Controls, variation, and a record of climate change in detailed stable isotope record in a single bryozoan skeleton

The long-lived (about 20 yr) bryozoan Adeonellopsis sp. from Doubtful Sound, New Zealand, precipitates aragonite in isotopic equilibrium with seawater, exerting no metabolic or kinetic effects. Oxygen isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O) in 61 subsamples (along three branches of a single unaltered colony) range from −0.09 to +0.68‰ PDB (mean = +0.36‰ PDB). Carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) range from +0.84 to +2.18‰ PDB (mean = +1.69‰ PDB). Typical of cool-water carbonates, δ¹⁸O-derived water temperatures range from 14.2 to 17.5 °C. Adeonellopsis has a minimum temperature growth threshold of 14 °C, recording only a partial record of environmental variation. By correlating seawater temperatures derived from δ¹⁸O with the Southern Oscillation Index, however, we were able to detect major events such as the 1983 El Niño. Interannual climatic variation can be recorded in skeletal carbonate isotopes. The range of within-colony isotopic variability found in this study (0.77‰ in δ¹⁸O and 1.34 in δ¹³C) means that among-colony variation must be treated cautiously. Temperate bryozoan isotopes have been tested in less than 2% of described extant species — this highly variable phylum is not yet fully understood.     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川雪-冰界面含氮离子迁移研究

冰川积累区雪-冰界面附近的化学物质迁移对冰芯记录的形成具有重要意义,为讨论主要含氮离子在这一界面的迁移,本研究基于2004年11月至2006年3月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川连续采集的64组雪冰样品分析了NO3与NH4+的变化情况.结果表明,雪层底部干季(11月至翌年3月)含氮离子浓度的平均值高于湿季(4-10月)的,而...     

贵州都匀七星洞石笋剖面晚更新世高分辨率的气候地层学

通过对贵州都匀七星洞4根石笋42件系统的TIMS²³⁰Th测年及694件稳定同位素分析,揭示的气候变化记录时限范围连续1～15万年,稳定同位素样品平均分辨率晚期达150～220a,早期达440～530a。研究表明,石笋^δ18O曲线,相当于海洋记录的终止点Ⅰ及终止点Ⅱ具有特别明显的突变,其年龄分别为11.3kaB.P.及129.3kaB.P.,应为晚更新世顶、底界线的准确年代。晚更新世与深海氧同位素记录MIS2～MIS5e相对应的气候地层单元,其界限年代也分别得到了明确的界定。相当于格陵兰冰芯记录、北大西洋沉积记录的YD事件、Heinrich气候突变事件,几个石笋记录取得了一致的准确定位及定年。其中YD事件为12.76～11.52kaB.P.;Heinrich事件的H1～H6分别为17～15kaB.P.,24.6kaB.P.,30.5kaB.P.,39.3kaB.P.,47.8～46.8kaB.P.以及60.4kaB.P.。对其与北大西洋沉积及格陵兰冰芯记录所揭示的短尺度气候突变事件的可比性,表明东亚季风气候变化,与高纬度地区的气候变化呈遥相关响应,对研究东亚季风气候驱动机制及其与全球气候变化的响应关系和对晚更新世的地层学研究,均具有特别重要的意义。     

Recently exposed vegetation reveals Holocene changes in the extent of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru

Radiocarbon dating of well-preserved, in-place vegetation exposed by the retreating Quelccaya Ice Cap of southeastern Peru constrains the last time the ice cap's extent was smaller than at present. Seventeen plant samples from two sites along the central western margin collectively date to 4700 and 5100 cal yr BP and strongly indicate that current ice cap retreat is unprecedented over the past ∼ 5 millennia. Seventeen vegetation samples interbedded in a nearby clastic sedimentary sequence suggest ice-free conditions at this site from ∼ 5200 to at least ∼ 7000 cal yr BP, and place minimum constraint on early- to mid-Holocene ice cap extent.     

