Regional and local factors in attenuation modelling: Hong Kong case study

Seismic attenuation behaviour is controlled by a large number of wave modification mechanisms. The characteristics of some of these mechanisms are specific to a local area, whilst the remainder can be generalised to the entire seismic region. Factors representing these mechanisms are often not resolved. A new attenuation modelling approach is demonstrated in this paper (using Hong Kong as a case study), to evaluate individual regional and local wave modification factors. Shear wave velocity (SWV) information for the four prevalent geological formations found in Hong Kong was first obtained: (a) at shallow depths from instrumented boreholes; (b) at depths of up to 100–200 m from measurements using the Microtremor SPatial Auto-Correlation (SPAC) technique; (c) at depths of up to 1.5 km from the monitoring of quarry blasts; and (d) at depths from 1.5 to 8 km in the hard basement rock layers from results of seismological refraction surveys. The upper-crust amplification factor calculated from the four modelled rock SWV profiles was then combined with predicted attenuation parameters to determine the upper-crust modification factor (filter function) incorporating the local wave modification characteristics associated with Hong Kong geological formations. Such functions may then be combined with the regional attenuation characteristics in that part of the South China region. A seismic attenuation model was developed by combining the upper-crust modification factor with the regional source function of intra-plate earthquakes, based on stochastic simulations. The ground shaking model developed from the presented methodology is supported by the comparison with macro-seismic data of seven historical earthquake events affecting Hong Kong.     

风化花岗岩声谱特征分析

岩石材料可视为声波的天然低通滤波器 ,声波在不同力学性质岩石材料中传播时 ,由于岩石对声波吸收程度不等因而高频声波滤除状况也不同。接收波中频率丰富程度与岩 石 的力学性质密切相关,岩石力学强度愈高,声谱中高频成分就愈丰富。反之,声谱中主要为 低频,高频分量因衰减而缺失。实验采用全数字化DB4型多波参数分析仪和计算机,对波形 数据进行FFT分析,通过接收谱和频率响应的特征来研究岩石的力学性质。声衰减研究可为 岩石、岩体强度和综合评价提供更多、更可靠的信息,是解决工程地质风化岩问题研究的一 种可行方法。     

一种改进的岩石蠕变本构模型

岩石的蠕变曲线通常可以分为衰减蠕变、稳态蠕变和加速蠕变3个阶段。经典的岩石蠕变模型通常包含牛顿黏壶而不是非牛顿黏壶,它们不能描述岩石整个蠕变过程。提出一种改进的岩石蠕变模型,该过程分为3步。首先,用非牛顿黏壶代替Kelvin模型中的牛顿黏壶,给出一种修正的Kelvin模型用来描述衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变。其次,用一种非定常、非牛顿黏壶和塑性体并联的黏塑性体,给出一种经验函数用来描述加速蠕变。再次,用描述瞬时弹性应变的虎克弹簧、修正的Kelvin模型和黏塑性体的串联,给出一种改进的岩石蠕变本构关系及相应的蠕变函数。黏塑性体关闭时,所得蠕变函数可以描述衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变。黏塑性体开启时,蠕变函数可以描述包含加速蠕变在内的3个阶段的岩石蠕变。用给出的蠕变函数拟合了不同应力下的蠕变试验数据,都给出了较好的描述,说明模型具有一定的合理性和适用性。     

特殊地质结构层状岩体微震传播规律试验研究

矿山工程地质中往往存在断层和采空区,微震信号传播经过断层和采空区时,其传播规律必然会发生改变,因此研究特殊地质结构微震信号传播规律具有重要意义。基于惠更斯原理,考虑不同层状岩体中微震波传播速度不同,建立了非均匀介质条件下微震波的波面方程,进而获得波面半径与入射角之间的关系。结合室内相似材料模型实验,验证了波面方程的适用性,同时总结了断层、采空区对微震信号传播的影响特征。研究结果表明：微震信号穿过断层的用时更长,断层的存在导致信号的能量（最大振速）发生较大幅度的衰减;微震信号穿过断层后会以原来的速度继续传播,信号能量的衰减并不会使微震信号的传播速度发生衰减;微震波穿过断层时的入射角越大,穿过断层的用时越长,信号的能量衰减越多;采空区的存在导致微震信号的传播速度发生衰减,震源与监测点之间的距离越近,采空区对微震信号相对传播速度的影响越大。     

