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1.
Brent Doberstein 《Natural Hazards》2009,50(2):361-377
This article explores whether past exposure to debris flow disasters with a human dimension (e.g. caused in part by deforestation)
results in adaptive hazard mitigation and improved environmental and resource management practices in affected areas. When
guiding hazard mitigation practice, the ‘adaptive hazard mitigation’ approach views mitigation as a multi-dimensional experiment,
with the associated need for post-experiment monitoring, evaluation, learning and adjustment, and attention paid to multiple
scales (Bogardi 2004). This article explores how the concept of ‘adaptive hazard mitigation’ has emerged, linking this ‘adaptive management’ used
increasingly in resource and environmental management. Two case studies of disasters linked to human-induced environmental
change are examined, and the mitigation responses of local communities, NGOs and Government agencies are documented. Data
sources include secondary data (journal articles, web-based disaster reports and grey literature) on each disaster, key informant
interviews (n = 8) and direct observation over the 2005–2006 period of post-disaster mitigation actions implemented after each disaster.
The research indicates that in both case studies, a limited range of hazard mitigation actions was employed, including both
structural and non-structural approaches. However, the research also found that causal factors involving human-induced environmental
change (e.g. deforestation) were not addressed, and overall, the hazard mitigation strategies adopted lacked monitoring, learning
and adjustment. In both case studies, responses to disaster were judged to be examples of ‘trial and error’ adaptation, rather
than either ‘passive’ or ‘active’ adaptation.
相似文献
Brent DobersteinEmail: |
2.
Kalliopi Sapountzaki 《Natural Hazards》2012,60(3):1267-1285
The article decodes and analyzes the standard functions of social and social-ecological systems when they manage their own
vulnerability. The author acknowledges these as “Resilience functions” or “Operational Resilience”. For this purpose, she
follows a “Vulnerability Actor” (V Actor)-based approach. V Actor is considered as a system faced with multiple hazards, carrying
various vulnerability facets (physical, economic, institutional, etc.) and attempting to transform, transfer, rearrange them
in time and space so as to achieve Actor’s own persistence. It is these processes of vulnerability re-arrangement that are
identified by the author as Resilience functions and which change the vulnerability not only of the V Actor performing resilience
but also others’. Performance of Resilience functions presupposes attraction and employment of resources by the Actor, not
only own, current and inherent but also other resources to be found in spatial and temporal scales external to or beyond the
Actor but which the Actor can appeal to. This attraction most probably leads to deprivation of others of the necessary resources
for their persistence, recovery, etc. When somebody’ vulnerability is reduced sometimes somewhere, it is most probable that
others elsewhere are encumbered with extra vulnerability, currently or in the future. Hence, what resilience can only do is
vulnerability re-arrangement, re-setting and management. The proposed systemic approach is documented on current state of
art regarding interactions between vulnerability and resilience to hazards and on empirical evidence from the international
experience of responses to natural hazards. 相似文献
3.
Nature-triggered hazards and disasters have traditionally been treated only from the lens of geophysical and biophysical processes,
implying that the root cause of large-scale death and destruction lies in the natural domain rather than in a coupled human–environment
system. Conceptually, the physical domain has been seen as discrete and separate from human entities, and solutions were sought
in the technological intervention and control of the physical environment—solutions that often ended up being less effective
than hoped for and sometimes even counter productive. At all levels, institutions have directed and redirected most of their
financial and logistical resources into the search for scientific and engineering solutions without allocating due attention
and resources towards the assessment of effects and effectiveness of the applications of such technological outcomes. However,
over the last two decades, forceful criticisms of the ‘dominant’ technocratic approach to hazards analysis have appeared in
the literature and consequently there has not only been a shift in thinking of causation of disaster loss in terms of human
vulnerability, but also newer questions have arisen regarding distinguishing between the ‘physical exposure’ of people to
threats and societal vulnerability, and linking them with propensity to hazards loss.
Though the vulnerability/resilience paradigm has largely replaced the hazards paradigm within the social sciences and much
of the professional emergency and disaster management communities, this shift of thinking has not progressed to much of the
physical science community, decision-makers and the public, who have not yet accepted the idea that understanding and using
human and societal dimensions is equally or more important than trying to deal and control nature through the use of technology.
This special issue is intended to further the idea that the aspects of community and peoples’ power to mitigate, to improve
coping mechanisms, to respond effectively, and recover with vigor against the environmental extremes are of paramount conceptual
and policy importance. 相似文献
4.