Paleoclimate reconstruction based on the timing of speleothem growth and oxygen and carbon isotope composition in a cave located in the rain shadow in Israel

High-resolution ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U ages and δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C compositions of speleothems in Ma’ale Efrayim Cave located to the east of the central mountain ridge of Israel enable us to examine the nature of the rain shadow aridity during glacial and interglacial intervals. Speleothem growth occurred during marine glacial isotopic periods, with no growth during the two last marine isotope interglacial intervals and during the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum. This contrasts with speleothem growth in caves located on the western flank of the central mountain ridge, in the Eastern Mediterranean semiarid climatic zone, which continued throughout the last 240,000 yr. Thus, during glacial periods water reached both sides of the central mountain ridge. A comparison of the present-day rain and cave water isotopic compositions and amounts at the Ma’ale Efrayim Cave site with those on the western flank shows that evaporation and higher temperatures on the eastern flank are major influences on isotopic composition and the lack of rainfall. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C profiles of the speleothems deposited between 67,000 and 25,000 yr B.P. match the general trends of the isotopic profiles of Soreq Cave speleothems, suggesting a similar source (eastern Mediterranean Sea) and similar climatic conditions. Thus, during glacial periods the desert boundary effectively migrated further south or east from its present-day location on the eastern flank, whereas interglacial periods appear to have been similar to the present, with the desert boundary at the same position. The decrease in overall temperature and a consequent reduction in the evaporation to precipitation ratios on the eastern flank are viewed as the major factors controlling the decay of the rain shadow effect during glacial periods.     

Heinrich event 4 and Dansgaard/Oeschger events 5–10 recorded by high-resolution speleothem oxygen isotope data from central China

A 50-yr resolution reconstruction of climate and environment variability during the period 43–14 ka was developed using 26 high-precision U/Th dates and 390 oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) data of a stalagmite (SJ1) collected from Songjia Cave in central China, which is close to the northwestern boundary of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM). The δ¹⁸O record in SJ1 displays significant millennial-scale changes that correlate well in timing and duration with Dansgaard/Oeschger (D/O) events 5–10 and Heinrich event 4 (H4) identified in high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Four ²³⁰Th dates constrain the H4 event precisely to the period of 39.7 to 38.3 ka. Notable centennial variations of the ASM activity could be observed within the H4 event. The magnitude and duration of D/O event 4.1 recorded in SJ1 are similar to those archived in east China but different from those documented in southwest China, suggesting that the manifestation of this event may be regionally different. The timing, duration and structure of D/O events 5–10 and Heinrich event 4 suggest that temperature changes in both hemispheres have exerted significant influences on the ASM variations in central China.     

Late Holocene inter-annual temperature variability reconstructed from the δ18O of archaeological Ostrea angasi shells

Two multi-year oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) records were obtained from archaeological Ostrea angasi shells, confirming the potential of this species to provide valuable environmental records for the late Holocene period in southeastern Australia. High-resolution δ¹⁸O_shell samples from the O. angasi clearly display a seasonal variability, offering insight into past climate conditions in a region where such information is presently limited.

The oxygen isotope record in O. angasi reflects a combined temperature–salinity signal. Observations of δ¹⁸O_shell data from modern specimens are used as a point of reference to assist in decoupling these two influences, with the two archaeological samples compared with the δ¹⁸O_shell profile of four modern O. angasi. Assuming similar paleo- δ¹⁸O_water values at the collection sites, data from these archaeological shells present a record of temperatures during the period of their growth that are consistently lower than modern day, with mean annual temperatures ～2°C cooler.     

