北部湾冬季风生环流的数值模拟及其对海洋环境的影响分析

利用Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model(FVCOM)三维模式以及National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)Climate Forecast System提供的北部湾的冬季风场,建立了北部湾冬季的风生环流模型。模拟得到北部湾冬季表中底层的风生环流结构。结果表明:整体上看,环流从琼州海峡流入北部湾,沿越南沿岸向南流动。从分层结构上看,冬季表层北部湾中部位置被1个大范围逆时针环流控制,南部湾口附近也存在1个不闭合的逆时针环流;而中层和底层的环流在琼州海峡西北和西南侧各形成1个小的逆时针环流,同时北部湾北部中间位置呈现1个顺时针环流。琼州海峡、广西及越南沿岸环流流速较大,有利于污染物的输移扩散,而北部湾北部中间位置,莺歌咀附近出现闭合环流且海南岛西南岸流速较小,不利于污染物的输移扩散,对冬季北部湾的海洋环境会产生不利影响。     

琼州海峡东部水进入北部湾对广西沿海环流的影响

本文通过对琼州海峡东部水域温盐资料和沿岸海洋站同步观测资料的对比发现：夏季,广西涠洲岛盐度变化规律和琼州海峡东部、中部变化规律一致,广西北海略受影响,而远离琼州海峡的龙门和白龙尾两站,则更多反映夏季陆地水文规律。同时,采用琼州海峡多年海流资料和涠洲岛定点站及近期测流站的海流观测资料对比看出,琼州海峡冬夏季余流方向仍然是自东向西。结合数值模拟计算结果,同样得出琼州海峡东部水自东向西进入北部湾的事实。这些温盐分布特征和余流观测结果进一步证实：粤西沿岸流是琼州海峡水向西输运的主要来源,形成粤西沿岸流这种现象的根源在于珠江冲淡水的西向流,它们通过琼州海峡进入北部湾,加强了北部湾北部气旋式环流的形成。夏季,在强的西南风作用下,产生较强北部湾西岸北向沿岸流,促使低盐冲淡水向外海输运,然后在东部涠洲岛附近形成更大范围内气旋式环流。琼州海峡东部水进入北部湾对广西沿海环流影响的研究,直接向琼州海峡冬夏季水体输运方向的传统结论提出了新的挑战。     

北部湾表层沉积物粒度分布规律及沉积动力分区

根据在北部湾东部获得的96个(2006年71个、2010年25个)表层沉积物样的粒度分析,结合水动力、地形地貌条件探讨该区域的沉积物类型和粒度参数特征,并对研究区进行了沉积动力分区。研究区的沉积物类型主要为砂质粉砂和粉砂,二者总量超过60%。对于整个研究区而言,分选系数整体偏高,分选较差,反映了该区复杂的物源和水动力条件。其中在北部湾中部、北部湾北岸、北部湾西南部区域整体上呈现负偏,而在北部湾西北部、琼州海峡西口、海南岛西侧处呈现正偏。研究区峰态极大值出现在北部湾西北部区域,极小值出现在北部湾西南部分。Flemming三角图表明研究区水动力较强,冲刷区位于北部湾南部、海南岛西侧和琼州海峡西口,淤积区位于北部湾中部和西南部。     

多元统计及物源分析支持的北部湾东部海域沉积物输运趋势

通过对北部湾东部海域表层底质样的粒度和重矿物分析,获得了粒度和矿物组成特征。对粒度进行因子分析获得了4个主控因子,其中因子2和3分别代表细颗粒的悬移质组分和陆源粗颗粒推移质组分,指示来自琼州海峡和北部湾西岸、西北岸的物源贡献,而且因子2的高得分区与弱环流背景相吻合;因子4反映了粤西和海南岛东岸沿岸流的物源贡献。采用重矿物组合,将研究区沉积物的物质来源划为4个分区。分别对4个物源分区使用粒径趋势分析模型,把它们合并后获得了整个研究区的趋势矢量,其中海湾北部沉积物输运汇聚中心的位置与余环流的中心位置基本一致,海南岛西部海域沉积物显示为向北输运的特征,与地貌、水动力特征基本吻合,在一定程度上可消除物源混合造成的影响。在使用粒径趋势分析模型获取沉积物净输运方向时,需要综合考虑物源差异和空间尺度对沉积物粒径趋势的影响。     

