华北早前寒武纪（太古宙—古元古代）岩石地层单位划分、对比及地质年代属性讨论

早前寒武纪地层发育并广泛出是华北地层区的一大特色。较老的一套以迁西（岩）群为代表的、高级变质的、太古宙早期绿岩带组成的一些岩群，之上一套以阜平群和集宁群为代表的、角闪岩相变质的、沉积岩层为主的或称孔兹岩系的一些岩群；中部（也是分布最广泛的）为一套以五台群为代表的、绿片岩相－低角闪岩相变质的、太古宙晚期绿岩带组成的一些岩群；上部为一套以滹沱群主体－豆村亚群和东冶亚群为代表的、低级变质的、沉积岩层为主（夹少量火山岩）的一些地层（群）；最上部为一套以滹沱群郭家寨亚群和白云鄂博群为代表的、轻微变质的、属山间坳陷磨粒石堆积以或山前坳陷浅海碎屑岩为主的沉积地层（群）。     

阜平群递进变质的矿物学及岩相学相标志

<正> 中国太行山地区,晚太古宙的阜平群主要发育一套保存较好的火山-沉积岩的表壳岩。以区域埋深变质占主导的变质作用大约始于2700Ma。变质等级介于麻粒岩到角闪岩相之间,随着地层的层序有递减的趋势。从老到新,阜平群的底部属麻粒岩相,下和中部属高角闪岩相,上部逐渐问低角闪岩相过渡,彼此没有明显的界线。从矿物学和岩相学研究所获得的资料为证明本区递进变质作用的特点,提供了可靠的证据。     

对河北省太古宙地层及主要构造事件的划分

应用活动观点划分麻粒岩相，高角闪岩相和低角闪岩相３个地层区。将全省太古宙地层划分为子岭片麻岩，变质火山－沉积岩系，面型英云闪长质－花岗闪长质片麻岩，ＴＴＧ型高位侵入岩套和花岗岩等５大套岩石地层，并按基本岩石地层单位建立地层序列表，对太古宙一早元古代壳运行和主要构造事件，多期变质作用等进行论述，划分出三期褶被，三期韧性剪切带，提出区域性递增变质带新概念，论证了安子岭片麻岩是最古老的的陆壳。     

崤山太古宙花岗—绿岩地体的地质特征

崤山太古宙花岗－绿岩地体由１５％的绿岩带（变质表壳岩系）和８５％的花岗质片麻岩系（变质侵入岩）组成。呈包体产出的绿岩系分为以变火山岩为主的兰树沟岩组和以变沉积岩为主的杨寺沟岩组。花岗质片麻岩包括早期富钠的ＴＴＧ质花岗岩和稍后的富钾花岗岩。晚期则有代表大陆地壳裂解的基性岩墙群侵入。文中介绍了各岩石单元的地质、地球化学特征及花岗－绿岩带的变形和变质特征,探讨了研究区太古宙的大陆地壳演化。     

阜平岩群下部Sm—Nd同位素年龄及其地质意义

阜平岩群主要分布在太行山北段,是我国太古宙重要的地层单元,并构成阜平深变质绿岩带的岩石组合。前人认为阜平岩群及其区域变质时代主要为新太古代。本次对阜平岩群下部含辉石斜长角闪岩Sm-Nd同位素年代学的详细研究,获得Sm-Nd等时线年龄3352±50Ma和平均模式年龄3374.5Ma,说明阜平岩群底界年龄接近3400Ma,从而也反映阜平深变质绿岩带形成在古—中太古代,是我国目前最老的绿岩带,也是世界上最古老的绿岩带之一。     

吉林省金矿主要成矿期成矿地质条件初析

吉林省从太古宙至新生代整个地质历史时期都产有金矿床、矿点、矿化点。根据成矿特点、成因类型将区内划分太古宙、元古宙、古生代、中生代、新生代五个金矿成矿期。其中太古宙和中生代成矿期以内生成矿为主,元古宙、古生代成矿期以外生成矿为主,内生成矿为次,新生代成矿期为外生成矿期。各成矿期成矿地喷条件是:一、太古宙金矿成矿期吉林省太古宙地层为一套变质程度较深的变质岩系,亦称绿岩花岗地体。主要出露在南部地台区。包括龙岗群(早期绿岩),为以基、中性火山岩为主的拉斑玄武岩系列;夹皮沟群(晚期绿岩),为以基、中酸性火山岩为主的拉斑一钙碱性系列。它们都含有规模不等的金矿。但主要出现在晚期绿岩一夹皮沟群中,它呈近东西带状展布在早期绿岩(龙岗群)盆     

