DIAGNOSIS OF WAVE ACTIVITY OVER RAINBAND OF LANDFALL TYPHOON

A generalized wave-activity density, which is defined as an absolute value of production of three-dimensional vorticity vector perturbation and gradient of general potential temperature perturbation, is introduced and its wave-activity law is derived in Cartesian coordinates. Constructed in an agoestrophic and nonhydrostatic dynamical framework, the generalized wave-activity law may be applicable to diagnose mesoscale weather systems leading to heavy rainfall. The generalized wave-activity density and wave-activity flux divergence were calculated with the objective analysis data to investigate the character of wave activity over heavy-rainfall regions. The primary dynamical processes responsible for disturbance associated with heavy rainfall were also analyzed. It was shown that the generalized wave-activity density was closely correlated to the observed 6-h accumulative rainfall. This indicated that the wave activity or disturbance was evident over the frontal and landfall-typhoon heavy-rainfall regions in middle and lower troposphere. For the landfall-typhoon rainband, the portion of generalized wave-activity flux divergence, denoting the interaction between the basic-state cyclonic circulation of landfall typhoon and mesoscale waves, was the primary dynamic process responsible for the evolution of generalized wave-activity density.     

“7.21” 暴雨过程动力因子分析和预报研究

针对2012年7月21～22日发生在我国华北地区的暴雨过程,利用美国全球预报系统资料对湿热力平流参数、对流涡度矢量的垂直分量、热力波作用密度、热力位涡波作用密度、热力位势散度波作用密度和湿斜压涡度等动力因子进行计算和诊断分析,结果表明,该暴雨过程是由高、低空急流、高空槽、副热带高压、冷锋和辐合切变线等多个天气系统共同作用造成的。降水区具有垂直上升运动强烈,垂直热量输送明显,湿等熵面向下伸展和水平风垂直切变显著等动、热力学特征。湿热力平流参数等动力因子综合反映了上述动、热力垂直结构特征,因而与6小时观测降水的发展移动有一定相关性。全球预报系统48小时预报的动力因子高值区在走向和落区上与6小时观测降水区比较接近,代表动力因子对降水落区有一定的指示意义。利用全球预报系统的预报场资料对动力因子暴雨预报方程进行计算,结果表明,在降水中心位置预报方面,动力因子降水预报比全球预报系统本身的降水预报更接近观测实况。ETS（Equitable Threat Score）评分计算表明,对于降水的早期预报,动力因子降水预报评分略高于全球预报系统本身的降水预报评分,说明动力因子暴雨预报方程有一定的降水预报能力,可以应用到实际天气业务预报中。     

Analysis of Pseudomomentum Wave-Activity Density in a Heavy Rainfall Event in East China

Taking into account moisture in virtue of general potential temperature,the author derive a three-dimensional(3D) pseudomomentum wave-activity relation for the moist atmosphere from the primitive equations in Cartesian coordinates using the Momentum-Casimir method.Since the wave-activity relation is constructed in an ageostrophic and non-hydrostatic dynamical framework,it may be applicable to diagnosing the evolution and propagation of mesoscale systems leading to heavy rainfall.The theoretical analysis shows that,besides the local change of wave-activity flux divergence and source or sink,the wave-activity relation includes two additional forcing terms.The first is the zonal gradient of difference between general potential temperature and potential temperature perturbations,and the second is the covariance of the solenoid and gradient of water vapor,denoting the direct influence of moisture on wave-activity density.The wave-activity density was applied to a heavy precipitation event occurring in the Jianghuai region of China.The calculation showed that the wave-activity density was consistent with 6-h accumulated precipitation observations,in terms of both spatial distribution and temporal tendency.This suggested that the disturbance represented by wave-activity density was closely related to the heavy precipitation.Although the wave-activity flux divergence and the covariance of the solenoid and gradient of water vapor made the primary contribution to the local change of wave-activity density,the covariance was more remarkable.The zonal gradient of difference between general potential temperature and potential temperature perturbations made a weaker contribution to the waveactivity density.     