闽北附近海域悬浮体输运及通量的季节变化

基于2015年9月和12月闽北附近海域3条断面上的同步连续沉积动力学观测,结合对应时段的卫星遥感海表温度资料,研究了闽北近岸海域冬季和夏季悬浮体分布和输运通量的变化规律。结果表明,该区域的悬浮体浓度存在明显的季节性变化,冬季季风活动对水体扰动强烈,水体垂向混合较为均匀,近岸沉积物再悬浮活跃,其浓度值明显高于外海;而夏季近岸悬浮体浓度明显降低。在50m以深的外海海域,悬浮体浓度无显著的季节差异,且空间变化幅度很小。受东北季风和闽浙沿岸流的影响,冬季悬浮体总体上沿东北向西南的沿岸方向输送,输运通量由近岸向外海逐渐减小;在夏季,闽北近岸海域悬浮体输运方向与冬季一致,但输运通量显著减小;外海海域的悬浮体输运方向指向东北,输运通量明显高于冬季。在离岸断面上,中间站位(水深约50m)的悬浮体浓度低于其两侧站位的浓度,这是由于在近岸一侧主要受控于闽浙沿岸流,而外海海域主要受控于台湾暖流,50m等深线为闽浙沿岸流和台湾暖流相互作用的交汇处,受闽浙沿岸流和台湾暖流的共同影响。温度锋面与闽北附近海域内的泥质区对应关系较好,温度锋面对悬浮体向外海扩散有明显的抑制作用,温度锋面西北侧悬浮体浓度较高且沉积速率较高。     

广西沿岸海域表层沉积物粒度分布与输运特征

本文利用2006—2010年在广西沿岸海域获得的409个表层沉积物样品和2个站位的水文观测资料,通过沉积物粒度参数、Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析、以及表层沉积物输运通量的计算,探讨了该区域表层沉积物的粒度分布与输运特征。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物以粉砂和砂为主,主要类型为泥、砂质泥、粉砂、泥质砂、砂、含砾泥质砂、含砾砂、砾质砂;中值粒径范围跨度较大;分选系数由岸向海逐渐变大;大部分区域呈极正偏态。研究区沉积物输运趋势整体上有向岸输运的趋势。在防城港南侧海域和雷州半岛西侧分别有一个汇聚中心,廉州湾附近沉积物向湾内堆积。潮流作用下表层沉积物输运通量的研究表明,该海域的日平均单宽输沙通量较小,与表层沉积物的运移趋势一致,净输砂方向受潮流流速和持续时间的影响。     

南海北部湾表层悬浮体分布规律

受实测数据海域位置的限制,目前基于遥感手段对北部湾表层悬浮体的研究,在部分海域如海湾西部精度不高,且缺乏对悬浮体浓度(suspended sediment concentration,SSC)季节变化的研究。基于2003—2017年MODIS-Aqua卫星L1B数据,结合海南岛西部、广西沿岸和越南沿岸实测数据,建立表层SSC的反演模型,获得北部湾海域2003—2017年月均表层SSC分布,并对其影响因素进行初步探讨。结果显示:北部湾表层SSC存在3个终年高值区,包括广西沿岸、海南岛西侧和红河三角洲沿岸;受河流输沙和海洋动力季节变化影响,SSC表现为冬季和夏季较高、春季最低的季节变化特征;热带气旋过境导致北部湾海域SSC增高,其中热带风暴"贝碧嘉"过境时位于路径右侧的雷州半岛西部SSC较多年平均值增幅达75%。     

夏季粤西沿岸流特征及其产生机制

根据粤西海域漂流瓶的运动轨迹、海流周日定点连续观测结果、温盐大面站调查的资料、船测ADCP的流矢量和卫星遥感SST的综合分析结果发现,夏季珠江口以西的近岸流大部分时间向西运动,它构成琼州海峡东部气旋涡的北翼;向西的沿岸流还有一部分海水通过琼州海峡向西进入北部湾.并不像传统观点认为的那样,琼州海峡冬季余流向西,夏季余流向东.如果西南风强盛,向西的沿岸流方向可以暂时转而向东北.还揭示了粤西海域、琼州海峡和北部湾北部海域夏季沿岸流的重要特征并进行了机制分析.     