Method of predicting tremors on the basis of seismicemission registered in exploitation workings

A method of tremor risk estimation on the basis of seismic emission registered in mining exploitation zones is presented in this paper. A considerable part of the emission registered in these conditions, is generated by mechanical devices used in the mine (miner transporters etc.). Therefore, it is not possible to evaluate the risk of mining rock-bursts properly on the basis of interpretation of emission using known theories and models describing rock mass fracturing. In a new approach presented in this paper, the tremor risk is determined on the basis of time variation of a parameter describing the attenuation of seismic vibrations of the rock medium. The attenuation is assessed from the analysis of seismic emission registered in the frequency range from 30 Hz to 1000 Hz. Information about this parameter is encapsulated in the seismic emission regardless of the means of its generation. The method of estimating the temporal variations of attenuation is based on the analysis of signal envelopes of the microseismic emission. Attenuation trends can be interpreted in a straightforward way. As the stress values keep increasing, the following processes take place in the rock mass: compaction (hardening), dilatancy (softening), and then possibly tremors. At the compaction stage attenuation values are lower, while they increase at the dilatancy stage. This mechanism has been proven in practice. Our results can be used for monitoring tremor risk.     

含采空区层状岩体微震信号传播规律试验研究

微震信号在层状岩体中传播规律的研究对于实现震源准确定位具有重要的现实意义。在天然岩体中,微震信号在岩层中传播的速度,不仅受其内部因素即岩石自身物理性质的影响,还受外部因素如地质结构面、断层及采空区等条件的影响。通过室内试验的方法对微震信号在不同岩层及采空区处的传播规律进行研究。结果表明：波速随着传播距离的增加而逐渐衰减,且岩层密度越大衰减越慢;穿过的结构面数量越多,微震信号传播速度衰减比例越大;能量的衰减与波速的衰减一致。采空区断面横截面积越大,微震信号通过的用时越长;采空区周围岩石密度、弹性模量等物理性质的数值越大,微震信号通过时衰减越少。边际谱分析结果表明：断层对频率高的微震信号阻碍作用更强。     

钻头破岩振动低频特征室内实验研究

钻头破碎岩石时会产生宽频的振动信号,不同频段的信号蕴含了不同的信息,由于高频段信号能量低、衰减大,不易检测,因此,就钻头破岩信号在低频段特征进行了研究,通过不同岩性岩样的微钻实验数据分析,发现破碎不同岩性的岩石产生的信号在低频段具有固定的频率特征。     

四川盆地火成岩发育区地震波传播规律及成像方法

多口钻井证实四川盆地西南部地区发育火成岩,火成岩主要分布在龙潭组内部,火成岩发育区地震资料存在岩下地震同相轴连续性较差、反射能量弱等现象,火成岩下屏蔽效应机理不清、岩下地震反射井震标定能量相位差异大,明确火成岩区地震波传播规律是地震资料采集、处理解释的基础。这里从地震波反射透射基本原理出发,阐述了火成岩地层的反射透射能量及对下伏地层的屏蔽机理,利用波动方程地震模拟及偏移,分析了不同火成岩分布模型对下伏地层地震信号的屏蔽作用,采用低频补偿、逆时偏移等方法改善岩下成像质量。结果表明:火成岩发育会不同程度导致下伏地层地震透射能量的衰减,纵向多套火层岩发育时,下伏地层屏蔽效应明显,发育区地震表现为类似生物礁的外形隆起、内部杂乱反射特征,下部多次反射较多且能量较强。通过低频优势频带保护处理、利用全波场波动方程偏移成像等方式可以改善岩下地震成像质量。     

