紧扣新农村建设主题积极实施农村民居地震安全工程

近年来，咸阳市的防震减灾工作在市委、市政府的领导和省地震局的指导下，充分发挥市（县）地震、城建等部门的作用，加强农村房屋建筑抗震设防的指导和管理，积极推进“农村民居地震安全工程”，在新农村建设中发挥了地震部门应有的作用。     

重庆市水库诱发地震及其防震减灾工作

长江三峡蓄水和其它水库引起的水库诱发地震正成为重庆市震情的突出特色。本文介绍了重庆市在争取各级政府和社会支持,从基础研究、监测台网建设、国内外合作等方面积极开展水库诱发地震的监测及其相关防震减灾工作的措施。     

明确目标强化措施推进地震安全农居工程建设

我国是一个农业大国,又是一个多地震国家.近年来随着经济社会的快速发展,农村面貌也发生了根本变化,但是农村民居的抗震设防工作仍十分薄弱.为了贯彻全国农村民居防震保安工作会议精神,枣庄市研究制定了推进农居地震安全工程的意见.本文简述了枣庄市政府推进农居安全工程工作的目标、任务、 实施步骤和措施.     

涔天河水库诱发地震的预测研究

涔天河水库,蓄水40年未纪录到水库诱发地震。拟扩建工程,坝高113m,库容15.1亿m3。增加蓄水14亿m3后,是否会发生水库诱发地震,最大震级多大?依据地震构造背景、水库规模、水库蓄水后诱发最大震级的最大概率时间等,预测涔天河水库诱发地震最大震级不会大于4.7级。     

冕宁大桥水库蓄水前天然地震活动背景研究

为了解水库区域地震地质背景和历史地震活动水平，加强对水库蓄水前期地震活动的监测，为分析预测蓄水后可能的水库诱发地震提供背景依据。1995年1月建成投测的冕宁大桥水库地震遥测台网，在水库蓄水前已连续运行了4．5年，积累了宝贵的资料。本文结合使用西昌地震遥测台网对该区域前期的地震记录，给出了库区蓄水前天然地震活动的背景特征。可将它们作为研究水库蓄水后地震活动的参考背景。     

中国地震安全农居示范工程综述

本文从建设社会主义新农村的高度,以提高农村民居抗御地震灾害的能力为目标,论述了在我国农村地区实施地震安全农居工程的必要性、可行性和目标;介绍了“十一五”国家防震减灾规划重点项目-地震安全农居示范工程的建设内容。涉及农村民居基础资料调查与抗震能力评价、农村民居抗震实用化技术研究与开发、地震安全农居示范工程建设、农村民居防震减灾知识宣传和技术培训、农村民居抗震技术服务网建设、地震安全农居工程投入机制、政策研究及国际合作等方面。     

黑龙江省农村泥草房抗震性能鉴定与加固措施研究

农村民居地震安全工作是防震减灾事业的重要组成部分之一,直接关系到广大农民的切身利益。本文立足黑龙江省地域特点,结合黑龙江省人民政府《黑龙江省农村民居地震安全工程基础情况调查报告》项目,对黑龙江省农村泥草房的抗震性能进行了抽样调查与结果分析。分析结果表明,农村泥草房抗震性能问题由6类建筑缺陷引起,它们分别是:屋盖负荷过重、结构连接性较差、结构整体性较差、开间和进深不合理、门窗尺寸不合理和隔墙抗剪效果较差。同时,以佳木斯市汤原县草砖房建设为典型案例,对农村泥草房抗震加固措施进行了探讨。最后,就政策引导和专业技术方面提出了抗震加固措施建议。     

t检验方法在评价水库地震中的应用

引入t检验方法对中国1975年以后的30例水库地震震例进行了定量评价。评价中首先分别统计水库蓄水前、后水库区水域线20 km范围内的地震年频度作为统计检验的2个样本,然后通过F检验和t检验方法对2个样本的标准差和均值是否存在显著差异进行检验,根据标准差和均值检验结果判定水库蓄水是否诱发了地震活动。结果显示:①如果水库蓄水前后库区地震年频度标准差和平均值均发生了显著变化,则水库蓄水诱发了地震。②如果水库蓄水前后库区地震年频度标准差无明显变化,但地震年频度平均值变化显著,则水库蓄水可能诱发了地震。③如果水库蓄水前后库区地震年频度标准差和平均值均无明显变化,则水库蓄水没有诱发地震。     

甘肃省农村民居抗震设防现状与地震安全农居示范工程对策

本文根据甘肃省农村社会经济发展和地震环境特征,简要分析了甘肃农村民居主要建筑结构类型和抗震性能,结合近10多年来破坏性地震资料,总结了农村民居主要震害特点,提出了实施甘肃省农村民居地震安全工程的对策与措施。     

探讨水头增量及其变化率对水库诱发地震活动的影响——以紫坪铺水库为例

分析水库蓄水在地震发生中的作用时,首先需要了解水在其中的扩散过程及其作用机理。文中通过紫坪铺水库蓄水后,汶川地震前的小震活动时空演化,探讨水库蓄水诱发地震活动的发生、发展过程及其机理。从比较地震时空分布和水体范围变化开始,进而探讨影响建模计算的各个因素,最后给出计算结果。得出以下几点认识:1)紫坪铺水库蓄水后到汶川地震发生前,水库周围的小震活动与水库蓄水密切相关,并且小震分布在汶川地震的地震断层上。2)受地形和介质的影响,水库影响范围实际上是有限的,并且是各向异性的。因此在建模计算前,半定量地获得了孔隙压力扩散系数,沿断裂走向和倾向分别为0.7m2/s和0.35m2/s;定性地设定了地表约束。3)计算结果表明紫坪铺水库附近地震活动的范围与孔隙压力增量有关。当应力值达到触发地震活动的阈值之后,不论水头增量是否处于高值,地震活动的兴衰皆受控于增量变化率。这表明孔隙压力对震群活动的触发是动态触发。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.