Comparing fire-history interpretations based on area, number and estimated volume of macroscopic charcoal in lake sediments

Sedimentary charcoal particles from lakes are commonly used to investigate fire history. Fire-history reconstructions are based on measuring the surface area or counting the number of charcoal fragments in adjacent samples. Recently, the volume of charcoal particles was advised as a more accurate method for quantifying past charcoal production. Large charcoal datasets, used to synthesize global fire history, include these different types of charcoal measurements and implicitly assume that they provide comparable fire-history information. However, no study has demonstrated that this assumption is valid. Here we compare fire-frequency reconstructions based on measurements of charcoal area and number, and estimates of charcoal volume from two lake sediment records from the eastern Canadian boreal forest. Results indicate that the three proxies provide comparable fire-history interpretations when using a locally defined threshold to identify fire events.     

Charcoal signatures defined by multivariate analysis of charcoal records from 10 lakes in northwest Wisconsin (USA)

We show how sedimentary charcoal records from multiple sites within a single landscape can be used to compare fire histories and reveal small scale patterns in fire regimes. Our objective is to develop strategies for classifying and comparing late-Holocene charcoal records in Midwestern oak- and pine-dominated sand plain ecosystems where fire regimes include a mix of surface and crown fires. Using standard techniques for the analysis of charcoal from lake sediments, we compiled 1000- to 4000-yr-long records of charcoal accumulation and charcoal peak frequencies from 10 small lakes across a sand plain in northwestern Wisconsin. We used cluster analysis to identify six types of charcoal signatures that differ in their charcoal influx rates, amount of grass charcoal, and frequency and magnitude of charcoal peaks. The charcoal records demonstrate that while fire histories vary among sites, there are regional patterns in the occurrence of charcoal signature types that are consistent with expected differences in fire regimes based on regional climate and vegetation reconstructions. The fire histories also show periods of regional change in charcoal signatures occurring during times of regional climate changes at ~ 700, 1000, and 3500 cal yr BP.     

The stratigraphy and fire history of the Kutai Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia

The equatorial peatlands of the Kutai lowland of eastern Kalimantan are generally 4–10 m in thickness but some sections exceed 16 m in depth. The deposition of peat commenced about 8000 yrs ago after shallow flooding of the basin by the Mahakam River. The earliest vegetation is a Pandanus swamp which grades upwards to swamp forest dominated by dipterocarps. The peatland has expanded laterally and rivers have maintained narrow levee-channel tracks through the swamp, which has grown vertically in balance with river accretion. Historical fires are associated with extreme El Niño years of drought, but human agency is important. The fires of 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 burnt up to 85% of the vegetation on the peatland. Although charcoal analyses show that fire has occurred throughout the history of the peatland, it is rare in forests remote from rivers until the last 3000 years and only common within the last millennium. Fires are earlier and more frequent in sites accessible from waterways, and floodplains have been widely burnt down to water table or below, forming extensive lakes.     

Postglacial vegetation, climate, and fire history along the east side of the Andes (lat 41-42.5°S), Argentina

The history of the low-elevation forest and forest-steppe ecotone on the east side of the Andes is revealed in pollen and charcoal records obtained from mid-latitude lakes. Prior to 15,000 cal yr BP, the vegetation was characterized by steppe vegetation with isolated stands of Nothofagus. The climate was generally dry, and the sparse vegetation apparently lacked sufficient fuels to burn extensively. After 15,000 cal yr BP, a mixture of Nothofagus forest and shrubland/steppe developed. Fire activity increased between 13,250 and 11,400 cal yr BP, contemporaneous with a regionally defined cold dry period (Huelmo/Mascardi Cold Reversal). The early-Holocene period was characterized by an open Nothofagus forest/shrubland mosaic, and fire frequency was high in dry sites and low in wet sites; the data suggest a sharp decrease in moisture eastward from the Andes. A shift to a surface-fire regime occurred at 7500 cal yr BP at the wet site and at 4400 cal yr BP at the dry site, preceding the expansion of Austrocedrus by 1000-1500 yr. The spread of Austrocedrus is explained by a shift towards a cooler and wetter climate in the middle and late Holocene. The change to a surface-fire regime is consistent with increased interannual climate variability and the onset or strengthening of ENSO. The present-day mixed forest dominated by Nothofagus and Austrocedrus was established in the last few millennia.     