Problems associated with tourism development in Southern Africa: The case of Transfrontier Conservation Areas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sanette Ferreira 《GeoJournal》2004,60(3):301-310
Tourism in Southern Africa is synonymous with the wildlife safari. In the post-colonial era the establishment of so-called
‘peaceparks’ that straddle the borders of states has come to be seen as a key not only to increasing tourism in the Southern
African region, but also to the modernizing of conservation policies and the development of rural economies. This paper focuses
on the global and continental presence of transfrontier conservation areas, the link between conservation and tourism development,
and the current factors that constrain and influence the realization of an ‘African Dream’ — ‘establishment of the greatest
animal kingdom’. The unstable political situation in Zimbabwe and how this negatively affects wildlife conservation and tourism
in the Gonarezhou part of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park, serves as a case study.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Recent developments in the vulnerability literature have contested the use of technical solutions as the sole adaptive strategies
to reduce natural hazard impact; this literature emphasizes the need to attend to the wider everyday risks to which people
are exposed and that aggravate hazard vulnerability. Using a case study of two flood-prone communities in Puerto Rico, this
article supports and enhances that literature by placing floods within a wider context of other risks and determining how
everyday risks influence people’s perceptions of and capacity to adapt to floods. Participatory methods are used to elicit
the everyday risks that concern community members. The analysis reveals that participants perceive floods as one of their
risks, but they see them as neither the most important nor most severe risk in their lives. Instead, they find other concerns—health
conditions, family well-being, economic factors, and land tenure—more pressing. These competing risks limit adaptive capacity
and increase vulnerability to natural hazards. The results suggest that addressing these multiple risks, mainstreaming flood
management and adaptation into the wider context of people’s general well being, and increasing risk perception will strengthen
adaptive capacity to present and future floods. 相似文献
6.
This paper juxtaposes the actual areas of settlement and settlement activities of Chinese migrants in Brisbane’s southern
suburbs since the mid-1980s, with the concomitant, ‘government planned’ construction of the city’s Chinatown as an ‘exotic,’
‘ethnic,’ and ‘cosmopolitan’ landmark. It argues that while the latter, as with Chinatowns in other Australian and world cities,
has continued to appropriate the symbols of so-called ‘Chineseness’ to sell the locale to non-Chinese, the former, in recalling
the notion of ‘ethnoburbia,’ significantly evinces actual Chinese migrants’ agency and role in place-making. In the process,
these migrants have not only established a local, ethnically meaningful environment, but also challenged the still current
metonymic Western image of the Chinese as preferring life in ‘ethnic’ urban enclaves that had its origin from early Chinese
settlement and fundamentally detached from the lives of other ethnic groups per se. Indeed greater recognition and comprehension of such locales may go a long way to illustrate that many Chinese living in
Australia today do not fit the territorial, place-based identity often associated with them in the imagination of mainstream
society. 相似文献
7.
Laura Jones 《GeoJournal》2010,75(4):359-371
Conspiratorial thought has been highly visible in post-September 11th America, manifest through the continued growth of a
public ‘9/11 Truth Movement’ as well as at the state-level, through the Bush administration’s conspiracy rhetoric of Islamic
terrorists intent on infiltrating the US homeland. In this paper, I demonstrate how conspiracy can be understood as a ‘knowledge-producing
discourse’; dialectically engaged across multiple subject positions and through which geopolitical narratives are performatively
produced and contested at interconnected scales of bodies, homes, city streets and national ‘homelands’. Through drawing on,
and challenging, the conceptual and methodological approaches of a burgeoning feminist geopolitics, I ground my analysis in
the embodied performances of ‘patriotic dissent’ by members of the 9/11 Truth Movement in New York City, as well as through
my own situated and ethical engagement with positions of political difference. 相似文献
8.
Christian Kuhlicke 《Natural Hazards》2010,55(3):671-688
This paper develops a view of vulnerability attempting to capture a constitutive dimension of most disasters, that is their
radically surprising moment. Therefore, it builds a conceptual framework, which captures the moment of surprise itself, as
well as, its consequences for people by developing a dynamic and actor-oriented understanding of vulnerability. It begins
with an outline about how to observe and explain vulnerability by offering a brief overview of how the discussion on vulnerability
has evolved over the last 30 years or so. In a second step, the interrelation of knowledge, ignorance and vulnerability is
specified. Therefore, a basic understanding of surprises is developed, which is then further distinguished in everyday surprises
and ‘radical surprises’. The theoretical argument is substantiated by a case study on a city in Germany, which was severely
affected by the 2002 August flood. The paper concludes with some more general implications for the discussion on the interrelation
of local knowledge, the dynamics of vulnerability and the occurrence of ‘radical surprises’. 相似文献
9.
