下古生界寒武系清溪组（∈_q）浅变质的碎屑岩,上古生界中上泥盆统东岗岭组（D₂d）和桂林组（D₃g）碳酸盐岩及碎屑岩（图1）。早晚古生代地层与之古生代地层与之呈角度不整合接触产出,两者分别组成上下两个构造层。下构造层属于被改造了的南岭复式东西构造带北亚带的组成部分,基本构造轮廓为轴向500-70“的紧闭型同斜倒转褶皱,并发育着北东向的断裂;上构造层为轴向北北东的宽展型的褶皱,产状平缓,倾角5。-8。,发育有多阶段形成的北东向、北西向和南北向断裂,整个矿田及外围尚未发 现任何岩浆活动的迹象。     

黔南桂西早中三叠世碳酸盐台地边缘和斜坡沉积模式及其演化

黔南桂西地区(东经105°-107°,北纬24°20＇-26°40＇)地跨扬子准地台和加里东褶皱带(华南褶皱带)两个一级大地构造单元。属于南盘江沉积盆地的北部或西北边缘。区内早、中三叠世碳酸盐地层出露良好、层序完整,为台地边缘和斜坡沉积。详细研究该区碳酸盐台地边缘和斜坡沉积,对了解台地边缘特征和演化、海平面变化以及边缘的构造作用等有着重要的理论意义,为确定三叠糸南盘江沉积盆地的西北或北部边缘的构造性质提供可靠的沉积学依据。     

云南乌蒙山区中下三叠统层序地层与沉积相研究——以彝良地区为例

通过对云南乌蒙山区彝良地区中下三叠统6条野外地质剖面测量及500余片岩石薄片镜下观察,结合区域构造特征,将该地区中下三叠统划分为6个三级层序。岩石类型主要为泥铁质粉砂岩、细粒长石岩屑砂岩、含钙质泥质粉砂岩、细粒岩屑砂岩、钙质胶结细粒岩屑砂岩、含生物屑泥晶灰岩、泥灰岩、泥灰岩-含海绿石铁质生物屑亮晶砂屑灰岩、微晶灰岩-泥晶灰岩-含海绿石泥晶砂屑灰岩、亮晶鲕粒灰岩、含粉砂质泥质微晶灰岩、微晶灰岩等。结合沉积物的结构特征、组分及其组合特征,认为彝良地区中下三叠统的沉积相主要为海岸和碳酸盐岩开阔台地相。     

巴颜喀拉盆地长石头山二叠纪—三叠纪碳酸盐岩丘的沉积岩石学和地球化学特征

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