Drilling Technology of the M-1 Well in Hot Dry Rock of Matouying,Tangshan北大核心CSCD

This paper presents the general situation and key techniques of the drilling well M-1 in Matouying dry hot rock exploration hole, Leting, Tangshan, Hebei Province. A series of problems have been studied on the sea water drilling fluid, high temperature resistant fresh water drilling fluid, screw composite drilling technique, screw hole coring technology, and high temperature, thus solving the difficulty of sea water drilling fluid well protection, poor stability of drilling fluid under high temperature, and low efficiency in hot dry rock drilling and coring drilling to ensure the safety of the borehole and improve drilling efficiency. The high temperature resistant double condensation and double density cement slurry system and relevant technical measures are adopted to ensure the quality of cementing in the high temperature environment. Through the understanding and analysis of the strata in this area, this work provides valuable experience for drilling in the same strata in the future. The final hole depth of the M-1 well in Matouying is 4502. 11m, and hot dry rock with a temperature of 150t is found at 3965 m, which is the first hot dry rock well with a temperature of more than 150°C in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region so far. © 2022 Editorial Board of Geology and Exploration. All rights reserved.     

Columnar joints in the Patino Formation sandstones, Eastern Paraguay： a dynamic interaction between dyke intrusion, quartz dissolution and cooling-induced fractures

The Patiho Formation sandstones, which crop out in Aregud neighborhood in Eastern Paraguay and show columnar joints near the contact zone with a nephelinite dyke, have as their main characteristics the high pro- portion of syntaxial quartz overgrowth and a porosity originated from different processes, initially by dissolu- tion and later by partial filling and fracturing. Features like the presence of floating grains in the syntaxial cement, the transitional interpenetrative contact between the silica-rich cement and grains as well as the intense fracture porosity are strong indications that the cement has been formed by dissolution and reprecipita- tion of quartz from the framework under the effect of thermal expansion followed by rapid contraction. The increase of the silica-rich cement towards the dyke in association with the orthogonal disposition of the columns relative to dyke walls are indicative that the igneous body may represent the main heat source for the interstitial aqueous solutions previously existing in the sediments. At macroscopic scale, the increasing of inter- nal tensions in the sandstones is responsible for the nucleation of polygons, leading to the individualization of prisms, which are interconnected by a system of joints, formed firstly on isotherm surfaces of low tem- perature and later on successive adjacent planes towards the dyke heat source.     

Characterization of some Egyptian serpentinites used as ornamental stones

Egypt is characterized by wide occurrence of serpentinites, particularly in the central and southern parts of Eastern Desert. There are several cooperate factors that affect the serpentinites used as ornamental stones. These factors involve mineralogical characteristics （including mineral composition and microstructure parameter）, physical properties and mechanical properties. Antigorite is an essential serpentinite mineral, with a minor amount of chrysotile. Talc, carbonates （magnesite and dolomite） and tremolite are the main associated minerals. Quality and quantity of associated minerals such as talc and carbonates （dolomite and magnesite） affect the properties of serpentinites used as ornamental stones. Carbonates are resistant to weathering but suffer from acidic cleaning agents in interior use, whereas serpentinites with a high content of talc used on external faces undergo an increase in volume and a consequent rapid degradation. Studied serpentinites are characterized by relatively small grain size with foliated texture, low water absorption, low porosity, and high abrasion resistance. In the samples studied the uniaxial compressive strength （UCS） varies between 89 and 189 MPa, with an average of 152 MPa. According to the classification of Bell （1992）, sample No. B8 is very high in strength while the rest high in strength.     

饱和冻结粉土在常应变速率下的单轴抗压强度

Uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted on the saturated frozen Lanzhou silt (loess) at various constant strain rates and at various constant temperatures. It is concluded from the test results that: the compressive strength (σ f) is very sensitive to temperature (θ) and increases with the temperature decreasing as a power law. Compressive strength is sensitive to strain rate () and increases with strain rates increasing within a certain range of strain rates as a power law. Compressive strength decreases when time to failure (tf) increases, also following a power law. Finally, Compressive strength of frozen silt with higher dry density (γd) is higher than that of frozen silt with lower dry density. The difference between them is mainly influenced by strain rate.     

