北半球冬季南北半球环流同时变化的主要模态及其与ENSO的联系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA全球海温重建资料及CPC的ENSO指数和CMAP降水资料,从南北半球环流协同变化的角度,利用SVD(Singular Value Decomposition)方法揭示了南北半球环流同时变化的主要模态及其与ENSO的联系。结果表明:存在南北半球的同时变化模态(BHCM),其可由海平面气压场(SLP)的SVD分析的第一模态(SVD1)表示。BHCM可解释南北半球SLP总协方差的57.36%,且其存在显著的3～5年变化周期及长期趋势。SVD1揭示的长期趋势显示出海表气压异常在赤道中东太平洋升高而在西太平洋及热带印度洋地区下降,利于1998年后异常东风加强,不利于El Ni?o事件的频繁发生。BHCM的空间分布在热带地区关于赤道大致对称,而在北半球中纬度纬向扰动非常明显,在南半球则与AAO密切相关。在年际时间尺度上,此模态与ENSO存在紧密联系。赤道海温异常可强迫南北半球大气作出响应,反过来,南北半球环流的共同变化亦可能对El Ni?o/La Ni?a事件产生影响。北半球冬季时,与BHCM相关的全球降水和气温存在显著异常,当BHCM处于正位相,中国东部及东亚其他区域降水偏少、气温偏低。这些结果有助于人们进一步加深对南北半球环流相互作用变化规律和机理的认识。      

ENSO循环与亚、澳季风和南、北方涛动的关系

文中从研究 ENSO循环的成因出发 ,分析了厄尔尼诺 ( El Nino)和拉尼娜 ( La Nina)的产生与西太平洋暖池地区西风异常的关系 ;在此基础上 ,探讨了西太平洋西风异常的形成和变化与亚洲和澳大利亚冬季风的关系 ;最后 ,分析了亚、澳冬季风的活动 ,西太平洋西风异常的形成和东传 ,以及厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜的交替出现等现象与南方涛动和北方涛动传播波的联系。     

江淮入梅的年际变化与前冬环流的联系及其可能成因

采用简单相关和合成分析的方法研究了江淮入梅的年际变化与前期冬季环流和前期冬、春全球海温的关系。研究结果表明江淮入梅的早晚与前期冬季北半球大型环流存在显著的相关：入梅早的年份,其前期冬季北太西洋涛动强,北半球只有一个强的极涡并位于格陵兰上空,相应东亚大槽弱;入梅晚的年份,则其前冬环流表现为,北大西洋涛动弱,北半球存在两个极涡,其中一个仍然位于格陵兰上空,而另一个则位于西伯利亚上空,相应东亚大槽较常年     

NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中南北半球大气质量交换的特征研究

采用珠江流域1954～2003年51站的月降水资料,利用主分量分析方法,研究珠江流域4～9月降水的空间分布特征.分析结果表明:珠江流域4～9月平均降水量在600～1 900 mm之间,最大中心在广东阳江附近,自东南向西北逐渐减小;其标准差分布基本上是从东向西减小,最大变率中心仍然在广东阳江附近.珠江流域4～9月降水存在5种主要分布型态:全区涝(旱)型、南涝(旱)北旱(涝)型、东涝(旱)西旱(涝)型、东西涝(旱)中部旱(涝)型、南和北旱(涝)中部涝(旱).珠江流域出现全区性涝(旱)和南旱(涝)北涝(旱)的分布型态较多,占总年数的64%.珠江流域夏半年降水场在1983～1992年呈较显著的全区偏旱分布;在1967～1971年前后东涝西旱的分布较显著;在1979年前后中部涝东西旱分布较明显.在1985～1986年前后有南北部涝中部旱分布特征.南涝北旱和南旱北涝分布交错出现,没有明显的集中分布期.     

