The relationship between precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China

In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China based on the precipitation-concentration degree (PCD) and the integrated meteorological drought index. We also studied the corresponding relationship between precipitation heterogeneity and meteorological drought/flood in China by using Spearman correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis. The results show that: (1) The severity of meteorological drought/flood exhibited a spatial pattern of gradual change from Northwest to Southeast China. (2) With a higher PCD and a delayed precipitation-concentration period (PCP), the drought severity was higher but the flood severity was lower. In contrast, with a lower PCD and an early PCP, the drought severity was lower and the flood severity was higher. (3) The correlation between meteorological drought/flood and PCD was significant. The higher the PCD, the longer the duration of drought and more frequently, the droughts occurred, and vice versa. It is concluded that PCD and PCP were significantly correlated with meteorological drought/flood in China.     

河北沧州市臭氧质量浓度与气象因子的关系分析

利用2014—2020年河北沧州逐小时气象与环境监测数据,对沧州市臭氧(O₃)污染加剧现状及其与气象因子的关系进行分析。结果表明：(1)沧州地区O₃污染呈加剧态势,且O₃已上升为该地区首要污染物;O₃污染集中出现在5—9月,O₃质量浓度日变化呈单峰单谷型,最大浓度出现在16:00前后;(2)5—9月O₃日最大8 h平均质量浓度(简称“O₃-8 h”)所处时段,平均气温、最高气温、相对湿度、总辐射辐照度与O₃质量浓度的相关性较好,本站气压、水汽压和平均风速与O₃质量浓度的相关性未通过显著性检验;(3)5—9月O₃-8 h时段,当同时满足8 h平均气温高于30.9℃、最高气温高于32.7℃、平均相对湿度低于42.1%、平均总辐射辐照度高于505.8 W·m^-2时,出现O₃污染的概率达84%;(4)气象因子不是O₃     

四种气象干旱指数在新疆区域适用性研究

利用降水量距平百分率(PA)、标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)、自适应帕默尔干旱指数(scPDSI)和气象干旱综合指数(MCI)四种气象干旱指数,进行变化趋势、相关性和干旱频率的分析,并与历史灾情进行对比,来研究1961—2020年新疆不同区域干旱指数适用性。结果表明,scPDSI和MCI指数显著上升,干旱程度呈减轻趋势,其干旱监测结果一致率高。PA指数变化趋势均平稳,但与其他三种干旱指数在全频域和高频域干旱监测结果一致率较好。SPEI指数在东疆和南疆东部区域显著下降,干旱程度呈加重趋势,与其它三种指数低频域干旱监测结果存在显著负相关。干旱频率分析结果显示,PA指数的特旱等级判定存在异常情况,特别是南疆和东疆。与历史灾情对比结果显示,MCI指数是对干旱灾害反映最好的。总体上,MCI指数在新疆地区的适用性要优于其它三种干旱指数。近60年来,全疆不同区域的MCI指数均呈上升趋势,各区域的干旱程度均有所减轻。空间上,新疆西北部发生干旱显著比南疆和东疆区域概率大。全疆不同区域在1962—1967年、1974—1977年、1989—1991年、1997年、2020年均发生干旱,并且主要集中在春夏两季较多,其中北疆西部和伊犁河谷区域易出现干旱灾情。     

Characteristics of diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation over Xinjiang Province in China

降水日变化受大气热力,动力过程以及复杂地形影响,演变特征复杂且区域差异显著.本文采用中国气象局发布的中国地面与CMORPH融合逐小时降水产品(2008-2019年),分析了新疆省暖季降水日变化特征.研究结果表明:(1)新疆大部分地区降水主峰值发生在清晨;(2)持续时间超过三小时的降水事件是新疆地区主要降水事件,贡献了南...     