Ancient charcoal as a natural archive for paleofire regime and vegetation change in the Mayumbe,Democratic Republic of the Congo

Charcoal was sampled in four soil profiles at the Mayumbe forest boundary (DRC). Five fire events were recorded and 44 charcoal types were identified. One stratified profile yielded charcoal assemblages around 530 cal yr BP and > 43.5 cal ka BP in age. The oldest assemblage precedes the period of recorded anthropogenic burning, illustrating occasional long-term absence of fire but also natural wildfire occurrences within tropical rainforest. No other charcoal assemblages older than 2500 cal yr BP were recorded, perhaps due to bioturbation and colluvial reworking. The recorded paleofires were possibly associated with short-lived climate anomalies. Progressively dry climatic conditions since ca. 4000 cal yr BP onward did not promote paleofire occurrence until increasing seasonality affected vegetation at the end of the third millennium BP, as illustrated by a fire occurring in mature rainforest that persisted until around 2050 cal yr BP. During a drought episode coinciding with the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’, mature rainforest was locally replaced by woodland savanna. Charcoal remains from pioneer forest indicate that fire hampered forest regeneration after climatic drought episodes. The presence of pottery shards and oil-palm endocarps associated with two relatively recent paleofires suggests that the effects of climate variability were amplified by human activities.     

四川锦屏山地区金矿矿源层及成矿模式

笔者通过对四川锦屏山地区金元素的背景分析,总结了该区金矿的同位素特征,并初步分析了该区金矿的流体包裹体特征,讨论了该金矿矿集区的矿源层,提出了该金矿矿集区受伸展-推覆构造的滑移带———褶叠层控制及从矿源、热源、热液源、成矿通道和成矿场所等方面探讨了其成矿模式,指出了该区金矿的找矿方向及找矿层次。     

西昆仑麻扎-康西瓦一带温泉沟群的形成时代及物源区分析

温泉沟群出露在西昆仑麻扎-康西瓦构造接合带的南侧,岩性主要为浅变质的碎屑岩,对这套碎屑岩的形成时代和产出构造背景目前还存在着争议。采于这套地层中的大量微体古生物化石表明,其形成时代为早志留世。物质组成、岩石碎屑特征、岩石地球化学特征等的分析结果显示,其物源区主要为活动大陆边缘、过渡陆壳和造山再旋回物源区,形成时的构造环境为深海相残留洋盆。这些分析结果为康西瓦结合带的研究提供了地层学方面的依据。     

贺兰山汝箕沟地区及中卫探区上三叠统烃源岩初步评价?

贺兰山中卫探区是中国石化胜利油田分公司2002年8月登记的勘探新区,迄今为止,探区内还没有钻井资料,总体的勘探程度非常低。为研究中卫探区上三叠统烃源岩的生烃能力,对探区以北汝箕沟地区上三叠统露头区暗色泥岩进行了取样分析,结果表明：该泥质岩的有机碳含量为3.03%,总烃含量0.0025%;干酪根显微组分以镜质组为主,类型指数-72.5,属Ⅲ型干酪根;Ro值为0.93％,有机质热演化已达到成熟阶段。与探区以东鄂尔多斯盆地延长组、石炭系-二叠系煤系地层相比较,汝箕沟地区上三叠统泥质岩样品的有机质丰度较高,成熟度好,可作为较好的气源岩。晚三叠世时期,中卫探区和汝箕沟地区同属滨浅湖相沉积环境,中卫探区更靠近湖盆中心,为更有利的生烃沉积相带。中卫探区上三叠统烃源岩应具有较好的生气能力,应以该套烃源岩为基础,加强中卫探区内天然气的勘探。     

