集束式监测井成井工艺研究

随着人类经济社会活动的加剧,地下水遭受污染的范围和强度不断加大,尤其是浅层地下水面临污染的风险更大。如何及时发现并科学评价浅层地下水污染程度和治理的效果,迫切需要简单易行、有效可靠的浅层地下水分层监测井。传统的浅层地下水分层监测井存在占地多,监测层位少等问题,巢式监测井监测5层,连续多通道监测井口径小,因此有必要研究即占地少,又能监测多层,而且监测井井管口径能满足不同种类监测仪器的安装要求。通过室内和野外试验,研究了集束式浅层地下水分层监测井建设过程中止水方法、止水材料、粒径、止水层厚度及止水效果检验、下管方式等关键技术,实现同一孔内监测100 m以内的多层含水层或多个含水段的分层监测,施工口径小,占用土地少,建设成本经济。集束式监测井可以应用到地下水监测、环境污染调查研究等多个领域,该研究将为集束式浅层地下水分层监测井建设施工提供理论依据和技术支撑,使未来的监测更加精细化、准确化,为今后监测井的发展提供新的思路和研究方向。     

石油类污染场地土壤与地下水污染调查实例分析

以冀中平原某石油类污染场地为例,从污染源分布勘察、场地水文地质模型建立、土壤及地下水的现场调查入手,采用物探、坑探、钻探综合调查技术和定深取样等一些取样方法,对不同深度土壤及地下水的有机污染进行调查和样品分析。结果表明:整个场地的土壤和地下水受到不同程度的污染,30m深度内包气带和饱水带已被污染,50m深度的地下水中有有机污染物检出,石油类场地的污染特征主要表现为土壤及其地下水中含有高浓度单环芳烃和卤代烃。且单环芳烃在土壤与地下水中的浓度高于其它有机污染物。     

一种简易可靠的新型胶塞止水器

胶塞止水器用于煤田水文钻孔,虽然为时已久,但未解决止水效果检查问题;即使取得止水效果检查资料,但工艺也较复杂。四川135队在原自压式简易胶塞止水器的基础上,设计加工了能在止水时同步检查止水效果的新型胶塞止水器,不仅可作专门水文孔抽水的止水,还可广泛用于普通钻孔测分层水位止水。其成效已为多年实践所证明。     

某石化污染场地含水层自然降解BTEX能力评估

地下水污染问题是国家关注的重要环境问题之一,监测与评估含水层自然降解污染物能力是防治地下水污染的基本手段,也是国外地下水中修复技术研究热点课题。以华北平原某石油化工类场地为案例,通过调查场地水文地质条件、土壤及地下水污染现状,监测场地地下水中苯系物(BTEX)浓度及相关化学参数变化,运用微生物水文地球化学方法和水文地质方法,估算了该场地含水层自然降解苯系物量。这一研究成果为评估我国石油类场地地下水污染的自然修复能力提供了实证和基础数据。     

地下水污染场地风险管理与修复技术筛选

国际上对于地下水污染场地的控制与修复研究已经取得了许多成果,已有成功的修复实例。我国虽然起步晚,但非常重视地下水污染的防治,开展了全国范围的地下水污染调查,并进行了地下水污染的防治规划。地下水污染的控制与修复已经逐渐进入示范性研究阶段。面对地下水污染场地风险管理的不同方法,以及众多的污染修复技术,如何制定风险管理策略,如何在各种各样的修复技术中筛选合适的技术或技术组合,对于地下水污染场地的防治具有非常重要的意义。笔者分析了发达国家地下水污染风险管理策略,结合在地下水污染场地研究方面的经验,对一些主要的地下水污染修复技术进行了分析论述,提出了考虑污染物特征、场地水文地质条件的地下水污染修复技术的筛选过程和方法。     

悬挂式止水帷幕地下水渗流数值模拟

悬挂式止水帷幕在基坑工程中得到了广泛应用.采用地下水渗流软件GMS对室内地下水渗流模型试验进行数值模拟,数值模拟结果与试验结果相互对比,进而验证地下水数值模拟软件的可靠性.在确定软件准确性的基础上,进一步研究在相同悬挂式止水帷幕插入深度下,不同形状基坑中地下水渗流变化规律,为实际工程降水设计提供参考依据.结果表明:数值...     