湖北省两类典型极端降水过程气象因子异常特征对比

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和其他常规观测数据,对湖北省两类典型极端降水型(南北气流汇合型、南北槽叠加型)的天气背景及气象因子异常特征进行分析,结果表明:南北气流汇合型500 hPa上形成南北气流汇合形势,低层切变线南侧南风发展异常强盛,地面上冷锋入暖槽形成静止锋,动力因子(850 hPa涡度、200 hPa散度)和水汽因子(大气可降水量)异常特征显著;南北槽叠加型500 hPa上形成南北槽叠加形势,低层或边界层形成显著低涡切变,地面上暖低压强烈发展,动力因子(200 hPa散度、925 hPa涡度)和不稳定因子(700 hPa温度平流)异常度比例偏高。最后给出了两类集天气背景与气象因子异常度配置于一体的极端降水天气概念模型。     

江西大岗山负离子浓度与气象因子之间的响应关系

利用江西大岗山森林生态地面标准气象观测场内2019年度空气负离子和气象监测数据,分析了负离子浓度与气象因子之间的响应关系.结果表明:1)该地区年均负离子浓度1411.5个/cm3.夏季负离子浓度和温度呈负相关、和湿度呈正相关,在其余季节负离子浓度和温度呈正相关、与湿度呈负相关.2)无雨天与日降雨量少于50 mm的雨天,负离子浓度与温度呈负相关,与湿度呈正相关;暴雨天负离子浓度与温度呈正相关,与湿度呈较弱的负相关.3)不同季节,温度、湿度的大幅变化常伴随着负离子浓度的大幅变化,而温度、湿度变化较小时,负离子浓度的变化幅度也较小,说明温度、湿度的变化对负离子浓度的影响很大.4)暴雨过程中,负离子浓度随降水量的增加(减少)而增大(减小);暴雨发生时,负离子浓度急剧增大.     

Risk assessment of precipitation extremes in northern Xinjiang,China

This study was conducted using daily precipitation records gathered at 37 meteorological stations in northern Xinjiang, China, from 1961 to 2010. We used the extreme value theory model, generalized extreme value (GEV) and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), statistical distribution function to fit outputs of precipitation extremes with different return periods to estimate risks of precipitation extremes and diagnose aridity–humidity environmental variation and corresponding spatial patterns in northern Xinjiang. Spatiotemporal patterns of daily maximum precipitation showed that aridity–humidity conditions of northern Xinjiang could be well represented by the return periods of the precipitation data. Indices of daily maximum precipitation were effective in the prediction of floods in the study area. By analyzing future projections of daily maximum precipitation (2, 5, 10, 30, 50, and 100 years), we conclude that the flood risk will gradually increase in northern Xinjiang. GEV extreme value modeling yielded the best results, proving to be extremely valuable. Through example analysis for extreme precipitation models, the GEV statistical model was superior in terms of favorable analog extreme precipitation. The GPD model calculation results reflect annual precipitation. For most of the estimated sites’ 2 and 5-year T for precipitation levels, GPD results were slightly greater than GEV results. The study found that extreme precipitation reaching a certain limit value level will cause a flood disaster. Therefore, predicting future extreme precipitation may aid warnings of flood disaster. A suitable policy concerning effective water resource management is thus urgently required.     

Interdecadal changes in the relationship between Southern China winter-spring precipitation and ENSO

Winter-spring precipitation in southern China tends to be higher (lower) than normal in El Niño (La Niña) years during 1953–1973. The relationship between the southern China winter-spring precipitation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is weakened during 1974–1994. During 1953–1973, above-normal southern China rainfall corresponds to warmer sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial central Pacific. There are two anomalous vertical circulations with ascent over the equatorial central Pacific and ascent over southern China and a common branch of descent over the western North Pacific that is accompanied by an anomalous lower-level anticyclone. During 1974–1994, above-normal southern China rainfall corresponds to warmer SST in eastern South Indian Ocean and cooler SST in western South Indian Ocean. Two anomalous vertical circulations act to link southern China rainfall and eastern South Indian Ocean SST anomalies, with ascent over eastern South Indian Ocean and southern China and a common branch of descent over the western North Pacific. Present analysis shows that South Indian Ocean SST anomalies can contribute to southern China winter-spring precipitation variability independently. The observed change in the relationship between southern China winter-spring rainfall and ENSO is likely related to the increased SST variability in eastern South Indian Ocean and the modulation of the Pacific decadal oscillation.     