Potential Deformation and Its Application to the Diagnosis of Heavy Precipitation in Mesoscale Convective Systems

Many observational studies have shown that deformation, like vertical vorticity and divergence, is closely related to the occurrence and distribution of strong precipitation. In this paper, to involve deformation in precipitation diagnosis, a new parameter called potential deformation(PD) is derived and then applied to precipitation detection within a simulated mesoscale convective system(MCS). It is shown that PD includes both stretching deformation and shearing deformation and shares similar characteristics with deformation insofar as it does not change with the rotating coordinate. Diagnosis of the simulated MCS reveals that PD performs well in tracing the MCS' precipitation. In terms of their distributional pattern, the large-value areas of PD are similar to the precipitation in the different development stages of the MCS. A detailed analysis of the physical processes contained within the PD shows that it can reflect the three-dimensional moisture variation,vertical wind shear and wind deformation within the MCS. These structures are usually a comprehensive reflection of the characteristics of the surface cold pool, rear inflow jet, downward cold air flow and upward warm moist flow within the precipitating convective cells. For this reason, the PD shows much stronger anomalies in the precipitating atmosphere than the non-precipitating atmosphere, which implies considerable potential for its application in detecting heavy precipitation within MCSs.     

广义湿位涡理论及其应用研究

押重点介绍了诊断暴雨落区与强度的广义湿位涡理论研究方面的两个内容,一是由于暴雨系统中强降水引起的质量亏空导致的暴雨系统中质量强迫下的湿位涡异常理论,二是非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡理论;对暴雨系统中质量强迫的物理意义和非均匀饱和大气中的广义位温引入的思路与意义作了详细说明,并对位涡理论作了细致推导。在此基础上,针对暴雨个例,利用质量强迫的湿位涡异常和非均匀饱和广义湿位涡异常诊断了暴雨落区,从理论和诊断上论证了利用这两种湿位涡异常判断暴雨落区的可行性。     

Application of the Energy-Casimir Method to the Study of Mesoscale Disturbance Stability

Taking into account the effect of moisture, we derive a three-dimensional pseudoenergy wave-activity relation for moist atmosphere from the primitive zonal momentum and total energy equations in Cartesian coordinates by using the energy-Casimir method. In the derivation, a Casimir function is introduced, which is a single-wlue function of virtual potential temperature. Since the pseudoenergy wave-activity relation is constructed in the ageostrophic and nonhydrostatic dynamical framework, it may be applicable to diagnosing the stability of mesoscale disturbance systems in a steady-stratified atmosphere. The theoretical analysis shows that the wave-activity relation takes a nonconservative form in which the pseudoenergy wave-activity density is composed of perturbation kinetic energy, available potential energy, and buoyant energy. The local change of pseudoenergy wave-activity density depends on the combined effects of zonal basic flow shear, Coriolis force work and wave-activity source or sink as well as wave-activity flux divergence. The diagnosis shows that horizontal distribution and temporal trend of pseudoenergy wave-activity density are similar to those of the observed 6-h accumulated surface rainfall. This suggests that the pseudoenergy wave-activity density is capable of representing the dynamical and thermodynamic features of mesoscale precipitable systems in the mid-lower troposphere, so it is closely related to the observed surface rainfall. The calculation of the terms in the wave-activity relation reveals that the wave-activity flux divergence shares a similar temporal trend with the local change of pseudoenergy wave-activity density and the observed surface rainfall. Although the terms of zonal basic flow shear and Coriolis force contribute to the local change of pseudoenergy wave-activity density, the contribution from the wave-activity flux divergence is much more significant.     

Energy-Casimir方法在中尺度扰动稳定性研究中的应用

考虑湿空气中的水汽效应,引进Casimir函数(它是虚位温的单值函数),在x方向动量方程和总能量方程的基础上,采用Energy-Casimir方法建立了三维非地转平衡和非静力平衡的拟能量波作用方程,由于该方程建立在非地转平衡和非静力平衡的动力框架下,因此可用于讨论层结稳定大气内中尺度扰动系统的发展演变.理论分析表明,拟能量波作用方程具有非守恒形式,其中的拟能量波作用密度主要由扰动动能、有效化能和浮力能三部分组成;拟能量波作用密度局地变化除了受拟能量波作用通量散度影响之外,纬向基本气流切变、科氏力作功以及山非绝热加热和水汽相变所构成的波作用源汇项对其也都有贡献.诊断分析结果表明,对流层中低层的拟能量波作用密度与观测的6 h累积地面降水在水平空间分布和时间演变趋势上比较接近,说明拟能量波作用密度能够较好地抓住强降水区上空对流层中低层动力场和热力场的扰动特征,并在一定程度上可以有效地表征降水系统的发展演变,因而与地面降水量存在紧密联系.波作用方程各项的计算分析表明,波作用通量散度与拟能量波作用密度局地变化的倾向以及强降水区的变化比较一致,并且在强度上强于纬向基本气流切变项和科氏力作功项,因此波作用通量散度对拟能量波作用密度的局地变化具有重要贡献.     