Hydration properties of bentonites from Cabo de Gata (SE, Spain). Isotopic study (O/O; H/H) of the hydration water

The aim of this study is to determine the isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) of interstitial water in bentonites. The study had been carried out from adsorbed vapour in homoionic bentonites. We have worked with the fraction <20 μm of a bentonite from Serrata de Níjar (Almería, Spain). Homoionic sodium and calcium bentonites were prepared as well as variable quantities of exchangeable Na/Ca (75Ca/25Na; 50Ca/50Na; 25Ca/75Na), by mixing pure sodium and calcium suspensions in the appropriate quantities. To carry out the hydration of the samples, every one of them was previously dried at 300 °C overnight, they were subjected to controlled saturation conditions in an atmosphere of different relative humidity and at a constant temperature of 20 °C, until equilibrium was achieved. The different vapour pressures were: P/P_o = 0.05; P/P_o = 0.078; P/P_o = 0.15; P/P_o = 0.32; P/P_o = 0.45; P/P_o = 0.63; P/P_o = 0.8; P/P_o = 1, obtained from the saturated solutions of different salts or sulphuric acid.The saturation water was extracted for isotopic analysis from an aliquot of a saturated sample. The technique used was vacuum extraction based on a modification of the one described by Araguás-Araguás et al. (1995).The differentiation between the isotopes of ¹⁸O and ²H from interstitial water in the bentonite samples, depending on the different relative humidity, may affect the ions diffusion in the interstitial solutions, since in those from low relative humidities, there could be a higher diffusion velocity as they are formed by molecules of light isotopes, versus interstitial solutions from higher relative humidities or those near saturation. This fact should be taken into account in studies on cation and solute transport from these solutions inside bentonite, even though it is important to continue studying and corroborating it with a larger number of solutions isotopically marked.     

青藏高原降水中稳定氧同位素研究进展

稳定氧同位素（δ18O）在冰芯研究中能够很好地反映气候变化,尤其是气温变化的一项重要指标。研究青藏高原降水中δ18O为科学的解释冰芯中δ18O记录具有重要的指示意义。分别介绍了青藏高原季风区、非季风区以及季风区和非季风区的过渡区降水中δ18O研究历史和现状,并对该领域未来的研究趋势进行了展望。     

水稳定同位素示踪的冰川流域水文模拟及不确定性研究

水文模拟不确定性长期以来是制约寒区水文发展的瓶颈问题。水稳定同位素示踪为认识冰川流域径流过程提供了重要“指纹”信息,但仍缺乏有效模型将该信息与冰川水文模型耦合,而且同位素信息对冰川流域水文模型不确定性的约束效果也有待检验。将水稳定同位素信息（δ¹⁸O）与冰川流域水文模型FLEX^G相耦合,实现对冰川流域水稳定同位素和径流过程的耦合建模（FLEX^G-iso）,并在乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川流域进行模拟检验和径流分割。结果表明：模型不仅对2013—2016年径流过程有良好的模拟效果,还可以重现水稳定同位素、冰川物质平衡等重要过程。利用水稳定同位素这一辅助数据,提高了模型参数的识别能力,减少了模拟过程中各水源的相互妥协效应和不确定性范围。2013—2016年1号冰川断面径流32%~34%来自融雪,48%~51%来自融冰,0%~7%来自地下水,12%~15%来自降雨径流。水稳定同位素对雪和冰川相关中间过程有明显的约束能力,原有模型对融冰贡献的模拟偏高约7%。FLEX^G-iso模型的建立有助于推动寒区水文学理论和方法的发展,以及寒区水资源、生态环境保护等相关决策制定。     

地下水中高锰酸盐指数和硝酸根铵根稳定性研究

高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、硝酸根(NO-3)、铵根(NH+4)是判断水体是否受到三氮污染的重要指标。对于测定这三个指标的水样保存方式和时间,地质行业标准和国内外主要国家标准间存在明显差异。地质行业标准规定地下水样品原水室温保存,CODMn和NH+4在3天内测定;NO-3在20天内测定;国家标准和美国标准推荐样品硫酸酸化,避光或冷藏保存,在2~7天内完成CODMn和NO-3和1~7天内完成NH+4测试。为了分析各类标准在样品保存要求上的差异对检测结果的影响,确保检测数据能真实地反映水体污染状况,找寻简便的保存方式,本文在广州地区采集地下水,按照地质行业标准与国家标准进行处理和保存,并在不同时间段对三个指标进行测试。分析验证结果表明:地质行业标准与国家和美国标准关于水样的保存方法均非常可靠。地质行业标准主要针对静态地下水,保存方法相对宽松;国家标准和美国标准适用范围除了地下水,还包括动态的地表水和废水,采样对象成分更为复杂,更不稳定,更容易受外界影响发生变化,故保存条件高于地质标准。在广州地区,采用原水室温避光保存水样,CODMn、NH+4保存时间可为5天,NO-3保存时间可为30天;采用酸化水室温保存水样,CODMn、NO-3和NH+4保存时间可长达30天。这两种方式均比地质行业标准和国家标准推荐的有效时间长,且原水和酸化水室温保存方式相对于冷藏保存方式更为方便。本文提出,如果采集的水样能方便、快速送达实验室,可采用原水保存;如果不能在短时间内送达实验室检测,可采用硫酸酸化保存。     