滨州北部近岸海域冲淤特征CSCD

利用表层沉积物及水深地形等实测资料,结合泥沙起动流速公式、潮流场数值模拟等方法,对滨州北部近岸海域的冲淤特征进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,1983—2001年研究区的侵蚀区域主要分布在4m等深线以内,侵蚀量一般为0.2m左右,套尔河河口及河口西侧侵蚀量较大,而河口以东则表现为淤积;4m等深线以外淤积现象明显,淤积量一般为0.3m,向海方向淤积量有变大的趋势。2001—2016年,0m等深线以内主要以淤积为主,淤积量的高值区出现在滨州港防波堤西侧、马颊河河口附近;0~4m等深线之间以侵蚀为主,侵蚀量平均约0.6m;4m等深线外侧海域则主要为轻微的淤积状态,仅在滨州港防波堤堤头附近区域为侵蚀状态。港口工程对潮流场和波浪场的影响显著,是控制研究区冲淤变化的重要因素。     

滨州北部近岸海域冲淤特征

利用表层沉积物及水深地形等实测资料,结合泥沙起动流速公式、潮流场数值模拟等方法,对滨州北部近岸海域的冲淤特征进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,1983—2001年研究区的侵蚀区域主要分布在4m等深线以内,侵蚀量一般为0.2m左右,套尔河河口及河口西侧侵蚀量较大,而河口以东则表现为淤积;4m等深线以外淤积现象明显,淤积量一般为0.3m,向海方向淤积量有变大的趋势。2001—2016年,0m等深线以内主要以淤积为主,淤积量的高值区出现在滨州港防波堤西侧、马颊河河口附近;0~4m等深线之间以侵蚀为主,侵蚀量平均约0.6m;4m等深线外侧海域则主要为轻微的淤积状态,仅在滨州港防波堤堤头附近区域为侵蚀状态。港口工程对潮流场和波浪场的影响显著,是控制研究区冲淤变化的重要因素。     

琼州海峡冬季水量输运计算

琼州海峡是海南省与雷州半岛之间重要交通通道,也是南海与北部湾2个海区水交换通道。其最大涨落潮流速位于海峡北部,且涨潮流速大于落潮流速;海峡中间和南部的流速都小于北部,涨潮流速小于落潮流速;余流方向基本都是由东指向西,量值北部最大,中间次之,南部最小;冬季平均水量通量为0.055 Sv。输运方向自东向西。     

Analysis of characteristics and mechanism of current system on the west coast of Guangdong of China in summer

On the basis of data of drifting bottles＇ tracks and the current measured in anchored stations, as well as temperature and salinity observed in cruise investigations and coastal stations, ADCP current data and AVHRR surface sea temperature （SST） data on the western coast of Guangdong, synthetic results of analysis showed that the coastal currents in the west of the mouth of the Zhujiang River were mainly westward in summer, which constituted the north branch of cyclonic gyre in the east of the Qiongzhou Straits. Part of its water flowed westward into the Beibu Gulf through the Qiongzhou Straits. The coastal current pattern was not identical with the traditional current system which flowed westward in the Qiongzhou Straits in winter and eastward in summer. The summertime＇s coastal current was always westward, maybe temporarily turning northeast only when the southwest wind was strong. The important characteristics of coastal current on the western coast of Guangdong, in the Qiongzhou Straits and in the north of the Beibu Gulf were analyzed and their mechanisms also were explained.     

“纳沙”台风引起北部湾沿岸风暴射流及其机制

基于FVCOM模式建立一个三维数值模型,对2011年“纳沙”台风登陆北部湾前后水位与流场变化进行了分析,并探究了风暴射流的生成机制。结果表明,广西近岸风暴射流的产生是对台风到来造成的水位起伏变化的一种正压响应;台风进入到北部湾期间,造成北部湾近岸水位先降低后升高,所导致的水位梯度差产生了驱动力,促使海水向西运动增强,从而导致在广西近海风暴射流的产生;台风登陆期间琼州海峡西向流流量增大到0.4 Sv以上,最大可达0.7 Sv;台风进入到北部湾后,促使琼州海峡西向流更多进入到北部湾,造成湾内正位涡输入增大,产生了气旋式环流来维持位涡平衡,同时气旋式环流也有利于向西运动的风暴射流增强;流经广西沿岸的风暴射流引起向西的水体输运可达0.2 Sv,对北部湾内营养盐以及污染物运移将产生重要影响。     

Analysis of the spatial and temporal distributions of ecological variables and the nutrient budget in the Beibu Gulf