集合动力因子暴雨预报方法研究

介绍了广义位温、湿热力平流参数、热力螺旋度、热力散度垂直通量、广义湿位涡、力管涡度、热力力管涡度、二级位涡、对流涡度矢量和波作用密度等宏观物理量的定义及其物理意义。个例分析表明,这些动力因子与降水系统发展演变密切相关,对地面观测降水有一定的指示作用。这主要是因为：（1）这些因子能够描述降水系统的动、热力垂直结构等共性特征;f2）这些因子大部分包含广义位温,而广义位温又与凝结潜热和相对湿度有关,因而这些因子也能描述降水系统的水汽场结构特点。以这些动力因子为基础建立了集合动力因子预报方法,该方法首先建立以GFS预报场资料为基础的单动力因子降水预报方程,然后根据其与观测降水的相关性,定义权重函数,对多个动力因子的降水预报进行权重平均,最后得到集合动力因子的降水预报。该预报方法可以充分发挥多个动力因子的优势,比较全面地反映暴雨过程的共性特征。长时间序列的统计检验表明,集合动力因子的降水预报评分略高于全球预报系统（GFS）模式自身的降水预报评分,表现在降水落区预报方面,集合动力因子的预报效果略优于GFS模式的自身预报,然而,在降水强度预报方面,集合动力因子和GFS模式都略有过度预报。集合动力因子预报方法计算量小,容易移植,可以提供降水预报产品,为预报员做暴雨预报提供支持。     

On the Significance and Use of the Generalized Moist Potential Vorticity Equation

In this paper,the continuity and thermodynamic equations including moisture forcings were derived.Using these two equations and the basic momentum equation of local Cartesian coordinates,the budget equation of generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) was derived.The GMPV equation is a good generalization of the Ertel potential vorticity(PV) and moist potential vorticity(MPV) equations.The GMPV equation is conserved under adiabatic,frictionless,barotropic,or saturated atmospheric conditions,and it is closely associated with the horizontal frontogenesis and stability of the real atmosphere.A real case study indicates that term diabatic heating could be a useful diagnostic tool for heavy rainfall events.     

太行山地形在“7·19”华北持续性低涡暴雨中的作用北大核心

本文对2016年“7·19”华北特大暴雨进行观测分析和数值模拟,并设置了改变地形高度的敏感性试验,以探究该过程降水系统的发生发展机制以及太行山地形的作用。结果表明:(1)本次强降水过程发生在“东高西低”的有利环流形势下,受太行山地形和平原环流系统影响,低层东风急流造成强的对流性降水和低涡作用的叠置造成“7·19”华北地区持续性暴雨的维持和加强;(2)第一阶段为对流性降水,太行山东麓大气对流不稳定能量释放,大气逐渐转为稳定层结;第二阶段为低涡降水,涡度收支分析表明水平散度项和扭转项对低涡维持和发展起到了主要的正贡献,同时伴随有较强的上升运动和垂直风切变,垂直风切变的增强促使水平涡度向垂直涡度转变;(3)太行山地形在持续性暴雨中对两阶段降水、低涡和水汽的作用存在差异。地形高度敏感性试验中,地形高度增高对低层气流的阻挡和强迫抬升作用增强,使得地形降水增强,低涡路径东移,且强度增大。水平散度项使得对流层低层辐合上升运动增强,造成涡度的垂直输送,这是低涡发展和维持的重要原因之一。太行山地形阻挡截留东部平原水汽,且水汽回流加强,有利于太行山东麓水汽的输送与辐合。     

非均匀饱和广义湿位涡在暴雨分析与预测中的应用

考虑实际大气非均匀饱和特性, 通过引入广义位温及广义湿位涡方程, 对华北暴雨和江淮梅雨锋暴雨的发生及落区进行了广义湿位涡异常的诊断分析, 表明暴雨形成时大气低层有广义湿位涡的异常出现。对广义湿位涡倾向的计算表明:它对暴雨的发生有一定指示作用, 因而可利用广义湿位涡的异常来识别暴雨的出现。     

A Review of Potential Vorticity and its Possible Application in the moist Atmospheric Flow

Potential vorticity (PV) has been served as a powerful and useful dynamic tracer for the understanding of the large-scale dynamics and synoptic variations in the atmosphere and oceans. Significant progress has been made on the application of PV. In recent decades there has been a substantial amount of work done on PV in a general moist atmosphere. In this paper PV and the generalized moist potential vorticity (GMPV) and their application in the tropical cyclones and mesoscale meteorological field are reviewed. The GMPV is derived for a real atmosphere (neither totally dry nor saturated) by introducing a generalized potential temperature instead of the potential temperature or equivalent potential temperature. Such a generalization can depict the moist effect on PV anomaly in the non-uniformly saturated atmosphere. A new convective vorticity vector (CVV) is introduced in connection with GMPV in order to diagnose the development of tropical deep convections.     