Control of Facies and Potential on Jurassic Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Prediction of Favorable Targets in the Hinterland Region of the Junggar Basin

<正>Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential,however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated,and it is difficult to predict hydrocarbon-bearing properties.The research indicates that the oil and gas is controlled by structure facies belt and sedimentary system distribution macroscopically,and hydrocarbon-bearing properties of sand bodies are controlled by lithofacies and petrophysical facies microscopically.Controlled by ancient and current tectonic frameworks,most of the discovered oil and gas are distributed in the delta front sedimentary system of a palaeo-tectonic belt and an ancient slope belt.Subaqueous branch channels and estuary dams mainly with medium and fine sandstone are the main reservoirs and oil production layers,and sand bodies of high porosity and high permeability have good hydrocarbon-bearing properties;the facies controlling effect shows a reservoir controlling geologic model of relatively high porosity and permeability.The hydrocarbon distribution is also controlled by relatively low potential energy at the high points of local structure macroscopically, while most of the successful wells are distributed at the high points of local structure,and the hydrocarbon-bearing property is good at the place of relatively low potential energy;the hydrocarbon distribution is in close connection with faults,and the reservoirs near the fault in the region of relatively low pressure have good oil and gas shows;the distribution of lithologic reservoirs at the depression slope is controlled by the distribution of sand bodies at positions of relatively high porosity and permeability.The formation of the reservoir of the Jurassic in the Junggar Basin shows characteristics of favorable facies and low-potential coupling control,and among the currently discovered reservoirs and industrial hydrocarbon production wells,more than 90%are developed within the scope of faciespotential index FPI0.5,while the FPI and oil saturation of the discovered reservoir and unascertained traps have relatively good linear correlation.By establishing the relation model between hydrocarbonbearing properties of traps and FPI,totally 43 favorable targets are predicted in four main target series of strata and mainly distributed in the Badaowan Formation and the Sangonghe Formation,and the most favorable targets include the north and east of the Shinan Sag,the middle and south of the Mobei Uplift,Cai-35 well area of the Cainan Oilfield,and North-74 well area of the Zhangbei fault-fold zone.     

Experimental Study on Water‐rock Reactions with CO2 Fluid in a Deep Sandstone Formation under High Temperature and Pressure

Qiongdongnan Basin has a tectonic geological background of high temperature and high pressure in a deep reservoir setting,with mantle-derived CO2.A water-rock reaction device was used under high temperature and high pressure conditions,in conjunction with scanning electron microscope(SEM)observations,to carry out an experimental study of the diagenetic reaction between sandstone at depth and CO2-rich fluid,which is of great significance for revealing the dissolution of deep clastic rock reservoirs and the developmental mechanism of secondary pores,promoting deep oil and gas exploration.In this study,the experimental scheme of the water-rock reaction system was designed according to the parameters of the diagenetic background of the deep sandstone reservoir in the Qiongdongnan Basin.Three groups of single mineral samples were prepared in this experiment,including K-feldspar samples,albite samples and calcite samples.Using CO2 as a reaction solution,a series of diagenetic reaction simulation experiments were carried out in a semi-closed high temperature and high pressure simulation system.A field emission scanning electron microscope(SEM)was used to observe the microscopic appearance of the mineral samples after the water-rock reaction,the characteristics of dissolution under high temperature and high pressure,as well as the development of secondary pores.The experimental results showed that the CO2-rich fluid has an obvious dissolution effect on K-feldspar,albite and calcite under high temperature and high pressure.For the three minerals,the main temperature and pressure window for dissolution ranged from 150℃to 300℃and 45 MPa to 60 MPa.Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the dissolution effect of K-feldspar is most obvious under conditions of 150℃and 45 MPa,in contrast to conditions of200℃and 50 MPa for albite and calcite.Through the comparative analysis of experimental conditions and procedures,a coupling effect occurred between the temperature and pressure change and the dissolution strength and calcite.Under high temperature and high pressure,pressure changed the solubility of CO2,furthermore,the dissolution effect and strength of the sandstone components were also affected.The experiment revealed that high temperature and high pressure conditions with CO2-rich fluid has a significant dissolution effect on aluminosilicate minerals and is conducive to the formation of secondary pores and effective reservoirs.Going forward with the above understanding has important implications for the promotion of deep oil and gas exploration.     