The notion of community has been central to the political project of renewal of New Labour in the UK. The paper explores how
the discourses of community are framed within New Labour and discusses these in the light of the results from research which
focuses on how people within urban deprived areas construct their community. It draws upon the results of one part of a larger
research project (the ‘Well London’ programme) which aimed to capture the views of residents from 20 disadvantaged neighbourhoods
throughout London using an innovative qualitative method known as the ‘World Café’. Our results show the centrality of young
people to the development of cohesive communities, the importance of building informal relationships between residents alongside
encouraging greater participation to policy making, and the need to see these places as fragile and temporary locations but
with considerable social strengths. Government policies are only partially addressing these issues. They pay greater attention
to formally encouraging citizens to become more involved in policy making, largely ignore the contribution young people could
make to the community cohesion agenda, and weakly define the shared norms and values that are crucial in building cohesive
communities. Thus, the conclusion is that whilst an emphasis of the government on ‘community’ is to be welcome, more needs
to be done in terms of considering the ‘voices’ of the community as well as enabling communities to determine and act upon
their priorities. 相似文献
10.
Lagrangian flow of two rip currents was measured using human drifters to understand how variations in surf zone circulation
affect exit positions of floating swimmers. Based on these results, two escape strategies were assessed, ‘do nothing’ and
‘swim parallel to the beach’. The drifter paths and exit positions were analysed to determine the best escape strategy for
passive swimmers in each scenario. Of the two methods, doing nothing to allow the rip current to take a swimmer is the most
effective strategy. More than 75% of rip current flow scenarios could hinder chances of escape of swimmers if the wrong direction
was chosen to swim parallel to the beach to safety. This is because in many situations a swimmer encounters not only a rip
current flowing offshore but also a longshore current flowing parallel to the beach. The best education campaign for the public,
in addition to only swimming on a patrolled beach, would be to promote the ‘do nothing’ rip current escape strategy, as it
covers all flow scenarios without reducing a swimmer’s chance of survival. 相似文献
11.
The closed-form analytic expressions for the displacement and stresses at any point of an elastic layer lying over a base
due to a very long vertical strike-slip dislocation are obtained. The interface between the layer and the base is assumed
to be either ‘smooth-rigid’ or ‘rough-rigid’ or ‘welded’. The variations of displacement and stresses with the horizontal
distance from the fault for different types of coupling of the layer with the base have been studied. It is found that the
displacement for ‘welded interface’ lies between the displacements due to ‘smooth rigid’ and ‘rough-rigid’ interfaces for
different positions of the observer and different values of the ratio of rigidities of the layer and half-space. 相似文献
12.
Jean-François Staszak 《GeoJournal》2004,60(4):353-364
The article advocates an articulation of cultural geography and art history, and in this perspective focuses on the analysis
of the primitivist movement and particularly on Gauguin's work and personal itinerary. Primitivism introduced artefacts of
‘primitive’ people into the history of Western art and signalled a change in the relationship between the West and the ‘Other’
and ‘Elsewhere’. This reversal of values has a major geographical dimension. Primitivism manifests the contradiction-rife
colonial ideology, but can also challenge colonization. Tourism, which is, in the case of Tahiti, directly linked to Gauguin
and to his myth, inherited a lot from primitivism, in terms of hopes and ambiguities. Conversely, primitivism casts light
on geographical features of these places, instituted as ‘Elsewheres‘ by the West, and visited, even transformed by painters,
colonizers and tourists.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Elizabeth Holcombe Sarah Smith Edmund Wright Malcolm G. Anderson 《Natural Hazards》2012,61(2):351-385
Despite the recognition of the need for mitigation approaches to landslide risk in developing countries, the delivery of ‘on-the-ground’
measures is rarely undertaken. With respect to other ‘natural’ hazards, it is widely reported that mitigation can pay. However,
the lack of such an evidence base in relation to landslides in developing countries hinders advocacy amongst decision makers
for expenditure on ex-ante measures. This research addresses these limitations directly by developing and applying an integrated
risk assessment and cost–benefit analysis of physical landslide mitigation measures implemented in an unplanned community
in the Eastern Caribbean. In order to quantify the level of landslide risk reduction achieved, landslide hazard and vulnerability
were modelled (before and after the intervention), and project costs, direct and indirect benefits were monetised. It is shown
that the probability of landslide occurrence has been substantially reduced by implementing surface-water drainage measures
and that the benefits of the project outweigh the costs by a ratio of 2.7–1. This paper adds to the evidence base that ‘mitigation
pays’ with respect to landslide risk in the most vulnerable communities—thus strengthening the argument for ex-ante measures.