略论我国太古宙绿岩带

作者对我国太古宙绿岩带的基本地质特征,作了概略的总结。在我国太古宙绿岩带主要分布于华北陆台区,各地出露面积较小,一般仅有数十至数百平方公里,其地层发育厚度度为2～7km。绿岩带的层序如下:底部为镁铁质火山岩;中部为安山质—长英质火山岩及火山碎屑岩;上部为沉积岩(碎屑—泥),并含有条带状含铁建造(BIF)。绿岩带变质程度较高,一般为高绿片岩—低角闪岩相。它还受到多期构造变形,平卧褶皱,韧性剪切带和推覆构造均有广泛发育。绿岩中伴生的花岗质岩石,主要为TTG岩系的奥长花岗岩—英云闪长岩—花岗闪岩系列。据现有同位素年龄资料,该花岗岩—绿岩地体形成于晚太古代。时限大约在2900—2500Ma之间。绿岩带中赋存的矿产,以金,铁为主。从绿岩带的原岩建造及地球化学特征,推测它形成于大陆裂谷带或大陆边缘活动带中。     

内蒙古大青山地区早前寒武纪变质地层的组成及特征

内蒙古大青山地区是华北克拉通北缘早前寒武纪变质杂岩发育地区，也是高级变质地层发育地区。多年来，对该区早产寒武纪变质地层的组成和划分一直存在着争议。近几年来，作者以相同或相似的岩性组合为基本填图单位，以变形变质作用特征的研究为主线，结合岩浆活动作用，原岩建造等方面的研究，通过对内蒙古大青山地区的6幅、：5万区域地质调查，提出自该区早前寒武纪变质地层自下而上可划分为古太古代兴和岩群，中太古代乌拉山岩群和古元古代美岱召岩群3个岩群，并进一步划分为8个岩组。其中兴和岩群和乌拉山岩群均遭受了麻粒岩相－高角闪岩相条件下的多期强烈的变形变质作用改造，并相互参差交错地工生在一起。详细地构造解析结果表明，兴和岩群和乌拉山岩群均遭受到一期下地壳麻粒岩相环境下的近水平剪切变形和高角闪岩相条件下的近南北向和近东西向纵向构造置换作用的改造。早期近水平剪切导致乌拉山岩群的各个地层单元以透镜状岩片叠置于兴和岩群之上，后期纵向构造置换作用导致兴和岩群和乌拉山岩群的不同地层单元沿现存叶理相互穿插，造成以现存叶理为标志的“假互层”或“假夹层”。美岱召岩群为一套浅变质的碎屑沉积岩系，仅遭受绿片岩相变质，变形特征也不同于乌拉山岩群，其以角度不整合覆盖在由乌拉山岩群，兴和岩群及侵入其中变质深成岩组成的高级变质杂岩之上。     

喀喇沁—北票地区太古宙花岗岩—绿岩地体特征及其对金矿控制作用探讨

通过对区内太古宙变质岩的岩石类型、产状特征、原岩类型讨论认为，喀喇沁－北票地区的太古宙变质岩石属于火山－沉积岩和花岗侵入岩变质建造。可以划分为两种不同系列的组成：（１）斜长角闪岩＋磁铁石英岩＋角闪石岩、辉石岩，代表了本区的“绿岩”组分；（２）斜长片麻岩，代表了太古宙中酸性侵入体（ＴＴＧ岩套）。本区的太古宙花岗岩－绿岩地体经受了早期塑性变形和后期脆性变形、中生代的强烈花岗质岩浆侵入作用，金矿床受“绿     

三山四群关系雏议

五台山及与之毗连的太行山、恒山,发育着四套早前寒武纪变质岩系.浅变质的滹沱群以巨厚的底砾岩不整合在五台群之上.高角闪岩相的恒山杂岩是五台群深变质及部分熔融的产物,以火山岩为主体的中浅变质的五台群向东推覆在浅海碳酸盐建造的经受高角闪岩相变质的阜平群之上,两者属同时异相的沉积.它们之间的推覆韧性剪切带被过去认为是五台群底部碎屑岩(实系滹沱群下部地层)所沉积不整合。 恒山杂岩和阜平群中大面积分布着五台期侵入的灰色片麻岩.有证据表明五台群、阜平群及恒山杂岩都是在2800Ma结晶基底上发育起来,同时在2500Ma遭受褶皱,变质并被灰色片麻岩所侵入。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

A geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic basin and adjacent territories in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and the outer limit of the Russian Continental Shelf

The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region.     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.