地下水土石油类污染修复技术途径

石油工业在开采、加工、运输、储备过程中石油及其初加工产品泄漏,进入环境造成污染。本文根据国内外现有异位修复技术和原位修复技术研究成果,提出“加强场地调查,有效控制污染源,阻断污染途径,同时开展受污染地下水土修复,优化组合多种修复技术方法”路线,表明可修复地下水土石油类有机污染。     

革新止水器的实践

1 概述止水工艺分异径止水和同径止水两种.异径止水,就是在止水段上下部形成一个台阶,一般采用锥形体或托盘活塞等,仅适用于一孔一段止水.同径止水就是止水段上、下部孔径一样,一般采用支撑管架桥,适用于一孔多段止水。为攻破止水难关,提高止水成功率,经过12年反复实践,研制成了异径止水器和同径止水器,这种止水器效果较好,可供地质勘彭队员在施工水文勘探孔中参考.2 异径止水器2.1 结构     

棕地地下水污染修复技术筛选方法研究——以某废弃化工厂污染场地为例

科学合理的地下水污染修复技术筛选方法对于有效修复受污染地下水体、节约修复工程成本、保护地下水资源、维护生态系统安全和人体健康具有重要意义。以某化工厂遗址早期排污渗坑为目标污染源,在结合水文地质勘查和地下水人体健康风险评价的基础上确定场地受污染地下水修复目标污染物,根据污染物迁移性、降解性、人体健康风险等指标及抽出处理、化学修复、生物修复、渗透反应格栅等地下水污染修复技术特点,使用偏好顺序结构评估法(PROMETHEE)进行修复技术筛选。结果显示,该场地地下水中主要污染物为1,2-二氯乙烷、1,4-二氯苯等有机污染物,其中1,2-二氯乙烷在呼吸吸入条件下的最大致癌风险达9.54×10-7。化学清除、监测自然衰减等四项技术适用于该场地地下水1,2-二氯乙烷修复,化学清除法综合排序分值最高,而在成本优先控制条件下,监测自然衰减技术更为适宜。研究对于我国场地地下水污染调查评估及修复工作具有积极的参考意义。     

某石油化工污染场地地下水中挥发性有机物污染特征及成因分析

为了解典型污染场地浅层地下水微量有机污染特征,对西北某省会城市石油化工场地地下水中的挥发性有机污染物（VOCs）污染情况进行了调查。结果表明,污染场地地下水样品中挥发性有机污染物检出率为100%;检出率较高的是氯代烃和苯系物,检出率分别为60%和40%。超标组分为苯和1,2-二氯丙烷,苯超标率为30%,1,2-二氯丙烷超标率10%,苯最大检出浓度达1515μg/L。场地内的原油储存罐、污水隔油池的渗漏以及石油冶炼、机械加工过程工业废水不合理排放均为该场地地下水VOCs的重要来源;VOCs的理化性质以及污染场地地下水防污性能差是影响该场地地下水环境中VOCs归宿的主要因素。     

污染场地地下水调查布点及样品采集技术研究

地下水监测井布点和采样,是地下水污染调查的重要部分。由于污染场地的规模较小和其特殊性,很多区域地下水污染普查的方法并不完全适用于污染场地。本文结合地下水的分布及运动特征,从全面性、系统性、代表性、可行性、经济性五方面,阐述污染场地地下水调查布点应遵循的基本原则。同时,通过探讨国内外地下水采样的规范和要求,总结出适用于我国污染场地的地下水采样技术。     

沈抚灌区石油污染土壤恢复方案的数值模拟

在沈抚灌区野外调查和室内外试验的基础上, 建立水分-反应性石油污染物运移的耦合数学模型, 采用数值方法模拟可溶性油(有效油) 的分布规律, 并定量分析了石油污染土壤不同恢复方案的可行性.研究结果表明, 土壤中的化学作用使可溶性油运移速度远远小于土壤水的入渗速度, 所以可溶性油主要分布在土壤耕作层之内, 难以通过灌溉污水的入渗直接污染地下水; 另外, 清污混合灌溉和改变作物结构的控制方案虽然可以大大降低土壤中可溶性油的含量, 但石油污染土壤的彻底恢复还必须依靠地表水或地下水的合理灌溉      

Relationship between groundwater properties and soil salinity at the Lower Nam Kam River Basin in Thailand

The Lower Nam Kam River Basin lies in the vicinity of the Mekong River and is located in the eastern section of the Nakhon Panom Province in northeastern Thailand. Drought, particularly in the winter and summer seasons, is the main environmental challenge in this area. In addition, soil becomes saline and groundwater is brackish in some locations. This problem worsens the drought crisis in the area. Groundwater is known to closely relate to the soil salinity distribution. To successfully manage highly saline areas, saline groundwater and soil properties must be evaluated together. Therefore, the main objective was to study the shallow groundwater physical and chemical properties in conjunction with surface soil salinity. Soil samples were collected and measured for physical and chemical properties. Shallow groundwater was measured for depth from ground surface and sampled from the sites in the study area. The water samples were measured for pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and salinity. Results were interpolated and displayed via a geographic information system and further analyzed by simple linear regressions between surface soil salinity and the other factors. The results show that the topsoil contaminated with salinity is typically situated in relatively low areas with shallow groundwater levels and low head gradient of groundwater. This is due to the characteristics of the soil profile and groundwater depth.     