广义湿位涡与暴雨落区预报的诊断分析

探讨了广义湿位涡理论及其倾向方程在暴雨落区预报方面的可应用性,为非均匀饱和广义湿位涡理论的业务应用提供了新的思路。 资料诊断结果表明, 非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡虽然不具有守恒性, 但由于其体现了实际大气的非均匀饱和特性,尤其是水汽梯度效应的引入,使得广义湿位涡的异常在对流层低层能比较清楚地反映出暴雨发生时期的高水汽集中的特性和机制,有效地反映出暴雨区以及暴雨落区的变化。      

华东地区强对流降水过程湿斜压涡度的诊断分析

湿斜压涡度(Moist Baroclinic Vorticity,MBV)、湿热力斜压涡度(Moist Thermodynamic Baroclinic Vorticity,MTBV)及湿位涡(Moist Potential Vorticity,MPV)是能够完整表征涡度三维信息的物理量,其中MBV代表切变风对湿比容的平流输送作用,MTBV反映了垂直气压梯度、对流稳定度、风垂直切变与湿比容水平梯度之间的耦合效应。本文利用这些物理量对2009年8月17日发生在华东地区的一次强对流降水过程进行了诊断分析。该过程是在高空急流、中层浅槽和低空切变线的密切配合下产生的,共经历了"团状结构—带状结构—团状结构"三个发展阶段。诊断结果表明,MPV、MBV和MTBV的异常值区与降水落区有较好的对应关系;随着强对流降水的发展演变,MPV、MBV和MTBV都产生了相应的变化,MPV、MBV和MTBV对降水和对流系统有追踪指示意义。相对而言,在反映降水强度变化方面,MBV和MTBV比MPV更具优势。     

南疆西部干旱区两次极端暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、ERA5分析场数据等资料,对南疆西部两次极端暴雨过程的环境条件和形成机理进行对比分析,以更深入理解南疆极端降水特征和产生机制。两次过程分别发生在春季和夏季,高层环流存在显著差异,南亚高压分别呈东部型和双体型,但配合中层的“阶梯槽”形势,均为极端降水提供了特殊有利的环流背景。低空700～850 hPa偏东急流是南疆西部极端降水发生的重要天气系统,其不但是暴雨发生地主要水汽通道,还与地形形成强烈辐合,是极端降水重要的触发和水汽集中机制。引入二阶湿位涡对两次暴雨过程的非均匀特征及可能产生机制进行了对比分析。结果表明,二阶湿位涡高值区与降水的发展演变呈现较高一致性,二阶湿位涡主分量包含对流稳定度与绝对涡度垂直梯度的耦合,体现极端降水大气的主要动热力结构特点:发生在2021年6月15～16日的夏季过程,极端降水区主要位于昆仑山沿线,与塔里木盆地南侧强烈的低层气旋性旋转有关,旋转促进水汽快速集中,垂直方向表现为中层负涡度叠加于正涡度之上,垂直涡度梯度显著,同时水汽抬升凝结,中层大气加湿加热,对流稳定度在垂直方向非均匀性增强,两种垂直梯度结构均有助于垂直运动增强,促进极端降水形成;发生在2020年4月17～24日的春季过程,降水主要位于南疆西部喇叭口地形区,“阶梯槽”形势造成的越山干冷气流和塔里木盆地的偏东暖湿气流辐合,形成中层正涡度带,激发上升运动,是极端降水的主要成因。     

北京“7.21”暴雨过程中变形场引起的锋生与倾斜涡度发展诊断分析

从变形场驱动锋生及通过锋生引起倾斜涡度发展的角度对变形场在北京“7.21”暴雨发生、发展过程中的可能作用机制进行了初步探讨。诊断结果发现：北京地区降水产生时,变形向量与等位温线走向一致或有较小夹角,北京地区有较强的变形场局地锋生过程。锋生函数分析发现,变形项对引发暴雨的低层锋生有重要贡献。锋生能够引发大气动力、热力结构的调整,伴随大气锋生过程的高空急流加强和转竖使得北京地区处于高空急流入口区右侧的辐散区中,其带动低层空气辐合,有助于暴雨的加强维持。分析还发现,“7.21”暴雨过程中,垂直涡度存在爆发性发展,尤其是锋面降水阶段,而大气斜压度的增长趋势与垂直涡度增长趋势十分一致。分析全型涡度方程中与变形场有关的斜压度个别变化项发现,与变形场相关的垂直涡度驱动项异常正值区与垂直涡度爆发性增长区相对应,表明变形场在北京“7.21”暴雨过程中对垂直涡度发展有重要贡献。基于变形场沿其压缩轴方向气流汇合的特点,进一步分析了加入水汽作用的水汽通量变形场与暴雨发生、发展的关系。分析结果发现,低层水汽通量变形场的正值区与暴雨具有很强的相关,且水汽通量变形场包含两部分,一部分为比湿平流,其对未来暴雨区位置有很好的指示意义;一部分为变形场项,其对水汽通量变形场分布起主要贡献。     