Evaluation Methods and Indexes for Ultra-deep Petroleum Reservoir Preservation with Case Studies

Following consideration of the characteristics of high temperature, high pressure and high in-situ stress in ultra-deep sedimentary basins, together with the existence of hydrocarbon phase state transformation, hydrocarbon-water-rock interaction and rock mechanical property transition at those depths, the evaluation index system for hydrocarbon preservation was established. The physical leakage evaluation indexes can be divided into three categories: the dynamic efficiency indexes of micro-sealing, caprock integrity and natural gas diffusion. The chemical loss evaluation indexes can be divided into two categories: the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) index in marine gypsum-bearing carbonate strata and the thermochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons (TOH) index in clastic strata. The slippage angle and overconsolidation ratio (OCR) are the key evaluation indexes in the evaluation of the integrity of shale caprocks. TSR intensity can be quantitatively calculated by use of the ZnPVT state parameter method. The TOH strength can be used to estimate the degree of hydrocarbon chemical loss, based on the TOH-related authigenic calcite cement content or the degree of negative δ13C of authigenic calcite. For the evaluation of ultra-deep preservation in specific areas, key indexes can be selected according to the local geological conditions, instead of all indexes needing to be evaluated for every scenario.     

Diagenetic Evolution and Formation Mechanisms of High-Quality Reservoirs under Multiple Diagenetic Environmental Constraints: An Example from the Paleogene Beach-Bar Sandstone Reservoirs in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The diagenetic environment, diagenetic responses, diagenetic transformation model and formation mechanisms of high-quality reservoirs (beach-bar sandstones of the Paleogene fourth member) in the Dongying depression were studied through the analysis of fluid inclusions, thin section and burial evolution history. The diagenetic fluids of the beach-bar sandstone reservoirs evolved from early high salinity and weak alkalinity to low salinity and strong acidity, late high salinity and strong alkalinity and late low salinity and acidity, which were accompanied by two stages of oil and gas filling. The fluids at the margins of the sandbodies were continuously highly saline and strongly alkaline. The western (eastern) reservoirs experienced early open (closed), middle open, and late closed diagenetic environments during their burial history. The flow pattern was characterized by upwelling during the majority of the diagenesis (in the east, a non-circulating pattern transitioned into an upwelling current). Due to the evolution of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic sequence of the beach-bar reservoirs was as follows: early weak carbonate cementation; feldspar and carbonate cement dissolution and authigenic quartz cementation; late carbonate and anhydrite cementation, authigenic feldspar cementation, and late quartz dissolution; and late carbonate cementation, feldspar dissolution, and authigenic quartz cementation. The diagenetic strength during these stages varied or was absent altogether in different parts of the reservoirs. Due to the closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow pattern of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic products are variably distributed in the sandstones interbedded with mudstones and in the fault blocks. The evolution of multiple alternating alkaline and acidic diagenetic environments controlled the distribution patterns of the reservoir diagenesis and reservoir space, and the reservoir quality index, RQI, increased gradually from the margins to the centers of the sandstones. The closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow patterns of the diagenetic fluids controlled the differences in the reservoir properties among the fault blocks. With increasing distance from the oil-source faults, the RQI values in the west gradually decreased and in the east initially increased and then decreased.     

Relationship between the Extent of Igneous Rocks and Deep Structures as Determined by Gravitational and Magnetic Data in the South China Sea

The distribution of oil and gas resources in the South China Sea and adjacent areas is closely related to the structural pattern that helped to define the controlling effect of deep processes on oil-bearing basins.Igneous rocks can record important information from deep processes.Deep structures such as faults,basin uplift and depression,Cenozoic basement and magnetic basement are all the results of energy exchange within the earth.The study of the relationship between igneous rocks and deep structures is of great significance for the study of the South China Sea.By using the minimum curvature potential field separation technique and the correlation analysis technique of gravitational and magnetic anomalies,the fusion of gravitational and magnetic data reflecting igneous rocks can be obtained,through which the igneous rocks with high susceptibility/high density or high susceptibility/low density can be identified.In this study area,igneous rocks do not develop in the Yinggehai basin,Qiongdongnan basin,Zengmu basin and Brunei-Sabah basin whilst igneous rocks with high susceptibility/high density or high susceptibility/low density are widely-developed in other basins.In undeveloped igneous areas,faults are also undeveloped the Cenozoic thickness is greater,the magnetic basement depth is greater and the Cenozoic thickness is highly positively correlated with the magnetic basement depth.In igneously developed regions,the distribution pattern of the Qiongtai block is mainly controlled by primary faults,while the distribution of the Zhongxisha block,Xunta block and Yongshu-Taiping block is mainly controlled by secondary faults,the Cenozoic thickness having a low correlation with the depth of the magnetic basement.     