工业园区大气污染过程与气象风场响应关系研究

本研究在天津空港工业园区建设大气污染物网格化监测系统,基于控制变量法、Moran's I研究并形成大气污染过程与气象风场响应关系建立方法体系。结果表明：工业园区垂直层次主要污染物为PM_2.5、NO₂、PM₁₀、O₃。SSW风、ENE风、SE风分别对高浓度PM_2.5、NO₂、O₃及PM₁₀区外传输影响较大。除区内自排放外,区外机场南西南段排放对PM_2.5影响较大;区外东东北方向津汉公路、东丽湖路等道路移动源对NO₂影响较大;O₃及PM₁₀受区外东南方向津滨高速、宁静高速及津北高速移动源,以及机场东南段排放影响较大。对于区内气流辐合区,9月23日09时1#应加强PM_2.5、NO₂、PM₁₀协同管控,2#应关注NO₂管控,3#西北延长带及5#北向延长带应关注O₃管控;15时应加强对工业园区中、西、东、东南部PM_2.5、O₃、NO₂协同管控;21时14#应加强PM_2.5、O₃协同管控,17#、18#应关注PM₁₀管控。     

目录

正重要天气过程概述江西省气象台包慧濛1大雾过程2021年1—3月,江西省区域性大雾(15站以上)共出现16 d,其中全省单日40站以上大雾有1 d(表1)。连续3 d以上大雾4次,分别为1月22—24日、2月12—14日、3月4—6日、14—18日。2强冷空气过程1—3月全省有2次较强冷空气过程。1月5—8日先后受两股冷空气影响,全省出现一次降温、降雪、大风天气过程,过程降温达6—8℃,70个县(市、区)出现降雪,局部地区出现中到大雪,     

新疆精河宁杞1号的外观品质与气象条件关系研究

为摸清气象要素对精河种植的枸杞外观品质的影响,利用2018—2020年精河县气象资料和宁杞1号枸杞品种取样测定数据,研究了宁杞1号的大小、形状、色泽等外观品质要素与主要气象因子的相关关系。结果表明：精河地区夏季日照充足,有利于枸杞的纵径、横径和粒重的增加;在灌溉条件下精河枸杞外观品质中除色泽以外均与降水量关系不明显;与原产地相比,精河县夏季气温偏高,果实成熟加快,达不到宁杞1号品种应有的长度就已经成熟,这是精河地区宁杞1号果形偏圆的主要气候原因。此外,枸杞果实在采摘期和晾晒期不喜降水、寡照天气的特性与原产地宁夏类似,但精河地区此类气象问题要少。     

Analysis of changes in the relationship between precipitation and streamflow in the Yiluo River, China

The Yiluo River is the largest tributary of the middle and lower Yellow River below the Sanmenxia Dam. Hydro-climatic variables have changed in the Yiluo River during the last half century. In this study, the trends in the annual precipitation and streamflow were analyzed in the Yiluo River during 1960–2006. The results indicated that both the annual precipitation and streamflow decreased significantly (P?<?0.05) from 1960 to 2006. Pettitt’s test shows that there was a change point for annual streamflow series around the year 1986 (P?<?0.05), while there was no change point identified for the annual precipitation series from 1960 to 2006. Annual streamflow decreased more significantly than annual precipitation since 1986. The relationship between the annual precipitation and streamflow presented a non-stationary state since 1986. This non-stationary relationship was mainly influenced by human activities. The average annual amount of water diversion from the Yiluo River increased significantly since the mid-1980s, accounting for 31.3 % of the total streamflow decrease from 1986 to 2006. In addition, land use/cover change (LUCC) contributed to 27.1–29.8 % of the decrease in streamflow. Human activities, including water diversion and LUCC, together contributed to 58.4–61.1 % of the decrease in streamflow and led to the non-stationary relationship between the annual precipitation and streamflow from 1986 to 2006. This study detected the changes in the precipitation–streamflow relationship and investigated the possible causes in the Yiluo River, which will be helpful for the understanding of the changes in streamflow in the Yellow River Basin.     