浅谈盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化研究在中国油气资源战略选区调查评价中的意义

目前国家开展了全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价专项10个项目,包括陆上新区,海域,老油气区的新领域、新层系、新类型,长期久攻不克的地区、盆地和地表、地形条件复杂的地区。这些地区总体来讲油气工作程度较低。在油气调查评价中,特别是初期,烃源岩的评价是第一位的,而烃源岩热演化研究是烃源岩评价的重要内容之一。同时盆地内烃源岩热演化史的差异对盆地内的油气分布具有重要影响;热历史又从另一个侧面反映了盆地的成因及发展过程,对于指导油气勘探具有重要意义。     

浅谈盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化研究在中国油气资源战略选区调查评价中的意义

目前国家开展了全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价专项10个项目,包括陆上新区,海域,老油气区的新领域、新层系、新类型,长期久攻不克的地区、盆地和地表、地形条件复杂的地区。这些地区总体来讲油气工作程度较低。在油气调查评价中,特别是初期．烃源岩的评价是第一位的,而烃源岩热演化研究是烃源岩评价的重要内容之一。同时盆地内烃源岩热演化史的差异对盆地内的油气分布具有重要影响;热历史又从另一个侧面反映了盆地的成因及发展过程,对于指导油气勘探具有重要意义。     

邵庄—双庙水源地不同水体U同位素组成特征的初步研究

在邵庄— 双庙水源地勘察评价过程中,应用U同位素场分析得到如下认识: ( 1)本区不同类型水体的U同位素具有不同的组成特征,主要表现为大气降水、山区岩溶水的U含量、I ( 234U) /I ( 238U)比值及Iex (234 U) 均较低;第四系孔隙水U含量和I ex ( 234U ) 均较高,但I (234 U) /I (238 U) 比值较低;隐伏岩溶水的U含量较低,介于孔隙水与大气降水之间,而I (234 U) /I (238 U) 比值与I ex (234U) 均较高; 地表水的U含量较高,但I (234 U) /I (238U) 比值低, Ie x (234U) 也较低; ( 2)蜀山背斜岩溶水系统具有大气降水、第四系孔隙水和深层岩溶水三源补给特征; ( 3)蜀山背斜岩溶水系统与双庙地垒岩溶水系统基本不存在水力联系,且二者补给条件也不同,蜀山背斜岩溶水系统与第四系孔隙水联系密切,接受上层孔隙水越流补给,径流条件好;双庙地垒岩溶水系统相对较封闭,与第四系孔隙水联系较弱,主要靠兖西奥灰水源地侧向径流补给,且径流条件相对较差。     

鄂尔多斯延长探区本溪组物源及沉积体系分析

提要：本文通过对钻井岩心、野外露头样品及薄片观察描述以及阴极发光、分析化验资料的综合应用,从矿物组分及成因类型、古水流特征、稀土元素的富集规律等方面对鄂尔多斯延长探区本溪组物源方向进行了综合判定,在此基础上对沉积相分布及演化进行了分析。研究表明,延长探区石炭系本溪组砂岩颗粒自北向南具有粒度由粗变细、磨圆度由低变高的趋势;石英组分阴极发光类型以暗褐色、浅-深棕色为主,具变质岩型成因类型;岩屑组分以变质岩岩屑为主,达85.1%;野外露头古水流方向测量结果显示出其具有北部、东北→南部、西南方向的趋势;稀土元素的分配规律与盆地东北缘大青山古陆类似。综合判定研究区本溪组物源主要来自北部的阴山—阿拉善古陆。晚石炭世本溪组本2期为鄂尔多斯地区上古生界沉积发育史的一个重要转折,研究区受区域上缓慢沉降海水自东部侵入的影响,形成了浅海泥质陆棚、障壁岛-潟湖及潮坪沉积体系;本1期整体面貌与本2期类似,受进一步海侵影响,泥质陆棚及潟湖面积有所扩大;砂体连通性平行海岸线方向好。     