This integrated project evaluation methodology should be suitable for adoption as part of the community-based landslide mitigation
project cycle, and it is hoped that this resource, and the results of this study, will stimulate further such programmes. 相似文献
14.
Paul Richards 《GeoJournal》1999,47(3):433-442
Mary Douglas (1993) has indicated some of the shared concerns that keep voluntary enclaves together as ‘social movements’.
The present paper describes a rather different kind of enclave politics, being concerned with the ‘new violence’ of groups
enclaved by social exclusion and force. The paper focuses on the emergence and subsequent development of dissidents in the
civil war in Sierra Leone. The RUF was at the outset a tiny but conventional guerrilla force, modelled on one of the militias
in the Liberian civil war, and seeking to overthrow a decayed neo-patrimonial ‘one-party’ regime. Gaining little popular support,
its members became marooned in forested isolation on the Liberia-Sierra Leone border. Recruits were mainly school children
seized by force and ‘converted’ through having to take part in atrocities against rural civilians. Unable to return to the
larger society on pain of summary execution, captives have had little option but to adjust to the political fantasies of a
violent and unstable leadership. They were enclaved by force. Indicating the predictive strength of Douglas' arguments about
the cultural dynamics of the enclave, the subsequent atrocity-drenched story of the RUF suggests that it is not the content
of belief that determines institutional culture but vice versa. To survive, the enforced enclave develops the concerns of
the classic ‘sect’ - a doctrinaire ‘rationality’ (expressed in crude acts of ‘subtractive’ violence), rejection of magic,
decision making by lots, preoccupation with defection, otiose leadership style. If the rest of the world is to come to terms
with violent enclave organizations such as the RUF and Algerian GIA it may have to pay more careful attention to the way enclave
institutions think. They may not respond ‘rationally’ to the kinds of incentives offered by mainstream groups organised around
hierarchical and/or individualist systems of social accountability.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
The Islands of Réunion and Mayotte are French territories in the Indian Ocean and are prone to numerous and recurrent hazards
as well as to increasing vulnerabilities. This paper examines disaster risk reduction on non-sovereign islands through the
case studies of Réunion and Mayotte. The approach used is embedded in standard geographical approaches to risk analysis, focusing
on place-based vulnerability, in order to understand disaster risk and disaster risk reduction on both islands. In addition
to establishing baseline information and visiting both islands for further data, 21 semi-structured individual interviews
were completed to understand the people’s perceptions of the hazards and of their vulnerabilities. Disaster risk reduction
strategies, and attitudes from governing bodies implementing the strategies, tend to assume similar vulnerability contexts
as mainland France, despite obvious differences on the islands. Many policies are implemented in a top–down manner by those
from mainland France who have little interest in, and who do not fully take into consideration, local realities. This paper
contributes new case studies to the literature, especially in comparing two non-Anglophone non-sovereign islands, and reinforces
recommendations factoring in local contexts when addressing ‘vulnerability of a place’ to disasters. 相似文献
16.
Hans Knippenberg 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):317-330
The Netherlands is part of the historic Northwest-Southeast multi-confessional culture belt according to the comparative framework
of church-state relations in Europe as recently developed by Madeley on the basis of Rokkan’s conceptual map. The aim of this
paper is to describe the development of the church-state relations in the Netherlands within this historic framework of state-formation
and nation-building, and to interpret recent challenges of its historic state-church model, such as secularisation, the rise
of immigrant religions, and general ‘de- and re-territorialisation’ tendencies. The Netherlands developed from a relatively
very tolerant polity dominated by the Calvinist Church to a ‘pillarised’ society, in which the Rome-Reformation divide (which
also had a strong geographical dimension) was institutionalised in the political system. After the 1960s, very strong secularisation
put this ‘pillarised’ system under severe pressure, but the remnants of this system offered a favourable opportunity structure
for religious newcomers (Muslims in particular), who could establish their mosques and Muslim schools relatively easily. However,
while the main Protestant churches, and even Catholic and Protestant political parties have merged, failing integration of
these newcomers in Dutch society and terrorist attacks at the global level as well as in the Netherlands encouraged a new
divide between Muslims and non-Muslims. The metropolitan areas in particular became the scene of this new divide. 相似文献
17.