城市化、产业结构、能源消费、经济增长与碳排放的关联性分析——基于中国省际收入水平异质性的实证研究

在全国推崇节能减排,寻求低碳经济发展的大环境下,探究不同收入水平下各影响因子与碳排放的关联性有助于区域异质性碳减排政策的制定。根据2002—2016年的经济发展水平数据,将中国30个省及直辖市（不包含西藏及港、澳、台地区）划分为4个不同收入水平,分别建立面板向量自回归（PVAR）模型,并运用面板格兰杰因果检验、脉冲响应和方差分解探究城市化、产业结构、能源消费、经济增长与碳排放之间的关联性。研究结果表明,处于不同收入水平下的省份各影响因子与碳排放之间的关系存在异质性。收入水平较高的省份当前城市化水平已产生显著的减排效应,而欠发达地区仍处于城市化进程加速碳排放阶段;4个收入水平下能源消费均会长期影响碳排放,但欠发达地区更加需要摆脱能源依赖的经济发展路径,并且提高能源利用率从而降低碳排放;非高收入水平省份产业结构对碳排放造成的影响明显高于高收入水平省份。此外,实证结果表明,中国仍处于碳排放与经济发展的同步增长阶段,减排政策将会对经济增长产生负向反馈,故现有减排路径的选择需要高度审慎的设计与实施。     

基于BP-CCA的贵州夏季降水与太平洋海温耦合关系

利用贵州83个台站1979—2011年的夏季月降水资料、海温、气压场、风场等再分析格点资料及副高指数资料,利用点相关找出影响贵州夏季降水的海温关键区及关键时段,利用变形的典型相关分析(BP-CCA)方法对贵州夏季降水与关键区海温的耦合关系进行了分析,并对海温影响贵州夏季降水的可能机制进行了探讨。结果表明:1影响贵州夏季降水的海温关键区域为北太平洋及中东赤道太平洋,其中尤以加利福尼亚冷流区、北太平洋暖流区对贵州夏季降水的影响更为重要,关键时段为上一年7-9月;2BP-CCA第一对典型相关场分析结果表明:加利福尼亚冷流区海温与贵州夏季降水呈同位相变化,而北太平洋暖流区海温与贵州夏季降水呈反相位变化,关键区海温对贵州北部降水的耦合好于南部,而对西南部的耦合最差;3前期7-9月海温与副高强度指数的相关系数分布呈EI Nino型,与副高西伸脊线指数的相关系数分布在中低纬度西太平洋呈正相关,与中东赤道太平洋呈负相关,与副高脊点的相关系数与海温和副高的强度相关分布相反,在赤道中东太平洋为负相关区,西北太平洋为正相关区,海温分布型为LA Nina型。东北太平洋及中东赤道太平洋海温异常与贵州500h Pa气压场及风场显著正相关,而西北太平洋海温与贵州地区500 h Pa气压场及风场成负相关,为典型的EI Nino型。     

冬季北大西洋涛动与中国西南地区降水的不对称关系

利用1951-2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个站逐月降水资料,探讨了冬季北大西洋涛动(NAO)与同期中国西南地区降水的关系.结果表明,冬季北大西洋涛动与西南地区降水存在显著的正相关关系,并且,正相关具有不对称性,即当冬季北大西洋涛动处于负位相时,东亚地区环流形势不利于中国西南地区降水的形成,对应着中国西南地区冬季降水的显著减少.而当冬季北大西洋涛动处于正位相时,北大西洋涛动与中国西南地区降水的正相关关系并不显著.进一步的分析表明,与中国西南冬季降水变化密切相关的主要环流结构是里海和中东—阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关型(CAT遥相关型).北大西洋涛动与里海和中东阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关结构存在不对称关系,两者的关系仅在北大西洋涛动负位相时显著.冬季北大西洋涛动高、低指数年分别合成的波射线和波作用通量的结果表明,当冬季北大西洋涛动为负位相时,冬季地中海地区的扰动源会形成与里海和中东—阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关路径一致的波射线,同时波作用通量的结果表明,定常波由里海和中东、阿拉伯海一直传播到青藏高原及下游地区,而冬季北大西洋涛动高指数年,地中海地区的扰动源所形成的波射线偏北,波动传播到达印度半岛地区之后不再向下游传播.冬季北大西洋涛动对里海和中东—阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关波列的不对称影响决定了北大西洋涛动与西南冬季降水的不对称关系.     

