环境化学因子对单胞藻生长和代谢产物络合容量的影响

通过一次培养、极谱滴定测定研究一次培养过程中叉边金藻细胞渗出物对铜、镉的络合容量及常数的变化;培养介质的营养水平;加入微量营养元素铁、锰和重金属铜对细胞生长和渗出物释放的影响。结果表明,在一次培养过程中,从接种到稳定生长期细胞渗出物的铜络合容量从1.49×10~(-7)mol/dm~3增加到8.34×10~(-7)mol/dm~3,条件稳定常数LgK′_(CuL)从7.57变化到7.11。培养介质的营养水平愈高,单个细胞渗出的有机物量增加,铁明显抑制细胞渗出物的释放,铜在细胞中可容忍的浓度范围内刺激细胞渗出物的释放。     

渤海湾北部海域表层海水的表观铜络合容量

为给渤海湾北部海域重金属铜环境容量研究提供科学依据，采用阳极溶出伏安法对该海域12个站位表层海水样品的表观铜络合容量(ACuCC)和条件稳定常数(K)以及络合容量指数(CCI)进行了测定和计钟：。得到该海区表层海水的表观铜络合容量在228．0～673．4nmol／L之间，平均值为437．5nmol／L，条件稳定常数对数值(IgK)变化范围在7．41～8．84之间，平均值为7．89，络合容量指数在72．69％～92、92％之间，平均值为82．93％。表明该海域表层海水对重金属铜具有较强的络合能力。     

三角褐指藻体分泌物质对汞的络合作用

本文测定了一次培养实验和连续培养实验中三角褐指藻胞外产物的变化及其与汞的络合性能。28天的培养过程中测得胞外产物与汞的络合容量C_L为2.6×10~(-5)mol/dm~3;表观稳定常数K′为6.1×10~(10)。该结果解释了细胞培养过程中胞外有机物的释放对汞的解毒机理及对介质中汞形态的转化。     

牟氏角毛藻的有机渗出物及其对铜的络合作用

对牟氏角毛藻(chaetoceros muelleri)进行一次性的培养过程,不同时间取藻培养液过滤,测定滤液中的COD及铜络合容量CC_(cu)值。结果表明,牟氏角毛藻在生长过程中向体外渗出有机物,在指数生长期渗出的有机物量很少;细胞渗出有机物明显增加;出现在静止期之后。牟氏角毛藻的细胞渗出物对铜具有络合能力,CCcu值从初始到192小时,由1.65×10~(-7)mol/dm~3增加到2.20×10~(-7)mol/dm~3。铜络合物的条件稳定常数在整个培养过程中无明显改变,logKcuL变化范围从7.27到7.74。过滤藻液的COD值从初始到192小时由0.81mg/dm~3增加到1.58mg/dm~3。     

黄海海域表层海水表观铜络合容量

采用阳极溶出伏安法(Anodic Stripping Voltammetry),测定了黄海海域25个站位表层海水样品的表观铜络合容量(Apparent Copper Complexation Capacity)和条件稳定常数(K)以及络合容量指数(Complexation Capacity Index)。得到该海域表层海水的表观铜络合容量在127.7~950.6 nmol/L之间,平均值为385.3 nmol/L,条件稳定常数对数值(lgK)在7.07~8.05之间,平均值为7.65,络合容量指数在58.60%~86.40%之间,平均值为76.94%。结果表明:黄海海域表层海水的表观铜络合容量呈现近岸高远岸低的特点。     

浮游植物生物法测定海水铜络合容量

采用牟氏角毛藻通过生物法测定青岛多处近岸水的铜络合容量CC_(cu)。此法测定的CC_(cu)值范围在1.6×10~(-7)～6.7×10~(-7)mol/dm~3之间。测定了4个经紫外线消解的海水中不同含量EDTA,结果表明,此法可较好反映水体中配位体的含量。使用1.5次微分ASV法也测定了这些样品的CC_(cu),两种方法测定结果比较,表明生物法测得的CC_(cu)值大于ASV法。这样差异可能与两种方法测定铜的形态不同有关。     

珠江口水体中铜与悬浮颗粒物相互作用的研究

使用无机离子交换法研究珠江口水体中铜与悬浮颗粒物的相互作用，测出铜与悬浮颗粒物相互作用的ＰＨ曲线呈Ｓ形，其分级离子交换等温线是一种新的“台阶”型；从分级离子交换理论求得分级平衡常数Ｋ１为５．０，Ｋ２为７８．１、珠江口水体中铜的表观络合容量为０．９２μｍ其条件稳定常数为３．５×１０＾７。     

珠江口水体中铜与悬浮颗粒物相互作用的研究

使用无机离子交换法研究珠江口水体中铜与悬浮颗粒物的相互作用，测出钢与悬浮颗粒物相互作用的ｐＨ曲线呈Ｓ形，其分级离子交换等温线是一种新的“台阶”型；从分级离子交换理论求得分级平衡常数Ｋ１为５．０，Ｋ２为７８．１，珠江口水体中铜的表观络合容量为０．９２μｍ及其条件稳定常数为３．５×１０７。     

极谱法同时测定各级络离子的稳定常数和扩散系数Ⅰ——亚铊离子与硫代硫酸根的络合反应

1.提出一个新的从极谱实验数据(扩散电流)同时求各级络离子的稳定常数和扩散系数的方法。在具体数学处理上,把法作了改进。 2.提出了一种校核上述计算结果准确性的方法。这也是一种当已知各级络离子的稳定常数(或扩散系数)后计算扩散系数(或稳定常数)的方法。 3.研究了亚铊离子与硫代硫酸根的络合反应。利用上述方法计算,证明溶液中存在有Tl~+、TlS_2O_3~-、Tl(S_2O_3)~(--)。其稳定常数和扩散系数分别为:K_1=27.8,D_1=1.11×10~(-5)cm~2/sec;K_2=13.9、D_2=8.24×10~(-6)cm~2/sec(25℃, μ=3.00,用NaClO_4维持。)。     

厦门港湾表层沉积物中腐殖酸铜铅络合物的表观稳定常数

从现场采集的厦门港湾表层沉积物中提取了腐殖酸,在近于该港湾表层沉积物腐殖酸含量、pH、痕量金属离子浓度和盐度等现场条件下,采用差示脉冲阳极溶出伏安法,测定了所提取的腐殖酸每个分子中可键合金属位置的平均数,并根据所测定的总酸性基当量浓度估算其平均分子量(约为850)。根据实验获得的平均意义上的化学计量式,估算出厦门港湾表层沉积物中腐殖酸的铜、铅络合物的表观稳定常数分别为2.0×10~(10)和4.5×10~(10)。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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