一次引发四川盆地南部暴雨的西南低涡湿旋转量分析

利用NCEP逐日资料和常规观测资料对2009年7月30~31日一次四川盆地南部强降雨过程进行诊断分析。结果发现:西南涡在700hPa上表现得比较明显,当发展极强时,甚至在500hPa也出现闭合环流;西南低涡涡区内均有降水发生,强降水中心位于涡区东北侧。低层水汽通量散度负值辐合区的分布不仅对相应时段降水落区指示较好,而且对于未来6h雨区分布也有一定参考性,可作为短临预警指标。强降雨区与强正涡度辐合上升运动区有较好的对应关系,对流层低层湿位涡的负值区对降水落区指示较好,强降水区出现在中高层正值MPV1下沿最强区,以及MPV2正负值交界区。      

2012年初夏滇中首场暴雨过程诊断分析

利用地面加密观测资料、多普勒天气雷达回波强度、卫星云图TBB资料和NCEP 1°×1°分析资料,应用滤波和广义位涡理论, 对2012年6月1—2日云南省中部的首场切变冷锋型暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:中尺度天气系统是该次暴雨产生的直接原因, 强降水均发生在云顶亮温等值线梯度较大一侧,回波强度空间分布不均匀,回波发展高度较低,但回波结构致密,低质心,以液态降水粒子为主,因此降水分布不均匀,但降水效率高;水汽源地为孟加拉湾;低层水汽通量辐合带与冷锋、切变线、中尺度辐合线以及β中尺度低涡位置有较好的对应关系;700 hPa,850 hPa水汽通量强辐合区中心位置叠加时,其所在区域地面降水增强;强降水区域上空中低层广义湿位涡的正异常现象体现了降水区中低层高水汽集中特征;单站上空低层的广义湿位涡正异常增加时,地面降水强度增加,反之减小;800 hPa广义湿位涡正异常区对地面降水分布有一定指示作用,但暴雨中心与广义湿位涡强中心并不完全重合。     

贵州2次暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用NCEP每日4次的1°×1°再分析资料、地面降水资料、FY-2E卫星云顶相当黑体温度资料,针对贵州2011年6月5-6日和9月30日至10月1日的2次暴雨天气过程的形成机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明：中纬度低压槽和热带低压分别为2次暴雨提供了有利的环流条件,偏南暖湿急流与干冷气流的交汇有利于激发中尺度对流系统,2次暴雨过程都伴有旺盛的中尺度对流系统发展,MCS是造成暴雨的重要原因。对流层高层强辐散、低层辐合的配合,垂直运动的增强和充足的水汽供应形成了有利于强对流活动发生发展的条件;湿位涡的水平分布对暴雨落区及发展有较好的指示意义,湿正压项和湿斜压项的恰当配合对于垂直涡度的增长和对流活动的加强有重要作用。     

两次陕北暴雨过程热力动力机制诊断

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP FNL分析资料（水平分辨率为1°×1°,时间分辨率为6 h）,对2013年7月21-22日和2014年7月8-9日两次陕北暴雨过程成因进行热力动力诊断,结果表明:两次陕北暴雨与高低空急流关系密切,暴雨带位于低空急流左侧的水汽辐合区,“0721”过程低空急流更强,在高低空急流耦合的强上升运动区（延安）出现大暴雨。降水前期,两次过程大气均存在对流不稳定,切变线触发对流,产生强降水,而其释放的凝结潜热加热形成中低层大气的热力不连续面,湿斜压性及锋生增强,造成整层饱和大气的抬升,维持强降水。“0721”过程前期对流降水的潜热释放更大,由此反馈的低空急流及锋生更强,出现大暴雨天气。广义对流涡度矢量垂直分量很好地描述了两次暴雨过程高低空急流耦合作用以及凝结潜热释放增强的锋生作用,其变化趋势能够反映降水的发展和减弱过程。暴雨出现在湿热力平流参数垂直积分大值中心及南侧的高梯度区,大值中心出现后约6 h会产生强降水,这对于强降水落区的预报有一定指示意义。