亚洲热带夏季风指数与中国南方降水的关系

利用1979-2013年夏季全球2.5°×2.5°逐日环流资料和中国气象站点降水观测资料,采用动力学因子(西南风)与热力学因子(Radiation Longwave covting,OLR)相结合定义了标准化的亚洲热带夏季风指数(Tropical Summer Monsoon Index,TSMI).结果 表明,该指数...     

亚洲-太平洋涛动与中国南方地区1月降水异常的关系

利用NCEP、ERA-40再分析资料和中国160个观测站逐月降水资料,分析了同期和前期亚洲-太平洋涛动(APO)与中国南方地区冬季1月降水异常的关系,并讨论了相应的联系机制.研究发现,1月亚洲-太平洋涛动指数能够很好地反映同期中国南方地区降水异常.亚洲-太平洋涛动的异常变化可能影响对流层低层位势高度场,进而通过影响亚洲中、低纬度地区的对流层低层风场与中国南方地区降水紧密联系.当亚洲-太平洋涛动指数偏低(高)时,对应在东亚南部及其邻近海域对流层低层位势高度偏高(低),东太平洋位势高度偏低(高).相应地,南海以及华南沿海地区为异常西南(东北)风控制,且该异常风向北逐渐减弱,进而在中国南方地区辐合(辐散),这既有(不)利于暖湿气流向中国南方地区输送,同时也造成了该地区的水汽辐合(辐散),从而导致降水偏多(少).亚洲-太平洋涛动具有很好的持续性,上一年10月亚洲-太平洋涛动异常可一直持续至当年1月,表现出连续的显着相关特征.因此,其与中国南方地区1月降水异常也具有显着联系,可以作为指示1月中国南方地区降水多寡的一个前兆因子.     

Interdecadal modulation of the relationship between ENSO,IPO and precipitation: insights from tree rings in Australia

Australian climate-proxy reconstructions based on tree rings from tropical and subtropical forests have not been achieved so far due to the rarity of species producing anatomically distinct annual growth rings. Our study identifies the Australian Red Cedar (Toona ciliata) as one of the most promising tree species for tree-ring research in Australasia because this species exhibits distinct annual tree rings, a prerequisite for high quality tropical dendroclimatology. Based on these preliminary studies, we were able, for the first time in subtropical and tropical Australia, to develop a statistically robust, precisely dated and annually resolved chronology back to AD1854. We show that the variability in ring widths of T. ciliata is mainly dependent on annual precipitation. The developed proxy data series contains both high- and low-frequency climate signals which can be associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). A comparison of different data sets (Brisbane precipitation, tree rings, coral luminescence record from the Great Barrier Reef, ENSO and IPO) revealed non-stationary correlation patterns throughout the twentieth century but little instability between the new tree-ring chronology and Brisbane precipitation.     

中国东部云-降水对应关系的分析与模式评估

为评估和改进模式中不同类型云与降水的对应关系,利用1998—2007年卫星-台站融合降水资料和国际卫星云气候计划的卫星观测云资料,采用诊断方法分析了中国东部季风区冬季层云、夏季对流云、层云与降水的水平分布及季节变化对应关系,并评估了BCC_AGCM模式的T42和T106分辨率版本对云-降水对应关系的模拟能力。观测资料分析结果表明,中国东部冬季云带和雨带都稳定少动,降水主要来自雨层云和高层云,南部沿海层云和层积云也对降水有贡献;夏季,中国东部表现为层积混合云降水特征,对流云带与降水带具有较好的对应关系,并具有一致的移动特征。对流降水主要来自深对流云和卷层云,深对流云云量和降水中心完全吻合,卷层云云带则表现出比深对流云主体和降水带偏北的现象;层云降水主要来自高层云和层积云。模式评估结果表明,中、低分辨率版本的BCC_AGCM模式均模拟出了冬季层云和稳定少动的降水带、夏季深对流云、卷层云和降水带的对应关系及随季风推进的移动特征。与T42模式版本相比,T106模式版本在夏季对流云云量的模拟及其与降水带的对应关系方面有所改善,说明改进的BCC_AGCM积云对流参数化方案与高分辨率模式网格更匹配,但冬季层云云量模拟误差变大,与降水带的对应关系变差,其原因值得进一步分析研究。