Based on a hydrodynamic-ecological model, the temperature, salinity, current, phytoplankton(Chl a),zooplankton, and nutrient(dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN, and dissolved inorganic phosphorous, DIP)distributions in the Beibu Gulf were simulated and the nutrient budget of 2015 was quantitatively analyzed. The simulated results show that interface processes and monsoons significantly influence the ecological processes in the gulf. The concentrations of DIN, DIP, phytoplankton and zooplankton are generally higher in the eastern and northern gulf than that in the western and southern gulf. The key regions affected by ecological processes are the Qiongzhou Strait in winter and autumn and the estuaries along the Guangxi coast and the Red River in summer.In most of the studied domains, biochemical processes contribute more to the nutrient budget than do physical processes, and the DIN and DIP increase over the year. Phytoplankton plays an important role in the nutrient budget; phytoplankton photosynthetic uptake is the nutrient sink, phytoplankton dead cellular release is the largest source of DIN, and phytoplankton respiration is the largest source of DIP. The nutrient flux in the connected sections of the Beibu Gulf and open South China Sea(SCS) inflows from the east and outflows to the south. There are 113 709 t of DIN and 5 277 t of DIP imported from the open SCS to the gulf year-around.     

A modeling study of the characteristics and mechanism of the westward coastal current during summer in the northwestern South China Sea

The characteristics and dynamical mechanism of summer-time coastal current over the North South China Sea shelf have been investigated based on a high resolution unstructuredgrid finite volume community ocean model (FVCOM). Modeldata comparison demonstrates that the model describes and explains well the coastal dynamics over the North South China Sea shelf. The coastal current on the North South China Sea shelf is greatly influenced by monsoon and the freshwater discharge of the Pearl River. Strong southwesterly wind drives the coastal current northeastward. However, under weak southwest monsoon, the coastal current west of the Pearl River estuary (PRE) advects toward the southwest, and splits into two parts when reaching east of the Qiongzhou Strait, with one branch entering the Gulf of Tonkin through the Qiongzhou Strait, transporting low salinity water into the Gulf of Tonkin, and the other part flows cyclonic and interacts with the northeastward current around southeast of Hainan Island, forming a cyclonic eddy east of the Qiongzhou Strait. A variety of model experiments focused on freshwater discharge, wind forcing, tidal rectification, and stratification are performed to study the physical mechanism of the southwestward coastal current which is usually against the summer wind. Process-oriented experiment results indicate that the southwest monsoon and freshwater discharge are important factors influencing the formation of southwestward coastal current during summer.     

北部湾沉积物中重金属元素的地球化学特征及物源初探

本文根据北部湾沉积物岩心样调查结果计算了铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、砷等重金属元素的背景值,并分析了其与南海陆架区和南海全海域沉积物背景值、广西土壤背景值之间的差异.对北部湾表层沉积物中重金属含量及近10 a的变化趋势以及岩心样中重金属元素含量近百年以来的变化趋势综合分析结果表明:北部湾近岸海域沉积物中铜、砷、汞、镉重金属元素含量总体呈增长趋势,北部湾中部海域沉积物中重金属元素含量的年际变化有升有降,至湾口处沉积物中重金属元素的含量基本不变.综合评价结果表明,北部湾近岸沉积物中砷、汞、镉等重金属元素的地球化学特征明显受到广西人类活动的影响.北部湾沉积物中的重金属元素主要来源于人类活动影响下的广西沿岸陆源输入,经由琼州海峡的外部海域物质输入也有贡献.     

北部湾的环流和水团对季节性强迫的响应

In the past 20 a, the gulf-scale circulation in the Beibu Gulf has been commonly accepted to be driven by a wind stress or density gradient. However, using three sensitive experiments based on a three-dimensional baroclinic model that was verified by observations, the formation mechanisms were revealed： the circula- tion in the northern Beibu Gulf was triggered by the monsoon wind throughout a year; whereas the southern gulf circulation was driven by the monsoon wind and South China Sea （SCS） circulation in winter and sum- mer, respectively. The force of heat flux and tidal harmonics had a strong effect on the circulation strength and range, as well as the local circulation structures, but these factors did not influence the major circulation structure in the Beibu Gulf. On the other hand, the Beibu Gulf Cold Water Mass （BGCWM） would disappear without the force of heat flux because the seasonal thermocline layer was generated by the input of heat so that the vertical mixing between the upper hot water and lower cold water was blocked. In addition, the wind-induced cyclonic gyre in the northern gulf was favorable to the existence of the BGCWM. However, the coverage area of the BGCWM was increased slightly without the force of the tidal harmonics. When the model was driven by the monthly averaged surface forcing, the circulation structure was changed to some extent, and the coverage area of the BGCWM almost extended outwards 100%, implying the circulation and water mass in the Beibu Gulf had strong responses to the temporal resolution of the surface forces.