大武水源地地下水环境模拟与石油污染控制研究

大武水源地是山东省内唯一的大型地下水水源地，由于相邻的堠皋地段地下水被石油污染，大武水源地面临着严重的石油污染威胁。本文通过对地下水环境模拟和地下水环境控制模拟的研究，提出在堠皋地段设置 地下水截流带，控制已污染的地下水向大武水源地径流。为达到保护大武水源地的目的，提出石油污染治理建议。     

Investigation of soil and groundwater environment in urban area during post-industrial era: A case study of brownfield in Zhenjiang,Jiangsu Province,China

With the adjustment of industrial structure, many high pollution enterprises will gradually shut down. This process will produce a large number of high-risk pollution plots and cause a series of environmental problems. In this study, geophysical detection and direct push technology were applied to investigate soil and groundwater pollution in a typical brownfield in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, China. The results showed that Chlorotoluene and its ramification were the main pollutants for the brownfield. Pollution decreased with depth and was quite uneven in the brownfield. Production and wastewater treatment areas were heavily polluted, where volatile organic compounds contaminated and semi-volatile organic compounds were found 12 m and 15 m below the land surface, respectively. About 18880 m³ groundwater was contaminated. This study is significant to develop a geological survey work mode for the postindustrial era.     

Contaminated ground and contaminated estuary sediment illustrated by two case histories

 Contaminated ground forms a problem in all of the industrialized countries of the world. Contaminated ground may give rise to hazards and that implies a degree of risk which also involves a problem of definition. The investigation of a site which is suspected of being contaminated differs somewhat from a routine site investigation. Sampling of soil, groundwater and gas-producing material may be required. Various precautions may be necessary to do this and personnel may have to wear protective clothing. The first case history considered involves a site investigation for a relief sewer in Glasgow. As the site investigation progressed it ran into made-ground which contained chemical waste. The presence of this waste meant that the nature of the investigation changed and much more stringent safety precautions had to be taken. It also meant that the initial location of the sewer tunnel had to be repositioned at greater depth in uncontaminated sandstone rather than in the superficial deposits above. The other case history considers the contamination of sediments in the Forth Estuary. When trace metals are released into the water column they can be transferred rapidly to the sediment phase by adsorption onto suspended particulate matter, followed by sedimentation. Intertidal flats may be considered as important trace metal sinks since they accumulate large amounts of suspended matter. Hence, in polluted estuaries the deposition of suspended particles on intertidal flats may thus cause severe contamination. The Forth Estuary has unique contamination for British estuaries; it is experiencing significant Hg pollution. In addition, due to the presence of a nuclear submarine base in the Forth Estuary, ⁶⁰Co is detectable in the intertidal sediments. Temporal and spatial contamination patterns were analysed in relation to historical and present pollution point sources. The effect of fluvial and marine sediment mixing on trace metals and other processes controlling contaminant levels is reviewed. Preliminary results on quantifying sediment accretion rates using Caesium levels are discussed. Received: 9 August 1996 · Accepted: 17 December 1996     

张掖市“三氮”分布及成因

应用氮同位素技术对地下水NO3-来源识别表明,污水灌溉是浅层地下水中NO3-主要来源,非污水灌区的化肥的大量施用、粪便的随意堆放是周边地下水中NO3-的主要来源。     

Nitrogen Removal in Wastewater Irrigation Systems and Its Influence on Groundwater Pollution

The experiment included ten soil columns and field investigation in 1-2 year duration. Data on the columns continuously flooded with waste water indicated that when total input of NH_4-N reached to above 70％ of the NH_4-N adsorption capacity in soil the breakthrough would appear in the output . Adequate removal of nitrogen from the waste water would require at least 170 cm deep groundwater table . Fine textured soil would promote denitrification . The columns simulating discontinuous waste water irrigation indicated that denitrification existed only in the partial microenviroument of reduction . Groundwater table depth had no strong influence on nitrogen removal . The investigation in field revealed that the groundwater recharged with waste water was not polluted by nitrogen when the aeration profile was in finer textures owing to the combined contribution of nitrification and denitrification.     

某Cr(Ⅵ)污染场地修复的PRB反应材料及结构设计研究

渗透反应格栅(permeable reactive barrier,PRB)在国外被广泛应用于场地尺度的地下水污染修复,因其无须外源动力、不占地面空间、运行成本低等优势在国内受到广泛关注。不同场地水文地质条件、污染物类型、污染羽分布具有差异性,前期场地调查、反应材料的筛选、反应墙尺寸结构的设计对于PRB的有效运行至关重要。本文以PRB修复河南某Cr(Ⅵ)污染场地为例,详细阐述场地调查、材料筛选、材料反应参数确定、PRB结构优化等方面的研究过程及成果,可为后续PRB修复技术的应用提供参考。研究结果表明:PRB修复技术适用于该场地,铸铁与活性炭混合材料为最佳修复材料;反应门长40 m(反应材料厚2 m,上下游分别为2 m厚砾石层),东西两侧隔水墙长为60 m的U型漏斗-门系统型PRB,可有效捕获并修复污染羽,工程成本远低于连续反应墙式PRB,为该场地修复最优PRB结构类型。