近50a陕西省冬季气候变化特征及其与北半球大气环流的关系

通过对陕西省近50a来冬季气温和降水资料的分析，研究了陕西省冬季气候变化特征，同时分析了气象要素变化与北半球大气环流异常的关系，指出：陕西省冬季降水量在70年代末80年代初开始持续偏少，尤其是在90年代，但是减少的趋势不显著；冬季气温从1975年开始具有显著的上升趋势，90年代气温持续偏高。降水减少和气温升高是陕西省近半个世纪以来气候变化的主要特征，这些特征与北半球大气环流的变化有密切的关系。     

春季南半球环状模与长江流域夏季降水的关系：Ⅰ 基本事实

利用统计方法对春季(4~5月)南半球环状模(SAM)与夏季(6~8月)中国降水的关系作了分析,发现春季南半球环状模指数(SAMI)与夏季长江中下游降水之间存在显著的正相关关系。春季SAM偏强的同期对流层下层在欧亚大陆存在一以蒙古高原和天山山脉为中心的异常反气旋对,从中国东北到华南中纬度地区均为异常的偏北气流控制。这种环流异常形式可以持续到夏季并加强,致使东亚夏季风减弱;春季SAM偏强,夏季西太平洋副热带高压西部脊强度加强,位置偏西,这些异常环流都有利于长江中下游地区降水偏多。另外,春季SAM偏强,夏季长江中下游地区水汽含量增大,向上的垂直运动得到加强,为该地区降水偏多提供了基本的水汽条件。春季SAM偏弱时,夏季东亚大气环流和水汽条件相反。因此,春季SAM为夏季长江中下游汛期降水提供了一有用的前期信号。     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际变化及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系

文中研究了冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际异常及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系。结果发现,各年冬季北太平洋风暴轴的中心强度和位置具有显著的年际差异。对15个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域500hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与热带和北太平洋海温的SVD分析表明,第一对空间典型分布反映了赤道中、东太平洋区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响,而第二对空间典型分布反映了黑潮区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响。进一步的合成分析显示,赤道中、东太平洋区域海温异常主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴的东西摆动和中、东端的强度变化,而黑潮区域海温异常则主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴中、西端的强度变化和南北位移。并且这种影响分别与500hPa高度场上的PNA遥相关型和WP遥相关型有密切联系。     

冬季西风环流指数的变率及其与北半球温度变化的关系研究

用H40°N-H65°N即40°N和65°N纬圈平均位势高度的差来定义西风指数,可以很好地反映温带地区西风的强弱。西风环流强的年份,北半球气温通常偏高,主要是中纬度大陆变暖明显,这可能与中高纬度西风强时,向北的经向热量输送也加强有关。在长期变化的趋势上,1950年代以前北半球偏暖时期的指数偏低,而偏冷时期的指数偏高。但近30多年来,伴随全球加速变暖,西风指数也持续加强,这是否与温室效应的加强有关还有待深入研究。     

COMPARISONS OF CIRCULATION ANOMALIES BETWEEN THE DAILY PRECIPITATION EXTREME AND NON-EXTREME EVENTS IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF YANGTZE RIVER IN BOREAL SUMMER

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and in situ meteorological observations of daily precipitation in boreal summer from 1979 to 2008, the features of circulation anomalies have been investigated using the composite analysis for the extreme events and non-extreme events of regional mean daily rainfall(RMDR) occurring over the midand lower- Yangtze valley(MLYV). The extreme RMDR(ERMDR) events are the events at and above the percentile99 in the rearranged time-series of the RMDR with ascending order of rainfall amount. The non-extreme RMDR events are those at the percentiles 90-85 and 80-75 separately. Our results suggest that the threshold value is 25 mm/day for the ERMDR at percentile 99. Precipitation at all the percentiles is found to occur more frequently in the Meiyu rainfall season in MLYV, and the ERMDR events have occurred with higher frequency since the 1990 s. For the percentiles-associated events, the MLYV is under the control of an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the mid- and lower- troposphere with vastly different anomalous circulation at higher levels. However, at both low and high levels, the ERMDR events-related anomalous circulation is stronger compared to that linked to the non-ERMDR events. The dominant sources of water vapor differ between the ERMDR and non-ERMDR events. During the ERMDR events plentiful water vapor is transported from the Bay of Bengal into the MLYV directly by divergence while there is distinctly increased water vapor from the South China Sea(SCS) in non-RMERMDR episodes. The diabatic heating rates < Q1>, < Q2> and< Q1>- < Q2> have their anomalous patterns and are consistent with each other for these percentiles but their strength decreases markedly with the drop of rainfall intensity. For the precipitation at percentiles 99 and 90-85, the sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in the Pacific distribute positively(negatively) in the south(north), and are stronger when the ERMDR emerges, with little or no SSTA as the events at percentile 80-75 occur. Besides, these results suggest that the genesis of the ERMDR event is directly related to intense local circulation anomalies and the circulation anomalies over the Pacific and SCS in tropical to mid-latitudes, and probably linked with the Pacific SSTA closely while the non-ERMDR events are mainly associated with the anomalous circulation on a local basis. The findings here help understand and predict the happening of ERMDR events over the MLYV.     