Numerical Analysis of Blast-Induced Stress Waves in a Rock Mass with Anisotropic Continuum Damage Models Part 1: Equivalent Material Property Approach

Summary This paper uses the concept of anisotropic damage mechanics to analyze dynamic responses of a granite site under blasting loads. An anisotropic continuum damage model is suggested to model rock mass behavior under blasting loads. The effects of existing cracks and joints in the rock mass are considered by using equivalent rock material properties obtained from both field and laboratory test data. The anisotropic damage accumulations are simulated by continuous degradation of equivalent material stiffness and strength during loading process and are calculated using the exponential function with respect to the principal tensile strain in three directions. The suggested models are programmed and linked to an available computer program Autodyn3D through its user's subroutine capability. Stress wave propagation and damage zone in the rock mass induced by underground explosions are simulated. Numerical results of damaged area, peak particle velocity and acceleration attenuation as well as acceleration time histories and Fourier spectra are compared with those from independent field tests.     

岩体损伤问题

从微观及宏观两方面对岩体损伤的意义及性质作了阐述,介绍了连续损伤力学中有关损伤变量的定义和量度,给出了韧性、脆性、疲劳与蠕变状态下的损伤演变方程。文内除了列举几种反映岩体软化及节理裂隙性质的损伤模型外,还介绍了细观与统计损伤模型。最后简要叙述了几种损伤测量方法,包括超声衰减技术、声发射以及现代光学技术。     

基于Choi-Williams时频分布的裂缝性地层时频特征

为验证Choi-Williams能量分布时频分析方法的有效性,将其引入阵列声波测井信号处理之中。结果表明,它对于裂缝性地层具有较好的区分和识别能力,并且可以有效地抑制多频率成分信号的交叉性干扰,清晰地得到声波测井信号的时频分布性能及其特征。对于致密性地层来说,声波测井信号的各组分波均无明显的衰减。对于裂缝性地层来说,斯通利波能量会有较大幅度的衰减;破碎度更好,渗透性越好的裂缝对斯通利波的衰减影响更大;横波的衰减在渗透性更好的裂缝中更加明显。     

Regional hazard prediction of rock bursts using microseismic energy attenuation tomography in deep mining

Rock burst prediction is a worldwide challenge that we have long tried to overcome. This study tentatively proposed a method to regionally predict rock burst hazards using microseismic energy attenuation. To verify the feasibility of the proposal, first, the mechanism of microseismic energy propagation and attenuation in rock medium was explored, and dominant attenuation characteristics of microseismic waves were analyzed. Second, a spatial attenuation model of microseismic energy was established, and the average energy attenuation coefficient for each wave path was defined. A 3D seismic energy attenuation inversion algorithm was put forward, and the corresponding computation matrix was developed. Third, a continuous microseismic field investigation was carried out in a deep coal mine. Seismic energy attenuation coefficient was confirmed using the calibrated focus position and energy determination. Based on data discretization processing, energy attenuation inversion and tomography, potential rock burst hazard regions were strictly zoned in mining areas. Finally, regional prediction results obtained from the microseismic energy attenuation were compared with the direct measurement results obtained from the classical drilling dust method to verify the reliability of proposed approach. It turns out that rock burst hazard regions predicted by the microseismic energy attenuation agreed well with the objective hazardous situations. Seismic energy attenuation coefficient is a significant evaluation factor that directly mirrors the inelastic performance of rock medium. Energy attenuation coefficient threshold used for determining the rock burst hazard regions was 3.0 km^?1. Reliability of the seismic energy attenuation inversion and tomography was closely related to the spatial distribution of microseisms in a localized region. The optimum spatial density of microseisms was 0.2 m^?3. Regional rock burst prediction using microseismic energy attenuation is an effective approach for revealing potential hazardous regions in deep mining conditions. This approach improves the pertinence of geological hazard prevention and provides a beforehand reference for targeted hazard management.     

