广州麓湖水-气界面多环芳烃的通量分析

利用干湿沉降采样器、大流量采样器和半渗透膜装置对广州麓湖大气干湿沉降、大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃以及水体中溶解态多环芳烃进行了连续一年的采样监测,并在此数据基础上依据多环芳烃在大气和水体间的作用规律,计算了广州麓湖水-气界面上多环芳烃的交换通量．结果显示,每年大气将向麓湖中输送约1300g的多环芳烃,主要以菲为主,占总量的60%以上．而湖水向大气挥发约220g的多环芳烃,主要以萘为主,占总挥发的95%．不同化合物在气水交换中的主要作用方式是不同的,2-3环的化合物主要以气水界面交换为主,5-6环的化合物以颗粒物沉降为主．而4环的化合物则以三种方式并存．不同季节,除了4环的化合物的各种作用方式所占地比重有所变化外,其它化合物变化不大．     

乌兹别克斯坦阿姆河流域水体中多环芳烃的分布、来源及风险评估

为研究乌兹别克斯坦境内阿姆河地区水体中多环芳烃（PAHs）污染特征、来源并进行风险评估,采用高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测器串联荧光检测器法,对研究区域50个采样点中16种优先控制的多环芳烃进行了检测分析.结果表明,阿姆河地区水体中多环芳烃总浓度范围为3.19~779 ng/L,平均值为98.4 ng/L,中位值为40.1 ng/L,单体浓度范围为0~333 ng/L,检出浓度最高的单体为苊烯,5种单体芴、蒽、荧蒽、芘和的检出率为100%,单体苯并[b]荧蒽的检出总量最高,水样中总浓度为786 ng/L,平均值为15.7 ng/L,中值为2.79 ng/L.不同水体含中低环多环芳烃（2~4环）与高环多环芳烃（5~6环）总浓度相近,但不同采样点间浓度差异较大.浓度较高的采样点主要集中在阿姆河三角洲的城市、农业灌溉区及近咸海区域.与世界不同研究区域相比,阿姆河流域多环芳烃浓度处于中等水平.采用相对丰度法、同分异构体比值法及正定矩阵分解法相结合进行源解析,表明研究区域水体中多环芳烃多为混合来源,其中阿姆河下游河段水体多环芳烃主要来源于生物质燃烧,而阿姆河三角洲区域主要来源于生物质燃烧、石油、天燃气燃烧及汽车尾气排放.生态风险评估结果显示,研究区水体单体多环芳烃中萘、苊、菲和蒽的生态风险较低,其余单体处于中等风险等级,其中苯并[b]荧蒽的污染程度较为严重;总体上阿姆河流域ΣPAHs风险等级相对较低,但仍有12和8个点位分别处于中等风险2和高风险等级,且主要集中在阿姆河三角洲地区,需采取相应措施加以控制.     

广州麓湖大气多环芳烃的干湿沉降

以广州麓湖为小型城市湖泊的代表,对大气中多环芳烃的颗粒态沉降进行了连续一年的采样与分析. 结果表明,年均颗粒态多环芳烃的沉降通量为0.47mg/( m2·a). 全年直接由大气输入到麓湖的颗粒态多环芳烃总量约为0.1kg. 不同季节相比,夏季多环芳烃的沉降通量略高于秋季,而冬春季最高. 对比大气总悬浮颗粒物中多环芳烃的组成发现,当降雨量增大时,沉降颗粒物中多环芳烃的组成逐渐趋近于大气总悬浮物中多环芳烃的组成. 广州地区雨热同期、干冷咸至的季风气候特点,以及由此导致的大气颗粒物粒径变化和PAHs的气-粒分配变化,与大气PAHs污染程度一起,共同控制着沉降颗粒物中PAHs相对组成的季节变化.     