THE MECHANISM OF THICKNESS OF GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT DIPOLE AND ITS RELATION WITH CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN ASIA-AUSTRALIA IN BOREAL WINTER

With the EOF of reanalysis data being analyzed, a northern- southern dipole is found in the upper troposphere geopotential height field of over the Asian-Australian monsoon region in the winter of the Northern Hemisphere (NH), which is defined as Asian-Australian dipole (AAD) in this study. Its intensity index is defined as AADI. Correlation and synthetic analysis illustrate that AADI is closely related to the weather and climate of Asian-Australian region in boreal winter. The index can reflect the simultaneous anomalies of temperature and precipitation on interannual and decadal scales in the boreal winter of Asian-Australian region. The superposition of the decadal and interannual signals is significant for the relationship between the AADI and climate change. The index can be used as an indicator of intensity of the Asian-Australian monsoon. In the years of strong AADI, the East Asia major deep trough is stronger, the Subtropical High is weaker and the Alaska ridge and the westerly jet are stronger than those in normal years. Enhanced meridional circulation between high and low latitudes exists in the years of strong AADI. These relationships reflect the intrinsic link between the anomalies in the upper troposphere geopotential height and climate in the Asian-Australian region.     

秋季南海北部持续性强降水和环流异常的准双周振荡特征

基于1998—2011年的TRMM卫星逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料以及向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,利用小波分析、Butterworth带通滤波、EOF分析以及合成分析的方法,对秋季(9—10月)南海北部地区(10°—24°N,100°—120°E)持续性强降水的低频特征进行分析。结果表明,秋季南海北部降水存在显著的准双周振荡特征,主要表现为南海北部地区一致变化型和南海东北部地区和中南半岛沿海地区反相变化型两个模态。其中,第一模态的低频降水主要集中在中南半岛沿岸附近的南海中西部,第二模态则主要集中在南海东北部。进一步对与这两种模态相关联的大气环流和OLR的低频场进行合成分析。结果表明,第一模态的对流层低层准双周低频信号主要来源于南半球近赤道上空,该地区异常强对流活动产生的波列和气旋性环流越赤道进入南海并加强传播至南海北部。而第二模态则来源于南海中南部和吕宋岛东侧西太平洋上空,异常强对流和气旋性环流的合并加强并传播至南海东北部。     

蒙古高压一组环流指数及与中国同期气候异常关系分析

定义了一组描述冬季(12-2月)的月、季1 000 hPa等压面上蒙古高压(MH)状态的新的环流指数,它包括面积指数S、强度指数P、中心位置指数(λc,φc).用NCEP/NCAR资料计算了1948/1949-2007/2008年60个冬季的月、季MH的上述环流指数.用它们分析了近60年冬季各月MH的气候态,表明MH在12、1月最强,2月明显减弱；12月偏南,1、2月逐渐北移.分析了MH强度P和中心位置(λc,φc)的年代际变化特征及其与中国冬季气候(气温、降水)的相关,结果表明:(1)MH强度P和中心位置指数φc均存在显著年代际变化,P在1960's末-1970's初由高转低,φc在1970's末-1980's初由偏北转偏南.12、2月P～φc.间存在显著正相关.MH强年偏北、弱年偏南.(2) MH环流指数P、φc与中国同期气温存在显著负相关,P的显著负相关区覆盖了中国除西南外的大部分区域,φc的显著负相关区也覆盖了中国东部除东南沿海外大部分区域；它们与中国降水的同期相关联系远弱于气温.(3)全球增暖背景下MH强度减弱、中心南移,中国大部分地区出现持续暖冬；但1990's末以来,相反的异常时有发生.(4)“0801华南雪灾”期间(2008.1.10-2.2)MH异常偏强,并有四次中期活动过程；它们是造成此次极端气候异常事件的直接环流原因.     