Evidence from Ar/Ar Ages of Individual Hornblende Grains for Varying Laurentide Sources of Iceberg Discharges 22,000 to 10,500 yr B.P.

The abundance and lithic content of ice rafted detritus in glacial North Atlantic sediment cores vary abruptly on millennial time scales that have been correlated to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles in the Greenland ice cores. There is growing evidence that various ice sheet outlets contributed increased iceberg fluxes at multiple discrete intervals, and the relative timing of iceberg discharges from different sources is important for understanding interactions between oceans and ice sheets. We present a provenance study based on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates of individual hornblende grains from 20 samples taken at 600 to 700 yr spacing between 10,500 and 22,000 yr B.P., from Orphan Knoll core EW9303-GGC31. Heinrich layers are characterized by a dominant Paleoproterozoic hornblende provenance consistent with published studies. A change in provenance between Heinrich events H2 and H1 indicates contributions of iceberg calving from the Newfoundland and southern Labrador margins. Between H1 and the Younger Dryas interval, Paleoproterozoic ice rafted grains remained dominant. The dominance of Baffin Island (or Greenland?) sources to the ice rafted detritus is ascribed to the retreat of the southern Laurentide ice sheet at about the time of H1—a retreat that isolated Newfoundland and southern Labrador ice from the shelf-slope boundary.     

Exposure ages from relict lateral moraines overridden by the Fennoscandian ice sheet

Lateral moraines constructed along west to east sloping outlet glaciers from mountain centred, pre-last glacial maximum (LGM) ice fields of limited extent remain largely preserved in the northern Swedish landscape despite overriding by continental ice sheets, most recently during the last glacial. From field evidence, including geomorphological relationships and a detailed weathering profile including a buried soil, we have identified seven such lateral moraines that were overridden by the expansion and growth of the Fennoscandian ice sheet. Cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al exposure ages of 19 boulders from the crests of these moraines, combined with the field evidence, are correlated to episodes of moraine stabilisation, Pleistocene surface weathering, and glacial overriding. The last deglaciation event dominates the exposure ages, with ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al data derived from 15 moraine boulders indicating regional deglaciation 9600 ± 200 yr ago. This is the most robust numerical age for the final deglaciation of the Fennoscandian ice sheet. The older apparent exposure ages of the remaining boulders (14,600-26,400 yr) can be explained by cosmogenic nuclide inheritance from previous exposure of the moraine crests during the last glacial cycle. Their potential exposure history, based on local glacial chronologies, indicates that the current moraine morphologies formed at the latest during marine oxygen isotope stage 5. Although numerous deglaciation ages were obtained, this study demonstrates that numerical ages need to be treated with caution and assessed in light of the geomorphological evidence indicating moraines are not necessarily formed by the event that dominates the cosmogenic nuclide data.     

