漠河冻土地区天然气水合物钻探施工技术

天然气水合物是一种清洁的潜在资源,漠河冻土地区为天然气水合物的形成提供了有力的条件。根据当地的地质条件和水合物勘探开发的技术要求,确定相应的钻孔结构和钻进技术参数,合理选择了钻探设备。钻进过程中运用低温泥浆、泥浆冷却技术、大直径绳索取心钻进工艺,快速获得岩心,从而减少水合物的分解,为以后该地区天然气水合物的勘探提供了经验。阐述了漠河冻土地区天然气水合物钻探施工中的钻进关键技术。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物激光拉曼光谱特征

采用显微激光拉曼光谱技术在77K和常压下对祁连山木里煤田聚乎更矿区钻获的冻土区天然气水合物进行了测试,得到中国冻土区天然气水合物典型的激光拉曼谱图,从微观角度证实DK3孔的133.30m、139.52~139.92m和141.00m 3段不同埋深的岩心中均有天然气水合物存在。对冻土区水合物的拉曼谱图进行详细研究,结合文献资料,初步判定3段不同埋深的水合物结构均为sⅡ型,并参照不同客体气体分子的特征振动信号对谱线的归属进行分析,得出了水合物中大致所含的气体组分。     

潜孔锤反循环钻进工艺在拉拉铜矿的试验应用

针对现有露天矿区空气钻孔作业存在的粉尘污染、岩矿心（样）丢失严重等问题。采用贯通式空气潜孔锤反循环钻进工艺在四川拉拉铜矿露天矿区进行了生产性试验,检验贯通式潜孔锤在露天矿区的钻进效率、粉尘控制以及岩心（样）采取率情况。试验共完成了3个试验孔,进尺483 m,平均钻进效率为8.83 m/h,岩心（样）总长度252.43 m,反循环效果良好,且不同的钻具组合对反循环形成效果无影响,试验现场无粉尘弥散现象。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探工程概况

2008～2009年,中国地质调查局组织中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所、勘探技术研究所、青海煤炭地质105勘探队等单位,在祁连山木里地区实施“祁连山冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探工程”,迄今共完成DK-1、DK-2、DK-3和DK-4 4个钻探试验井,总进尺2059.13m,并在井深133~396m区间钻获多层天然气水合物,取得了找矿工作的重大突破,证实中国冻土区存在规模巨大的天然气水合物潜在能源。祁连山冻土区天然气水合物具有埋深浅、冻土层薄、气体组分复杂、以热解气为主等特征,应是一种新类型的水合物。初步研发集成出一套冻土区天然气水合物调查方法、钻探施工工艺和配套装备,为下一步的调查研究奠定了基础。     

青海省祁连山冻土区天然气水合物存在的主要证据

2008年冬季和2009年夏天首次在我国陆域祁连山冻土区钻获到天然气水合物实物样品。野外直接观察到白色冰状天然气水合物与点火燃烧现象及其他明显的异常现象,如含天然气水合物岩心表面强烈地冒气泡、渗出水珠、没入水中冒出长串气泡、井中释放异常压力气体、密闭条件下解析出异常含量气体、岩心晾干后留下重烃斑迹、残余细蜂窝状构造、伴生晶型完好的菱形自生方解石矿物、热红外低温异常等现象;室内激光拉曼光谱检测到天然气水合物笼状体峰及其包含的烃类气体峰,宏观地球物理测井曲线上显示含天然气水合物岩心段存在明显偏高的电阻率和声波速度异常。祁连山冻土区天然气水合物及其异常现象主要产出在冻土层下130~400 m之间的细砂岩孔隙与裂隙中及泥岩、油页岩、粉砂岩等裂隙中。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物及其基本特征

2008年11月5日, 由中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所、勘探技术研究所和青海煤炭地质局105勘探队施工的“祁连山冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探工程”DK-1孔取得重大突破, 成功钻获天然气水合物实物样品。这是我国冻土区首次钻获并检测出的天然气水合物实物样品, 也是世界上第一次在中低纬度高原冻土区发现的天然气水合物, 具有重要的科学、经济和环境意义。目前钻获的天然气水合物均产于冻土层之下, 产出深度133~396 m, 其层位属于中侏罗统江仓组。水合物以薄层状、片状、团块状赋存于粉砂岩、泥岩、油页岩的裂隙中, 或以浸染状赋存于细粉砂岩的孔隙中。祁连山冻土区天然气水合物具有埋深浅、冻土层 薄、气体组分复杂、以煤层气为主等特征, 应是一种新类型水合物。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物烃类气体组分的特征和成因

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物DK-2科学钻探试验孔水合物储集层岩心气样的烃类气体组分和c同位素分析测试结果表明,祁连山冻土区天然气水合物烃类气体组分复杂,除甲烷外,还含有较高的乙烷和丙烷;δ13C。均大于-50‰,R值普遍小于100,显示出明显的热解气特征。结合钻探区的地质背景和岩性特征,初步判断气体大多来源于深部迁移上来的油型气,并有部分原地煤成气的混合。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物烃类气体组分 的特征和成因

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物DK-2科学钻探试验孔水合物储集层岩心气样的烃类气体组分和C同位素分析测试结果表明,祁连山冻土区天然气水合物烃类气体组分复杂,除甲烷外,还含有较高的乙烷和丙烷;δ13C1均大于-50‰,R值普遍小于100,显示出明显的热解气特征。结合钻探区的地质背景和岩性特征,初步判断气体大多来源于深部迁移上来的油型气,并有部分原地煤成气的混合。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物岩心顶空气组分与同位素的指示意义——以DK-9孔为例

通过对祁连山冻土区天然气水合物DK-9孔不同深度岩心顶空气中的烃类气体组分及甲烷、乙烷的C同位素分析测试,对比分析了岩心顶空气组分含量变化与天然气水合物及其异常层段、油气显示层段、断层或破碎带分布之间的空间关系,探讨了顶空气组分对天然气水合物及其异常现象、油气显示现象、烃类气体运移作用及顶空气同位素对气体成因的指示意义。结果显示,岩心顶空气中烃类气体含量高的深度段180.26~308.50m、356.45~399.32m、458.55~508.65m与天然气水合物及其异常层段、油气显示层段具有较好的对应关系,其高值区间可作为天然气水合物、油气显示的一种指示。距断层或破碎带产出位置不同的岩心顶空气组分含量变化显示,不同级次的断裂系统为烃类气体向上运移提供了通道,部分可为天然气水合物提供一定的赋存空间;甲烷、乙烷C同位素数据显示气体以热解成因为主,部分为混合成因。     

银洞坡金矿区钻探施工技术及其工艺

介绍了银洞坡金矿区针对孔斜严重、岩心采取率低、钻孔坍漏超径等复杂难题，采用金刚石绳索取心钻进、初级定向钻进和护孔堵漏的经验和教训，并对大型固体矿产详查与勘探实施钻探工程总结出几点体会。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861