AN ANALYSIS ON LARGE-SCALE AIR-SEA INTERACTIVE LINKAGES BETWEEN THE TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN DURING ENSO EVENTS

By utilizing a 3-D atmospheric circulation resolving method, the authors studied the air-sea interactive linkages between the tropical Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in 1979-2008 El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Their findings showed that evident 3-D gear-coupling characteristics existed in the 1979-2008 ENSO events. Their resolving analyses also suggested that the general circulation showed stronger and wider sinking motions over the eastern Indian Ocean-western Pacific during the mature phase of 1979-2008 ENSO events, compared with the vertical velocities from the U.S. National Centers for Enviornmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data. With their 3-D analysis method, the vertical velocity was resolved by two components, i.e. zonal and meridional components. It was found that the zonal component of the vertical velocities showed a strong sinking motion while the meridional components showed an upward motion during the prevailing phases of the ENSO events. In the tropics, the zonal component of the vertical velocities was found greater than the meridional component, reflecting the dominant characteristics of the vertical velocity, and the overall outcomes showed a strong sinking motion, although the two components also partially offset each other in the processes. Compared with the vertical velocities from NCEP reanalysis, the vertical motions calculated with the 3-D resolving analysis method demonstrate some advantages.     

THE INFLUENCE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN SHIFT OF WARM POOL AND THAT OF THE EQUATORIAL CONVERGENCE ZONE ON ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE WIND FIELDS DURING 1982/83 ENSO

By using a linear and stationary atmospheric model (Luo and Jiang, 1994, Zebiak and Cane,1987) and the initial data coming from Zebiak and Cane (1987), the influence of interaction between shift of warm pool and that of the equatorial convergence zone (ITCZ and SPCZ ) on atmospheric surface stream field and divergence field during 82/83 ENSO is analysed by numerical experiments.The results show that SPCZ is more important than ITCZ in developing phase and mature phase of warm event.The interaction of warm Pool and SPCZ is stronger than that of warm pool and ITCZ in the two phases.SPCZ is as important as ITCZ in the initial phase and decline phase of warm event.     

A DIAGNOSIS OF THE INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE WIND FIELD IN THE TROPICAL OCEANS AND ITS CORRELATIVE CHARACTERS WITH ENSO CYCLE

Utilizing the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis monthly datasets,and based on the filter and standarddeviation calculation,the interannual variability of sea surface temperature(SST)and 1000 hPawind field for the tropical Pacific,Indian and Atlantic Oceans is investigated for the past 20 years(1979—1998).The characters of space-time evolution in SST anomalies(SSTA)for each oceanand corresponding wind anomaly field are acquired by using rotated principal component(RPC)and linear regression analysis methods.Using the method of correlation analysis.the characters ofthree tropical oceans correlated with ENSO are investigated.The contemporary correlationbetween the SSTA in the Indian Ocean and in the equatorial eastern Pacific is positive,and there isa weak negative correlation between the SSTA in the equatorial east Atlantic Ocean and in theequatorial eastern Pacific.The lead-lag correlation analysis indicates that the SSTA in theequatorial Indian Ocean lags the dominant Pacific ENSO mode by 3 months,and the SSTA in theequatorial Atlantic Ocean leads ENSO mode by 6 months.The ENSO-correlated components intropical Indian Ocean and tropical Atlantic Ocean display much the same amount of total variance ineach ocean,i.e..14% in the Indian Ocean and 12% in the Atlantic Ocean and the maximums areall above 40%.     

夏季东北冷涡持续性活动及其大气环流异常特征的分析

本文首先分析了夏季东北冷涡持续性活动特征及其对东北地区天气气候的影响,然后利用NCEP/NCAR 1958～1997年月平均再分析资料,探讨了东北冷涡持续性活动与大气环流异常之间的联系.结果表明,东北冷涡持续性活动是导致东北地区夏季低温的一个十分关键的因子,同时对降水也有重要影响.冷涡活跃年夏季,500 hPa高度场会出现以东北地区为中心的南北向和东西向分布的正-负-正距平波列,即与东亚阻高势力偏强而西太平洋副高位置偏南等大尺度环流背景相联系.在对流层中上层,高空西风急流有明显的分支现象,特别是亚洲中纬西风急流位置偏南.而在对流层中下层,东北地区和华北大部以及朝鲜半岛和日本北部等地由明显的气旋式距平环流所控制,并且源自东北及其以西地区的北风距平可一直推进至长江流域并转变为西北风距平,并与那里的西南风距平汇合而形成有利于该地区梅雨偏多时的环流形势,与此同时,长江中下游地区和四川盆地等容易出现垂直速度负距平、涡度正距平和散度负距平分布,而华北和华南大部上述物理量一般为相反的距平分布,从而对应少雨形势,并且中国北方地区(长江以北)对应负温度距平.当夏季东北冷涡活动偏弱时,一般会出现与上述相反的结果.即东北冷涡持续性活动不但对东北地区,而且与中国其它某些地区的天气气候可能也存在着一定的对应关系.     