宿州矿区浅层地下水污染评价及源解析

宿州矿区由于长期煤炭开采,不仅形成了浅层地下水降落漏斗,而且造成了不同程度的地下水污染,其污染现状及主要形成原因尚不清楚。为此,本文利用研究区水土污染调查获取的21个地下水样品的 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}等13项污染指标开展地下水污染源解析工作。在采用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法对研究区浅层地下水环境质量进行评价的基础上,利用因子分析和反距离权重插值方法对研究区浅层地下水进行污染源及空间分布特征解析。研究结果表明:(1)研究区浅层地下水受到了重度污染,以Ⅳ类水为主,污染较严重的指标为 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、Mn、Fe和F^-。(2)研究区浅层地下水主要包括4个污染源:原生地质环境(F1),其高值区分布在桃园煤矿及其周边;矿坑排水和矸石山淋溶作用下形成的矿业废水(F2),其在桃园和钱营孜煤矿及其周边地区污染较为严重,其余矿区也存在一定程度的矿业废水污染;由生活垃圾、人畜排泄物造成的农村污水(F3),其污染地区主要为朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿一带; 由化肥施用引起的农业污染(F4), 其高值区集中在朱仙庄煤矿及其周边区域。地下水水质的主要影响因素是浅层地下水原生地质环境和矿业废水,其中约有51.040%的污染来源于原生地质环境及煤矿矿业污染的混合污染,约有11.841%的污染来自煤矿矿业废水,其余污染主要来源于农村生活和生产污水以及农业面源污染。(3)研究区浅层地下水主要污染区域为桃园和钱营孜煤矿一带,祁南和祁东煤矿污染相对较轻,朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿水质较好。(4)建议对矿区地下水主要污染源及污染途径进行综合防治:加强矿坑排水口的污水达标排放监管力度;煤矿企业采用生产建筑材料等方法提高矸石的综合利用率;进一步加强与矿区污水、垃圾填埋处理等相关的基础设施建设。     

康滇古陆西侧早志留世古海洋氧化-还原环境及优质烃源岩发育模式——以盐源地区CYD2井为例

在系统的地质调查和沉积学、地球化学研究的基础上, 以康滇古陆西侧盐源盆地南缘CYD2井龙马溪组为研究对象, 探讨早志留世古氧化还原环境、古水文条件、热液影响及有机质富集因素, 总结优质烃源岩发育模式, 为该区优质烃源岩预测提供基础。研究表明: 盐源地区优质烃源岩发育于龙马溪组下部(L1~L3), 经历了由初期(L1)滞留程度较高的硫化环境到晚期(L5)较开阔氧化环境的演化过程; 且在志留纪早期古海洋遭受了强烈的热液活动影响, 表现为轻稀土元素显著富集, Ce略有亏损, Eu显著富集。康滇古陆早期构造演化造成了强烈的热液活动和差异隆升, 控制盐源地区龙马溪初期古海洋氧化还原特征及海盆局限程度, 与海平面持续上升共同控制了盐源地区志留纪龙马溪期古海洋环境及优质烃源岩的形成和分布。     

黄河源地区磁组构特征及其地质意义

黄河源区位于青藏高原东北部,区内主要为三叠系沉积地层,发育一系列由北向南的推覆构造带,间有早期近直立的韧性剪切带。笔者对黄河源地区巴颜喀拉山群沉积岩进行了磁组构分析,结果显示岩石磁化率各向异性度P值和磁化率百分率各向异性度H值均不大,反映该地区总体韧性变形较弱,较强韧性变形仅发育于局部地段;岩石磁组构具有磁面理发育、磁线理不发育、磁化率椭球呈压扁形椭球体的特点,反映在挤压应力作用下,岩石发生了压扁变形,主应力方位主要为NNE-SSW(近SN)向,其次为NE-SW向。根据岩石磁组构分析认为黄河源地区存在两条韧性剪切带,韧性剪切带与现今湖泊水体的展布有一定的耦合关系;北部韧性剪切带沿现今黄河河谷分布,控制着扎陵湖、鄂陵湖和玛多"四姐妹湖"的展布;南部韧性剪切带沿岗纳格玛错—野牛沟一线展布,控制着岗纳格玛错和尕拉拉错等残余湖泊的分布。     