Distinct climate change synchronous with Heinrich event one, recorded by stable oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions in stalagmites from China

Uranium-series dating of oxygen and carbon isotope records for stalagmite SJ3 collected in Songjia Cave, central China, shows significant variation in past climate and environment during the period 20-10 ka. Stalagmite SJ3 is located more than 1000 km inland of the coastal Hulu Cave in East China and more than 700 km north of the Dongge Cave in Southwest China and, despite minor differences, displays a clear first-order similarity with the Hulu and Dongge records. The coldest climatic phase since the Last Glacial Maximum, which is associated with the Heinrich Event 1 in the North Atlantic region, was clearly recorded in SJ3 between 17.6 and 14.5 ka, in good agreement in timing, duration and extent with the records from Hulu and Dongge caves and the Greenland ice core. The results indicate that there have been synchronous and significant climatic changes across monsoonal China and strong teleconnections between the North Atlantic and East Asia regions during the period 20-10 ka. This is much different from the Holocene Optimum which shows a time shift of more than several thousands years from southeast coastal to inland China. It is likely that temperature change at northern high latitudes during glacial periods exerts stronger influence on the Asian summer monsoon relative to insolation and appears to be capable of perturbing large-scale atmospheric/oceanic circulation patterns in the Northern Hemisphere and thus monsoonal rainfall and paleovegetation in East Asia. Climatic signals in the North Atlantic region propagate rapidly to East Asia during glacial periods by influencing the winter land-sea temperature contrast in the East Asian monsoon region.     

神农架三宝洞倒数第二次冰期高分辨率石笋δ13C记录

基于神农架三宝洞两支石笋24个230Th年龄以及637个δ13C测试数据,建立了倒数第二次冰期191±1.8～133±0.6kaB.P.时段洞穴石笋高分辨率δ13C的时间序列.在冰期/间冰期尺度上,δ13C值振幅达4.5％,整体变化趋势与全球冰量曲线类似.在倒数第二次冰期,石笋δ13C记录揭示出一系列较大振荡幅度的千年...     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川浅冰芯记录的气候环境信息

2006年6月在祁连山西段大雪山的老虎沟12号冰川钻取了一支20.12m的浅冰芯,对冰芯中化学组成成分的浓度变化特征和来源分析进行了研究.结果表明,冰芯中δ18 O和可溶性离子含量变化均显示了明显的周期性变化,δ18 O与祁连山西段温度有很好的正相关关系.通过相关分析和HYS-PLIT后向轨迹分析表明,老虎沟12号冰川...     

负热电离质谱法测试硼同位素与大气pCO2的重建

海洋有孔虫的硼同位素能够反映海水酸碱度值的变化,为研究大气CO₂浓度在长时间尺度上的变化提供了一种新的手段,甚至可能超出冰芯所能企及的范围。天然样品中硼同位素的测定方法最为常用的是热电离质谱法,分为正热电离质谱法与负热电离质谱法。目前海洋有孔虫硼同位素分析主要应用负热电离质谱法,该方法最大的优点是所需要的样品量比较小（＜1ng B),实验精度却相对比较高(0.6‰～2.0‰;  2sd.)。近年来,基于常规负热电离质谱法发展的全蒸发负热电离质谱法通过分析完所有样品而有效降低分析过程中所发生的分馏效应所带来的影响,并使样品的信号最大化,该方法精度能够达到0.7‰(2s.d.)。本文详细介绍了常规负热电离质谱法和全蒸发负热电离质谱法的各个分析步骤,包括样品前处理、涂样、质谱分析、同质异位素干扰以及实验分析精度等方面。随着实验分析技术的进展,海洋有孔虫硼同位素已被用来重建长时间尺度(百万年和千万年)和短时间尺度(冰期-间冰期)的大气CO₂浓度变化。现有的研究证实利用海洋浮游有孔虫硼同位素重建的大气CO₂浓度变化与Vostok冰芯记录的大气CO₂浓度变化吻合地很好。     