河北王快水库沉积物多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

对王快水库沉积物中16种多环芳烃含量进行了检测,结果表明,王快水库沉积物多环芳烃含量处于中等污染水平.多环芳烃总含量由库区上游到坝前逐渐升高,多环芳烃总含量在沉积物纵向上的总体分布趋势是随着剖面深度的增加而降低,低环的萘和菲,高环的荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、屈和芘是沉积物中主要的优势化合物,表层和剖面沉积物中多环芳烃的含量与有机碳含量呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.8154和0.9534.王快水库沉积物中多环芳烃主要来源化石燃料及生物质的燃烧,风险评价结果表明,严重的多环芳烃生态风险在王快水库沉积物中不存在,但是芴化合物含量超过了风险评价低值,可能存在着对生物的潜在危害.     

联苯系列化合物与苯并萘噻吩系列化合物的形成机制

通过模拟实验研究了联苯系列化合物与苯并萘噻吩系列化合物的形成机制 .联苯系列的成因主要有两个 :一是含有共轭烯键的链状化合物或含有共轭烯键链的化合物芳构化 ,二是硫作用于普通链状化合物夺去部分氢形成 (硫化氢和 )共轭烯中间体 ,进而芳构化形成联苯系列 ;苯并萘噻吩系列的直接前身物质之一可能是苯基萘系列 ,含有共轭烯键的链状化合物或具有共轭烯链的化合物以及饱和与不饱和链状化合物在硫的作用下都可以转化成苯并萘噻吩系列 .联苯系列化合物对热稳定 ,但在硫或氧存在条件下可以分别转化成硫芴系列和多环芳烃或氧芴系列和多环芳烃 .联苯和甲基联苯之和在联苯系列总量中的比例可以用来判断环境 ,在成熟度不太高的前提下 ,如果比例数高说明环境偏咸 ,反之则说明环境偏淡 .原油中苯并萘噻吩系列化合物含量高表明原油曾经历过丰富硫的作用 .但这个作用可能发生在油源岩中 ,也可能发生在油藏中 .     

夏季自然水体与大气界面间气态总汞的交换通量

利用动力学通量箱法与高时间分辨率大气测汞仪的联用技术, 在瑞典西南的Kristineberg海洋观测站(KMRS)和Knobesholm的Hovgårdsån河分别测定了夏季海水和河水表面与大气间汞的交换通量. 在夏季, 河水和海水都是大气汞的源. 河水和海水表面与大气间汞的交换通量在夏季具有一致的昼夜变化规律, 白天由水体向大气排汞且在正午达到最大值; 夜间排汞量相对较小且有时会出现大气汞向水体沉降. 河水与大气间汞的交换通量与光照强度呈线性正相关关系, 与大气相对湿度呈线性负相关性, 同时还与水体温度存在指数相关性. 海水与大气间汞交换通量只与光照强度存在良好的线性正相关关系. 水体中溶解态气汞的过饱和是水体汞向大气释放的驱动力.     

巢湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源

于2010年,采用野外采样调查、色谱分析与统计比较的方法,研究巢湖表层沉积物中27个采样点中多环芳烃(PAHs)分布特征及污染来源.结果表明:巢湖表层沉积物中检测出的14种优控PAHs总浓度为116.0~2832.2 ng/g(DW),平均值为898.9±791.0 ng/g(DW).多环芳烃组成主要以5~6环PAHs为主,占总量的32%~58%.沉积物中总有机碳含量与PAHs总量呈现良好相关性.利用蒽/(蒽+菲)与苯并[a]蒽/(苯并[a]蒽+屈)比值法对PAHs来源进行解析得出,巢湖表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源为燃烧源.与国内其它水体PAHs含量对比表明,巢湖沉积物中PAHs污染处于中等水平.生态风险评估得出南淝河表层沉积物中PAHs存在生态风险,其它采样点表层沉积物中PAHs生态风险均较低.     