The neighbouring towns of Haparanda and Tornio, separated only by a narrow strip of grass and wetland, are divided by the
only inhabited land boundary between Finland and Sweden in the southern part of the Torne River. The population represents
four different groups in relation to linguistic and cultural backgrounds. In the daily lives of the inhabitants, the state
boundary is probably of less significance than linguistic, social and ‘ethnic’ differences. On the local government level
there is a strong will to unite forces to make the total area a viable region in spite of its peripheral location, but state
legislation makes co-ordination difficult. This may be seen as a necessity, but in the daily lives of the populations, the
state boundary defines an area of unequal access, sometimes working in favour of and sometimes barring contacts and co-operation.
The media consumption reflects a clear ‘national’ interest with a strong local bias. In their attitudes, Finnish speakers
and bilinguals show a greater appreciation of ‘the other’ than unilingual Swedes. This may reflect the actual possibility
space (reach) in the local area.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
I. E. Smith 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1972,34(2):167-176
This paper presents petrographic, major element, and trace element data from high-potassium ‘shoshonitic’ rocks of Miocene
age which intrude Eocene submarine basalts in southeastern Papua. The intrusives fall into two distinct but overlapping groups,
a ‘near-saturated’ group ranging from gabbro to syenite with regular petrographic and chemical variations, which is either
slightly nepheline normative or quartz normative, and a nepheline normative ‘undersaturated’ group which shows wide variations
in texture, modal mineralogy, and chemistry. Biotite-bearing pyroxenites are associated with the intrusives but their genetic
relationship to the intrusives is unknown. The intrusion of shoshonitic rocks at the beginning of a period of major tectonic
activity in southeastern Papua shows that high-potassium magmas can be generated in areas of active tectonism and may form
part of the island arc ‘magmatic’ association. 相似文献
19.
C. Gdaniec 《GeoJournal》2000,50(4):379-387
In a former industrial part of Barcelona, as in the de-industrialising neighbourhoods of many big cities, the ‘new’ economy
and the ‘cultural’ economy have started to replace the ‘old’ economy, bringing new life into a declining district but also
causing conflicts of land use, housing or the preservation of architectural heritage. The latter is an important part of regeneration
and marketing policies of city governments, whereby the ‘new’ economy not only emerges from the old but the physical space
of the old industrial quarter becomes the tool and setting in which the city can re-present itself and its success story of
transformation and regeneration. Through the increasing use of information and communication technologies, which are at the
same time driving this transformation - an industry as such as well as business-aid in various sectors, cultural industries
in particular - the city has acquired a second, virtual presence. The city exists and ‘lives’ on numerous websites. Those
by city government and city organisations often have the express purpose of marketing and presenting the city, while those
by (cultural) businesses and other organisations in the district add to the mosaic of the virtual city. As a result, the old
industrial space continues to live and be productive, its economic value having changed largely into a cultural value. This
coexistence of the real and the virtual, old and new, also meets with a conflict at certain junctures. There is the positive
representation of plans and events on the city's websites on the one hand, and the undercurrent of protest and disenchantment
among the local population who find themselves marginalised from the profits and success of development, on the other.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
The intent of this paper is to explore how ‘reel’ and ‘real’ landscapes can be rendered dialectic. The analysis focuses on
the filming of Tarzan's Secret Treasure (1941) at the wildlife preserve of Wakulla Springs in Florida, which was administered
by the financial tycoon Ed Ball. Using Mitchell's recent commentaries on ‘good’ and ‘bad’ dialectics as our entry point, we
offer two readings of this cinematic process. The first renders the on and off screen Wakulla Springs as ideological fodder,
serving to valorise capital, masculinity and whiteness. The second reading addresses how this place has been actively constructed
from discourses pertaining to class, gender and race, such that Wakulla exists as a series of fully relational spaces within
diverse contexts, both ‘real’ and ‘reel’. In structuring our analysis in this manner, we hope to make clear why it does indeed
matter for film geographers to acknowledge the conceptual presumptions brought to bear in the framing of the real and the
reel as objects of analysis.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献