白音查干凹陷桑合地区早白垩世都红木组一段沉积演化及物源研究

桑合地区是白音查干凹陷的一个重要含油区.其基础地质研究比较薄弱.综合运用岩心和录测井资料,结合区域地质背景,对白音查干凹陷桑合地区都红木组一段的沉积相类型及其分布、演化特征进行了全面系统的研究.结果表明,研究区都一段主要发育扇三角洲、湖泊和滑塌浊积扇三种沉积相类型.平面上从凹陷边缘至中心、垂向上自下而上,沉积物粒度由粗变细,沉积相由扇三角洲相、滨浅湖相渐变为半深湖一深湖相.利用岩石组分和重矿物成分进行物源分析,认为桑合地区沉积物来自凹陷北部的巴音宝力格隆起,并具有多期次、阵发性、近物源的特点,母岩岩性主要为沉积岩,其次为岩浆岩,见少量变质岩.     

长江源区1956-2000年径流量变化分析

利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对长江源区直门达水文站的资料进行分析,揭示长江源区年径流量在1956-2000年间呈微弱的减少趋势。结合流域气象资料分析,该时段流域内升温明显,最大可能蒸发量呈增加趋势,降水也呈微弱减少趋势。径流变化与降水变化基本一致,降雨-径流关系没有发生明显变化,表明1980-2000年降水量减少是该时段径流量减少的直接原因,温度升高有利于融冰融雪和降水形式的变化,但由于融冰融雪占径流补给的比率相对较小,该时段温度升高导致融冰融雪的增加不足以抵消降水量的减少对径流的影响。径流量季节变化分析,揭示长江源区春季径流呈增加的趋势,这可能与融雪过程提前以及融雪量增加有关。     

内蒙古银额盆地查干凹陷烃源岩生烃和排烃史研究

为深入研究银额盆地查干凹陷油气的成藏过程 ,优化勘探目标的选择 ,在分析烃源岩特征的基础上 ,应用动态数值模拟技术 ,定量恢复了研究区主要烃源岩层系的生烃、排烃历史。研究表明 ,查干凹陷主要发育 3套烃源岩系 ,其中下白垩统巴音戈壁组二段泥岩为主力烃源岩 ,具较高的有机质丰度、生烃强度与排烃效率 ;烃类排出具阶段性、多期次幕式排烃的特点。以巴音戈壁组二段为源岩的油气系统应是本区油气勘探的主要目标     

通化市浑江煤田义兴屯—二道沟矿区主要威胁采矿的水来源分析

吉林省通化市浑江煤田义兴屯—二道沟矿区主要水的来源有地表水、第四系孔隙水、裂隙水、岩溶水和生产矿井和老窑水,通过对该区地表水及含水层的分析,构成该矿区最大威胁的水为附近有生产井的老窑。     

Prediction of monsoon rainfall with a nested grid mesoscale limited area model

At the India Meteorological Department (IMD), New Delhi, a 12-level limited area model with 100 km horizontal resolution has been in use for weather forecasting. The present study uses this model together with a higher horizontal resolution (50 km) and vertical resolution (16-levels) model to examine the impact of increased resolution to simulate mesoscale features of rainfall during monsoon disturbances. The model was run for 22 days in the month of August 1997 and one week in September 1997 during three monsoon depressions and one cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal. The model results are compared with observations. The study shows that the model can capture mesoscale convective organization associated with monsoon depression.