内蒙古某煤矿投料井钻成井施工工艺及控制要点

煤矿投料井直径大,采用分级扩孔;耐磨管刚度大,对井眼的垂直度要求高,同时其质量大,对起重设备、器具要求高,施工中容易发生重大的安全或质量事故。本文通过多项工程实践,以内蒙古某投料井为例,总结了投料井钻成井施工工艺及控制要点。     

河北故城地热井施工技术和成井工艺

简介了施工地区地层，论述了钻井技术要点和成井工艺；说明了抽水试验及水质概况。     

镇泾油田HH37P1水平井钻完井技术

为评价水平井开发镇泾油田长8油藏的经济技术可行性,部署了HH37P1水平井。分析了该井的施工难点,提出了相应的技术对策。现场施工中通过优化钻具组合、控制井眼轨迹、调节钻井液性能及配合相应的工程工艺技术,使HH37P1水平井顺利完钻。通过测井资料结合录井显示,采用预置管柱完井方式配合后期压裂改造,初见成效。HH37P1井的成功实施为有效开发镇泾油田提供了新的途径。     

河北平原区地震监测井成井技术

井下地震监测可减少地面噪声干扰、提高地震监测精度。介绍了河北平原区地震监测井的设计以及成井、下管、固井等的关键工艺方法,在工程施工中采用合理的成井工艺、封底下管、管外固井等技术,满足了监测井的特殊要求。     

煤层气开发井网优化设计

煤层气田井网布置的好坏直接影响到煤层气开发的成败以及最终采收率的高低。通过数值模拟方法,给出了煤层气井网优化设计的原则以及井网优化设计考虑的因素,如井间干扰、各向异性、井距与排距之比、井网密度、井网方位等,并利用数值模拟软件对鄂尔多斯盆地某区块进行了开发井网的优化设计,为该区的煤层气开发方案设计提供了合理依据。      

普光105丛式井平台井身结构的设计与应用

分析了丛式井在解决普光气田地质不确定、地表环境复杂等问题方面的技术优势。在对普光气田井身结构必封点分析的基础上,确定了各层套管下深范围,以此为据,优化出适用于普光气田水平井的2套井身结构方案。以普光105丛式井平台为例,分别对普光105-1水平井和普光105-2井的井身结构进行了优化设计,并对其钻井施工效果进行了总结与分析。应用实践证明,丛式井有助于缩短该地区的钻井周期、降低复杂失效、提高钻井速度,具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

废弃油井改造为地热井技术分析

天津地区具有丰富的地热资源和油气资源,20世纪90年代大港石油集团公司为寻找石油在塘沽地区开凿了一大批石油开采井,随着石油资源的日益枯竭,多数油井均已废弃。本文结合该区地热地质资料和油井井身结构,探索将废弃的石油井改造为地热井,并通过T38-1、T38-2井成功改造实例证明其可行性,为类似工程提供了借鉴。     

煤层气钻井中的几个关键技术问题浅析

在煤层气钻井施工中,基本上采用石油钻井工艺。根据煤层气开采要求及相关技术标准,对钻井中的几个关键问题进行了分析,并提出了相应的技术措施：如针对井斜因素的防斜措施,在工开钻进时的井液控制,煤层钻进时的钻进参数调整;下套管深度及接箍位置以及固井方法。这些措施,可有效提高钻效,提高成井质量。     

五层巢式监测井成井工艺与材料研究

针对我国地下水监测现状和存在的技术问题,开展了对50 mm巢式监测井PVC-U井管的建井生产试验并组织实施了一眼五层巢式地下水监测井。介绍了该井整体的结构设计、PVC-U井管、新型止水粘土球、扶正器和成井关键工艺以及最终取得的成果。可为以后的多层巢式地下水监测井建设提供参考,并为我国地下水多层监测井技术的发展提供支撑。     

油田定向井井身轨迹选择

论述了定向井井身轨迹设计及优化的技术要点，介绍了笔者在陕北油田勘探实践中的应用实例。