多环芳烃在小白洋淀挺水植物中的分布、组成及其影响因素

利用GC-MS测定了端村小白洋淀5个采样点三种主要挺水植物(荷花、蒲草和芦苇)中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,分析了其分布与组成特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)16种优控多环芳烃总量(PAH_(16))在三种挺水植物中的平均干重含量范围为82.5-448.6ng/g(dw),七种挺水植物组织荷叶、荷茎、蒲叶、蒲茎、蒲根、苇叶与苇根中PAH_(16)的平均干重含量分别为448.6ng/g(dw)、129.3ng/g(dw)、292.6ng/g(dw)、166.8ng/g(dw)、82.5ng/g(dw)、141.5ng/g(dw)和90.0ng/g(dw),这些数据表明同种植物的叶中PAHs含量最高、茎中次之、根中最低;PAHs各组份在七种挺水植物中的含量具有显著的正相关关系,反映了PAHs在植物组织中的分布模式极为相似.(2)七种挺水植物组织中,均以低环PAHs为主,中环PAHs次之,高环PAHs很低,其百分比范围分别为66.2%(荷叶)-89%(蒲茎)、10.2%(蒲茎)-32.6%(荷叶)和0.6%(蒲叶)-3.7%(苇根);菲、荧蒽、萘、芴、芘和屈6种PAHs组分在挺水植物组织中的平均百分含量较高,分别为35.3%、15.5%、12.1%、11.7%、9.2%和5.2%,占PAH_(16)的89%.3)PAHs在挺水植物中的含量与植物含脂率具有显著的正相关关系,与PAHs组分的辛醇-水分配系数(K_(ow))以及辛醇-大气分配系数(K_(oa))具有显著的负相关关系.     

中国西部湖泊水体δD与δ18O的空间变化特征及其影响因素

湖泊水体的氢氧同位素(δD、δ~(18)O)是研究区域大气降水和水文循环的重要手段之一,目前对其的研究主要以单一湖泊为主.以2016年夏季在中国西部地区采集的33个湖泊水体为研究对象,分析其氢氧同位素的变化特征,并结合当地夏季大气降水、湖水盐度、海拔与纬度等资料,探讨中国西部33个湖泊水体δD、δ~(18)O的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:33个湖泊水体的δD与δ18O组成主要受控于大气降水,但受蒸发分馏的影响,湖水线的斜率与截距低于大气水线.湖泊水体与夏季大气降水氢氧同位素存在明显的空间分异,这种分异与湖水盐度无关,主要受到区域降水水汽来源不同的影响.青藏高原南北两侧由于水汽来源及蒸发条件的不同,使得青藏高原湖泊水体的氢氧同位素呈现出"北高南低"的特点,新疆西北部受西风影响,湖泊水体的氢氧同位素明显偏负,内蒙古及邻近地区受东南季风的影响,湖水受到蒸发分馏作用使其δD与δ~(18)O偏正.不同区域湖泊水体的氘盈余(d_excess)反映了不同的水汽源地的湿度状况而不能指示湖水的蒸发状况.受降水影响,青藏高原地区湖水氢氧同位素组成与海拔高度呈负相关,与纬度呈正相关.     

小白洋淀水-沉积物系统多环芳烃的分布、来源与生态风险

以端村小白洋淀为研究对象,利用GC-MS测定了6个样点水、悬浮物和沉积物中15种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,分析了其组成与来源特征,探讨了不同多环芳烃单体的生态风险,结果表明:(1)15种优控多环芳烃的总含量(PAH15),水相为40.1-74.0ng/L,算术均值51.0ng/L;悬浮物为2438.0-5927.0ng/g,算术均值4528ng/g;沉积物为466.9-1366.4ng/g,算术均值为755.6ng/g;与国内外有关研究相比,污染较轻,(2)三相中均以2、3环PAHs为主,其比例均高于80%;并且,从水相、悬浮物相到沉积物相,2环PAHs依次降低,3环、4环依次升高,高环检出率和含量也依次升高,(3)沉积物中多环芳烃的来源以生物质燃料(秸秆、薪材)和煤的燃烧为主,以液体化石燃料(汽油、柴油和原油)的燃烧为辅,(4)沉积物中的芴(FLO)、菲(PHE)含量在潜在生态风险效应区间低值(ERL)与中值(ERM)之间,其生态风险几率介于10%-50%之间;其他PAHs单体的含量均低于ERL,其生态风险几率均低于10%.     