好氧不产氧光合细菌反馈作用下的五里峡水库坝前水体化学特征研究

微生物是水体生物地球化学循环的主要驱动者,也是能量代谢的主要参与者,在水体生态系统多样性与稳定性方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。好氧不产氧光合细菌(AAPB)是水体中一类分布广泛的重要功能类群,它们可利用光能补充自身能量代谢,并影响水体化学组分,其重要性被人们广泛认可并深入研究。为探讨岩溶区AAPB反馈作用下的五里峡水库坝前水体化学特征,本文对坝前不同层位水体进行实地监测,在获得不同层位水体溶解有机碳和颗粒有机碳稳定碳同位素特征的基础上,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测、研究了坝前水体不同层位AAPB分布规律。结果表明:取样期五里峡水库坝前水体为HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)贫-中营养型;通过水体溶解氧、δ~(13)CPOC、δ~(13)CDOC和碳氮比综合分析得出,坝前水体有机碳主要由微型生物产生;AAPB占总浮游细菌的相对丰度范围在1.33%~1.60%,且AAPB在不同层位的丰度变化强度要高于总浮游细菌的丰度变化强度,表明相较于总浮游细菌,AAPB对水化学特征的反馈作用更加敏感;使用典范对应分析可揭示水体理化性质与AAPB的内在联系,结果显示AAPB和总浮游细菌均受浊度的影响较大,故基于颗粒沉降的海洋微生物泵作用也适用于陆地岩溶水库。因而,AAPB反馈作用下的水化学特征对揭示CO_2-水-碳酸盐岩-微生物代谢体系具有重要的启示意义。     

Coral δO records as an indicator of winter monsoon intensity in the South China Sea

We have used correlative analysis between mean December-January-February winter wind velocities, measured at the Xisha Meteorological Observatory (16°50′N, 112°20′E) in the middle of the South China Sea, and mean δ¹⁸O data for the corresponding month from Porites lutea coral, collected in Longwan waters (19°20′N, 110°39′E), to obtain a linear equation relating the two datasets. This winter wind velocity for the South China Sea (WMII_scs) can then be correlated to the coral δ¹⁸O by the equation WMII_scs = −1.213-1.351 δ¹⁸O (‰ PDB), r = −0.60, n = 40, P = 0.01. From this, the calculated WMII_scs-δ18O series from 1944 to 1997 tends to decrease during the 1940s to the 1960s; it increases slightly during the 1970s and then decreases again in the 1980s and 1990s. The calculated decadal mean WMII_scs-δ18O series had a obvious decrease from 5.92 to 4.63 m/s during the period of 1944-1997. The calculated yearly mean WMII_scs-δ18O value is 5.58 m/s from 1944 to 1976 and this decreases to 4.85 m/s from 1977 to 1998. That is the opposite trend to the observed yearly mean SST variation. The yearly mean SST anomaly is −0.27° from 1943 to 1976 and this increases to +0.16° from 1977 to 1998. Spectral analysis used on a 54-year-long calculated WMII_scs-δ18O series produces spectral peaks at 2.4-7 yr, which can be closely correlated with the quasibiennial oscillation band (QBO band, 2-2.4 yr) and the El Ñino southern oscillation band (ENSO band, 3-8 yr). Hence most of the variability of the winter monsoon intensity in the middle of the South China Sea is mainly constrained by changes in the thermal difference between the land and the adjoining sea area, perhaps due to global warming.     

冰川冰内及冰下水系研究综述

冰内及冰下水系的形成与演化具有时空变化性,对冰川汇水储水及径流过程产生影响,与之紧密联系的冰下水文过程(水力状况)与冰川运动、冰川侵蚀及冰川洪水形成等过程息息相关。冰内及冰下水系空间结构和形态复杂,且不同于一般喀斯特水文系统,具有明显的季节变化性,其空间分布和水力状况会因外界水体输入(降水和冰雪融水)的变化而改变。冰内及冰下水系的变化通过影响汇流对冰川融水的径流过程产生影响,冰川区一些溃决洪水事件的发生与冰内及冰下蓄水的突然释放有很大关系。冰川蓄排水还通过改变冰下水力条件来影响冰川运动,反之冰川运动不仅影响蓄排水过程的转换效率,且通过改变冰川消融强度(冰体向下游消融区输送速率的变化)影响冰川排水系统的空间分布范围。在气候变暖及冰川变化的背景下,研究冰内冰下水系演化的时空特征及其影响具有重要科学意义。综述了目前国内外针对冰川冰内及冰下水系相关研究的进展及主要成果,并对该领域的研究前景进行了展望。