降雨渗流及干湿循环作用下红砂岩顺层边坡稳定性分析

针对红砂岩顺层岩质边坡稳定性问题,建立顺层岩质边坡力学模型,对降雨渗流条件下边坡受到的力学作用进行了计算;选取典型结构面,通过室内干湿循环试验,分析了结构面强度参数衰减规律;综合考虑降雨渗流及结构面强度弱化,对降雨渗流及干湿循环综合影响下红砂岩顺层岩质边坡稳定性进行了分析,获得了边坡稳定性衰减变化规律;通过炎汝高速公路边坡稳定性监测对理论计算结果进行了验证。结果表明,边坡受到的水力作用与后缘张拉裂隙充水高度呈正比;干湿循环作用下,结构面黏聚力呈幂指数形式衰减,内摩擦角呈二次函数衰减;边坡稳定性与后缘张拉裂隙充水高度呈线性关系,而与干湿循环呈指数关系,且干湿循环对边坡稳定性影响比后缘裂隙充水高度大;在降雨渗流及干湿循环综合作用下,边坡稳定性系数降低了约66%,较考虑单一影响因素有了大幅度降低;边坡稳定性监测结果与理论计算结果吻合较好,进一步证明了理论计算结果的正确性。     

岩土超声波测试研究进展及应用综述

超声波在岩土介质中传播时携带了许多与岩土物理力学性质有关的信息,这些信息可综合反映到声学参数如超声波速、衰减系数、波形、频率、频谱及振幅等的变化上,根据这些参数可反演得到岩土体的物理力学指标及细观结构特征,从而解决一系列的岩土工程问题。首先对超声波无损检测可以解决的岩土工程问题进行了概述。其次系统地阐述了土体和岩石(体)超声试验的研究进展:土体强度参数声学特性的试验研究、土体微结构参数的超声探测、岩石强度参数的超声测试研究、超声波速在岩石破裂方面的应用研究、超声波声波衰减在岩石材料中的应用、超声波速度和衰减各向异性的研究及超声波流体流动试验的研究。最后,笔者将超声波测试拓宽到土石混合体研究领域,探讨了不同含石量试样的波速和衰减规律,以及损伤声学参数对试样在单轴压缩作用下裂纹扩展的细观损伤特性的研究,更进一步说明了土石混合材料即不有别于土也不同于岩的特殊性。在以上研究基础上,基于超声波岩土试验国内外研究动态的总结,对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Kelvin-Voigt黏弹性介质井孔声场有限差分数值模拟与波形特征

岩石介质具有黏滞性,黏弹性介质模型相对于弹性介质模型更为接近岩石介质的真实情况。根据Kelvin-Voigt黏弹性单元体模型本构关系,推导了柱坐标系下各向同性黏弹性介质时间域交错网格有限差分方程,进行了黏弹性介质井孔声场的数值模拟。模拟结果表明：品质因子和声源中心频率对黏弹性介质中的井内外声场均有影响：井外声场和井内声场的衰减均随品质因子的增大而减小,井外声波和井内反射波振幅随之增大;井外声场的衰减随声源中心频率的增大而减小,井外声波振幅随之增大,井内声场的衰减随声源中心频率的增大而增大,井内反射波振幅随之减小。     

基于改进遗传算法的岩体结构面幂函数模型参数辨识

沿结构面的剪切滑移是工程岩体主要的破坏模式之一,选择恰当的岩体结构面本构模型是分析岩体结构面破坏的重要一环。当前常用的结构面本构模型有指数型模型、曲线型模型和幂函数型模型,其模型参数都是根据工程实际经验或室内试验所得,不能很好的模拟实际变形情况。指数型模型得出的模拟值偏大,曲线型模型得出的模拟值偏小,幂函数型模型在较低的法向应力下能较好的模拟剪切变形过程,但在较高的法向应力下得出的模拟值偏小。为此,通过改进的遗传算法对岩体结构面幂函数模型参数进行辨识,得出由"等效参数"构成的幂函数模型。实例验证结果说明,通过改进的遗传算法辨识出的由"等效参数"构成的幂函数模型能够很好的模拟实际变形情况,能够很好的适应于不同的工程实际应用。      