Assessment of evaporation and water fluxes in a column of dry saline soil subject to different water table levels

Dry saline soils are common in the arid and hyper‐arid basins located in the Chilean Altiplano, where evaporation from shallow groundwater is typically the major component of the water balance. Thus, a good understanding of evaporation processes is necessary for improving water resource planning and management in these regions. In this study, we conducted laboratory experiments with a natural saline soil column to estimate evaporation rates and assess the liquid and water vapor fluxes under different water table levels. Water content, electrical conductivity and temperature at different depths were utilized to assess the liquid and water vapor fluxes in the soil column. We observed movement of water that dissolves salts from the soil and transports them to areas in the column where they accumulate. Isothermal liquid flux was predominant, while thermal and isothermal liquid and thermal water vapor fluxes were negligible, except for deep water table levels where isothermal and thermal water vapor fluxes had similar magnitude but opposite directions. Differences observed in total fluxes for all water table levels were due to different upward and downward fluxes, which depend on changes in water content and temperature within the soil profile. Both the vapor flux magnitude and direction were found to be very sensitive to the choice of empirical parameters used in flux quantification, such as tortuosity and the enhancement factor for local temperature gradients in the air phase within the column. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Scales and magnitude of hyporheic,river–aquifer and bank storage exchange fluxes

Many studies have investigated the exchange processes that occur between rivers and groundwater systems and have successfully quantified the water fluxes involved. Specifically, these exchange processes include hyporheic exchange, river–aquifer exchange (groundwater discharge and river loss) and bank storage exchange. Remarkably, there are relatively few examples of field studies where more than one exchange process is quantified, and as a consequence, the relationships between them are not well understood. To compare the relative magnitudes of these common exchange processes, we have collected data from 54 studies that have quantified one or more of these exchange flux types. Each flux value is plotted against river discharge at the time of measurement to allow the different exchange flux types to be compared. We show that there are positive relationships between the magnitude of each exchange flux type and increasing river discharge across the different studies. For every one order of magnitude increase in river discharge, the hyporheic, river–aquifer and bank storage exchange fluxes increase by factors of 2.7, 2.9 and 2.5, respectively. On average, hyporheic exchange fluxes are almost an order of magnitude greater than river–aquifer exchange fluxes, which are, in turn, approximately four times greater than bank storage exchange fluxes for the same river discharge. Unless measurement approaches that can distinguish between different types of exchange flux are used, there is potential for hyporheic exchange fluxes to be misinterpreted as river–aquifer exchange fluxes, with possible implications for water resource management decisions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄱阳湖夏季水热通量特征及环境要素影响分析

气候变化加速了全球水文循环过程,然而,气候变化如何影响水体蒸发及其水热通量交换仍然不清楚.基于涡度相关系统观测鄱阳湖水体水热通量过程,在小时和日尺度分析了水热通量的变化规律及其主要影响因子.研究表明,潜热通量日变化波动剧烈,大部分为正值,变化范围在-50~580 W/m2之间.而感热通量数值较小,变化范围在-50~50 W/m2之间.8月份潜热通量和感热通量均呈波动下降趋势,均值分别为167.4和15.9 W/m2.8月份日平均潜热通量和感热通量之和大于净辐射,这是由于这一时段储存在水体中的热量释放并补充潜热通量和感热通量.小时尺度上潜热通量日变化在相位上与净辐射无显著相关性,而与风速显著相关.在日尺度变化趋势上,8月份日平均潜热通量仍主要受到风速和水温的影响,感热通量则主要受到风速和饱和水汽压差的影响.     