东亚夏季风指数的年际变化与东亚大气环流

文中从夏季东亚热带、副热带环流系统特点出发 ,定义了能较好表征东亚夏季风环流年际变化的特征指数 ,并分析了东亚夏季风指数的年际变化与东亚大气环流及夏季中国东部降水的关系。文中定义的东亚夏季风指数既反映了夏季东亚大气环流风场的变化特征 ,也较好地反映了夏季中国东部降水的年际变化特征。此外 ,还探讨了东亚夏季风指数变化的先兆信号     

春季南半球环状模与长江流域夏季降水的关系：Ⅱ 印度洋和南海海温的“海洋桥”作用

用回归、合成、相关、ESVD等方法分析了春夏季印度洋、南海海温异常在春季南半球环状模(SAM)与夏季长江中下游降水关系中的作用.研究发现春季南半球环状模指数(SAMI)正(负)异常时,同期南印度洋中高纬、北印度洋海域海温出现了明显正(负)异常,这种海温的正(负)异常在夏季依然存在,并且北印度洋的海温异常得到加强.对印度洋和南海海域详细划分区域后的进一步分析表明春季南半球热带外大气环流(SAM)异常可以强迫南印度洋中高纬海域海温发生明显异常.这种异常可以持续到夏季,而且表现出传播特性,即南印度洋中高纬海温异常可以传播到北印度洋(包括阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾)和南海海域,加强这些海域的海温异常.对东亚夏季风与夏季海温关系的分析表明东亚夏季风异常对应的夏季北印度洋、南海海温异常与春季SAM异常对应的夏季北印度洋、南海海温异常的形势相似,符号相反.说明印度洋、南海海温是春季SAM影响夏季长江中下游降水的一个"桥梁".基本思路为强(弱)春季SAM可以引起南印度洋中高纬海域海温的偏高(偏低);南印度洋中高纬海域偏高(偏低)的海温从春季持续到夏季并且传播到阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、南海海域;这些海区偏高(偏低)的海温可以导致东亚夏季风减弱(加强),而东亚夏季风减弱(加强)是长江中下游降水偏多(偏少)的一种有利条件.     

A DIAGNOSIS OF THE INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE WIND FIELD IN THE TROPICAL OCEANS AND ITS CORRELATIVE CHARACTERS WITH ENSO CYCLE*

Utilizing the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis monthly datasets,and based on the filter and standard deviation calculation,the interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and 1000 hPa wind field for the tropical Pacific,Indian and Atlantic Oceans is investigated for the past 20 years (1979-1998).The characters of space-time evolution in SST anomalies (SSTA) for each ocean and corresponding wind anomaly field are acquired by using rotated principal component (RPC) and linear regression analysis methods.Using the method of correlation analysis.the characters of three tropical oceans correlated with ENSO are investigated.The contemporary correlation between the SSTA in the Indian Ocean and in the equatorial eastern Pacific is positive,and there is a weak negative correlation between the SSTA in the equatorial east Atlantic Ocean and in the equatorial eastern Pacific.The lead-lag correlation analysis indicates that the SSTA in the equatorial Indian Ocean lags the dominant Pacific ENSO mode by 3 months,and the SSTA in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean leads ENSO mode by 6 months.The ENSO-correlated components in tropical Indian Ocean and tropical Atlantic Ocean display much the same amount of total variance in each ocean,i.e..14% in the Indian Ocean and 12% in the Atlantic Ocean and the maximums are all above 40%.     

近五十年来华北地区旱涝特征与全球变化的研究及对未来趋势的探讨

对近五年华北地区的降水资料进行了时空分析,研究了水资源枯、丰的变迁及它们的地域特征。并对大气环流及海温异常进行了对比分析。结果表明：华北降水距平有明显的二十年左右的年代际变化。从总体上说,从５０年代初至７０年代为丰水期,７０年代至９０年代则为枯水期,而从１９９２年以后又开始变为正距平。这种年代际变化有很强的地域性,个别地区表现出与平均趋势截然不同的变化,对比丰水期和枯水期的环流状态发现,华北地区二