Numerical prediction of blast‐induced stress wave from large‐scale underground explosion

This paper presents a numerical model for predicting the dynamic response of rock mass subjected to large‐scale underground explosion. The model is calibrated against data obtained from large‐scale field tests. The Hugoniot equation of state for rock mass is adopted to calculate the pressure as a function of mass density. A piecewise linear Drucker–Prager strength criterion including the strain rate effect is employed to model the rock mass behaviour subjected to blast loading. A double scalar damage model accounting for both the compression and tension damage is introduced to simulate the damage zone around the charge chamber caused by blast loading. The model is incorporated into Autodyn3D through its user subroutines. The numerical model is then used to predict the dynamic response of rock mass, in terms of the peak particle velocity (PPV) and peak particle acceleration (PPA) attenuation laws, the damage zone, the particle velocity time histories and their frequency contents for large‐scale underground explosion tests. The computed results are found in good agreement with the field measured data; hence, the proposed model is proven to be adequate for simulating the dynamic response of rock mass subjected to large‐scale underground explosion. Extended numerical analyses indicate that, apart from the charge loading density, the stress wave intensity is also affected, but to a lesser extent, by the charge weight and the charge chamber geometry for large‐scale underground explosions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同覆盖物抑制铀尾矿氡析出的效果

对5种不同覆盖物（红土、砂、废石、砂与红土混合物、废石与红土混合物）降低铀尾矿氡析出的效果进行了现场实验研究。结果表明,不同覆盖物的效果存在较大差异,在相同覆盖厚度条件下,氡析出率降低系数是红土〉红土与废石混合物〉红土与砂混合物〉废石〉砂。表面氡析出率随覆盖物厚度增大而减小,氡析出率降低系数的对数与覆盖厚度成正比,所得到的各种覆盖物的拟合线性方程可用来评价覆盖效果。建立了各种覆盖物覆盖厚度估算的经验公式。综合考虑降氡效果、经济成本、生态环境效应,废石与红土混合物是该地区铀尾矿库最佳覆盖物。     

石膏矿岩三轴压缩蠕变特性试验研究

石膏矿开采多采用房柱法,其蠕变特性对采空区稳定性有重要影响。以荆花石膏矿为背景,利用RC-2000微机控制岩石三轴蠕变试验机,结合具体工程情况,对荆花石膏矿岩进行围压分别为0、2.5、5.0、7.5 MPa的蠕变试验。分析了所得的蠕变试验数据,选取合适的模型对试验曲线进行拟合,利用等时应力-应变曲线簇法求得在不同围压下的长期强度。分析可知,荆花石膏矿蠕变包含衰减蠕变和等速蠕变2个阶段,轴向应力较小时只出现衰减蠕变,轴向应变增大到一定程度时将出现衰减蠕变和等速蠕变2个阶段。选择西原模型对试验曲线进行拟合结果表明,西原模型能较好地描述石膏矿的蠕变力学特性,拟合相关系数R均大于0.9;在不同围压情况下长期强度与蠕变强度的比值为0.89～0.95,即围压对长期强度的影响不大。研究结论能为石膏矿采空区的稳定性分析提供依据。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的非等比强度折减方法

针对节理岩质边坡稳定性分析问题,开展了基于Hoek-Brown破坏准则的强度折减法研究。边坡的失稳过程是一个渐进累积破坏过程,破坏过程中各强度参数的衰减程度不同,在强度折减法中对应的折减系数也不同,不同折减系数间关系的确定及其综合安全系数的定义值得深入探讨。首先从岩体材料软化（硬化）特性出发,根据岩体强度参数从峰值强度到残余强度的变化规律,推导了Hoek-Brown破坏准则中3个强度参数折减系数间的数学关系式,然后以折减前后滑面上抗滑力之比定义综合安全系数来评价边坡的稳定性,最后结合算例验证了该方法的合理性,可有效应用于节理岩体边坡的稳定性分析。