Water transport through Lake Kinneret sediments traced by tritium

The transport of water through the sediments of Lake Kinneret was estimated using tritium of fallout origin as a tracer. The calculation model takes into account the diffusion of the tracer and its decay, and allows for the advective flux through the sediment pores as a free parameter. The dependence of the interstitial diffusion constant on the porosity was assumed identical to that for chloride ions. Tritium profiles in nine cores were used for estimating the advective fluxes and velocities, by finding the best fit between data and model. Water advective fluxes of 3.4 g cm^?2 yr^?1 into the lake were found. This water flux is negligible in the hydrological balance of Lake Kinneret; but it carries along 7% of the unaccounted-for chloride input to the lake.     

太湖不同湖区底泥悬浮沉降规律研究及内源释放量估算

太湖是一个大型浅水湖泊,湖湾、沿岸及湖心等区域受地形影响,湖流结构及水土界面水力要素均有显著差异.针对目前对不同湖区底泥再悬浮规律差异性研究的缺失,本研究选取了3个具有代表性的点采集太湖底泥,采用矩形水槽开展底泥再悬浮模拟实验,并结合太湖二维水量水质模型及太湖全年实测数据,建立了不同湖区底泥再悬浮通量与风速之间的定量关系;通过室内静沉降实验,得到了静沉降通量与风速的相关关系;最后将底泥再悬浮实验结果参数化应用于太湖二维水量水质模型中,并对底泥悬浮沉降过程进行分解和概化,估算太湖全年内源释放量.结果表明:太湖每日的内源释放量受风速影响显著,和风速变化趋势较为接近,太湖全年进入水体的净底泥量有47.81×104t,夏季最大,冬季次之;就营养物质释放量而言,COD约为2.06×104t、总氮约为1149.05 t、总磷约为564.35 t,其中秋季营养物质释放量最小,夏季最大.     

2009年环太湖入出湖河流水量及污染负荷通量

通过对2009年环太湖水文巡测及同步水质监测数据整理,得到2009年环太湖河流入出湖水量以及污染负荷,并将之与前期文献资料数据进行对比.结果表明,2009年环太湖河道入出湖水量分别为88.40×108 m3、93.27×108m3.入湖水量超过5×108m3的依次为陈东港、大浦港、梁溪河、太滆运河、望虞河.出湖水量最大...     

Simulation of crop growth and energy and carbon dioxide fluxes at different time steps from hourly to daily

Understanding the exchange processes of energy and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere system is important for assessing the role of the terrestrial ecosystem in the global water and carbon cycle and in climate change. We present a soil–vegetation–atmosphere integrated model (ChinaAgrosys) for simulating energy, water and CO₂ fluxes, crop growth and development, with ample supply of nutrients and in the absence of pests, diseases and weed damage. Furthermore, we test the hypotheses of whether there is any significant difference between simulations over different time steps. CO₂, water and heat fluxes were estimated by the improving parameterization method of the coupled photosynthesis–stomatal conductance–transpiration model. Soil water evaporation and plant transpiration were calculated using a multilayer water and heat‐transfer model. Field experiments were conducted in the Yucheng Integrated Agricultural Experimental Station on the North China Plain. Daily weather and crop growth variables were observed during 1998–2001, and hourly weather variables and water and heat fluxes were measured using the eddy covariance method during 2002–2003. The results showed that the model could effectively simulate diurnal and seasonal changes of net radiation, sensible and latent heat flux, soil heat flux and CO₂ fluxes. The processes of evapotranspiration, soil temperature and leaf area index agree well with the measured values. Midday depression of canopy photosynthesis could be simulated by assessing the diurnal change in canopy water potential. Moreover, the comparisons of simulated daily evapotranspiration and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) under different time steps indicated that time steps used by a model affect the simulated results. There is no significant difference between simulated evapotranspiration using the model under different time steps. However, simulated NEE produces large differences in the response to different time steps. Therefore, the accurate calculation of average absorbed photosynthetic active radiation is important for the scaling of the model from hourly steps to daily steps in simulating energy and CO₂ flux exchanges between winter wheat and the atmosphere. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.