A two-stage evolution of Visakhapatnam-Paradip shelf,east coast of India,from magnetic studies

A detailed analysis of bathymetry and magnetic data of Visakhapatnam-Paradip shelf, east coast of India revealed three major structural lineaments over the shelf/slope of the area. Models derived from the anomalies associated with the trends indicate that trend A represents horst and graben type continental basement while trend B is due to a series of dyke intrusions. Trend C off Chilka lake forms the northward extension of 85°E lineation from deep sea Bengal Fan. A two stage evolution of the eastern continental margin of India has been inferred from the study of this part of the margin, viz., the rift stage evidenced by dyke intrusions of reverse polarity located within the inner part of the shelf and post-rift stage characterized by vertical tectonics in the form of a horst and graben type continental basement. The hotspot related aseismic 85°E ridge further complicated the tectonics of this part of the area.     

Petroleum potential of the Chalbi basin, NW Kenya

This paper deals with the study of subsurface stratigraphy of the Chalbi rift basin, northwest Kenya. The basin is known to have evolved through extension tectonics that brought out continental rifting as a part of the major Gondwanaland breakup in the Late Paleozoic and continued in the Mesozoic and Tertiary. This work has been based on gravity, seismic and gamma ray data, as well as the drill core logs available. The geophysical data used was collected by AMOCO as part of the hydrocarbon programme. But the gravity anomaly maps as well as seismic profiles were most useful for the interpretations incorporated in the present paper. They revealed the presence of several horst and graben structural systems. It was also revealed that the basin attracted sedimentary piles ranging up to 5 km thickness, which were deposited on basement rocks of Precambrian age. The basin subsequently got covered by basaltic flows of mainly Miocene age. The drill core lithologs that were available pertain to wells: C1, C2 and C3 in the Chalbi basin (Cretaceous). Comparing the lithologs from these wells with the seismic and gamma ray characteristics have been discussed in order to characterise the strata in which there was oil/gas shows. These characteristics were further seen in the light of the porosities, organic matter and other sedimentological parameters in order to understand the essential features of source rocks, reservoir rocks and the cap rocks. An attempt has been made to extrapolate the knowledge gained for recommending the probable prognostic sites for future drilling in the Chalbi Basin.     

Correlation of lineaments and groundwater quality in Dasht-e-Arjan Fars,SW of Iran

The NE-oriented Dasht-e-Arjan graben is located 65 km west of Shiraz and has resulted from the active Kare-e-Bas fault segmentations. This extensional graben bounded by two fault system east-Arjan and west-Arjan to the Shahneshin and Salamati anticline. In these study using Landsat 7 ETM images with resolution 2.5 m and directional filtering in the four azimuths and semi-automatic technique for linear structure in the study area. Using the obtained data from extracted lineaments, the rose diagrams of the main strike lineaments are well confirm with field measurements of faults with N56° ± 4°E direction. The structural lineaments of the study area show that the Dasht-e-Arjan area is underlain by the limestone, sandstone, and marl. LANDSAT imagery of the area has been analyzed and interpreted in order to determine the lineament and groundwater quality across the area. The fracture is structurally controlled and mostly influences both the groundwater and surface water pollution and flow directions in the Dasht-e-Arjan. Using visual interpretation, determining the lineaments on the satellite image is very difficult and subjective, and it requires an experienced interpreter. In this study, the lineament analysis is undertaken to examine the orientation of the lineament, the relationship between lineaments and tectonic features and groundwater quality. Lineament density maps show that the lineament density is high around areas. Areas having high lineament density represent areas with relatively high groundwater pollution. Field observations agreed with the results from the analysis of the imagery.     

北黄海东部坳陷始新统米兰科维奇旋回特征

米兰科维奇旋回是记录在沉积地层中的表现形式, 其代表的时间涵义是进行高分辨率地层划分和对比的有效手段, 从地层中揭示的米兰科维奇旋回, 可以完善地层学尤其是旋回地层学理论.以北黄海东部坳陷为研究对象, 根据J. Laskar的解决方案计算出该区始新统的米兰科维奇旋回周期为: 125 ka和99 ka的偏心率周期, 51 ka和39 ka的地轴斜率周期, 23 ka和19 ka的岁差周期.通过对3口井的GR(自然伽马)和SP(自然电位)测井曲线进行频谱分析, 发现其频谱峰值与天文周期存在着良好的对应关系, 因此可以判定该区域地层中保存着完好的米兰科维奇沉积旋回.地层旋回厚度存在13.03~15.89 m的长周期、3.70~5.21 m的中周期和2.17~2.94 m的短周期, 并由此计算地层的沉积速率为121.20~127.12 m/Ma.从隆起沿着斜坡往湖盆中心, 沉积持续时间越长且沉积厚度也越厚, 但沉积速率相对稳定.通过连续小波变换对始新统地层进行小层划分, 划分出6期沉积体, 以每个沉积体为独立窗口进行频谱分析计算出沉积的持续时间和速率, 从气候变化的影响分析每个阶段的沉积环境.从下往上层序地层E₆期为低水位体系域, E₅和E₄为湖泊扩张体系域, E₃为高位体系域, E₂和E₁为湖泊收缩体系域.以上方法可以证明米兰科维奇进行沉积旋回分析是一种有效的方法.      

舒兰盆地构造格架的地球物理制约

舒兰盆地位于佳伊地堑中南段,伊通盆地东北部,是北东向展布的一个狭长状断陷盆地,前人仅对舒兰盆地开展过初步的地质调查,但对盆地构造特征、演化过程的研究相对薄弱.综合区域地质资料、孢粉资料等,分析对比了舒兰盆地与伊通盆地的新生代沉积地层;通过电法、地震剖面解析,认为盆地南段为半地堑式构造特征,中段为地堑式构造特征,盆地北段从西北至东南呈阶梯状加深的构造形态;结合钻井资料分析认为,盆地基底岩性南段以上二叠统杨家沟组为主,中段主要由花岗岩和白垩系组成,北段主要由白垩系组成;综合分析认为,舒兰盆地构造演化可划分为3个构造演化阶段,即初始断陷期(古新世早期)、断陷期(古新世—渐新世)和挤压反转期(渐新世—中新世).     

Intersection patterns of normal faults in the Lufeng Sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin,China: Insights from 4D physical simulations

Interpretation of seismic data from the Lufeng Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) in the northern part of South China Sea shows that different intersection patterns developed in the cover units above basement normal faults. A series of analogue models are used to investigate the intersection patterns and deformation in the sedimentary cover sequences above a basement horst bounded by two non-parallel faults. Modelling results show that during their upward propagation, the basement faults may intersect within the cover sequences and form a graben above the basement horst. Length and width of the graben increase with cover thickness. The strike and dip intersection points are controlled directly by the thickness of the cover sequences, dip and strike of the basement faults, and width of the basement horst. The intersection point migrates along the axis of the graben toward the wide end of the basement horst, when the cover sequence thickens. In contrast, it migrates toward the narrow end of the basement horst, where both fault dip and angle of strike difference increase. The intersection point moves upward with increasing width of the basement horst crest. Model profiles also indicate that in the presence of a ductile layer between the cover and basement such intersection patterns do not form. Interpretation of seismic data and model results show that the intersection pattern developed in the Lufeng Sag is a result of propagation of basement faults into cover units during different extension stages of the basin. Results of this study can be applied to many other sedimentary basins where such fault intersection patterns are likely to form when non-parallel conjugate basement faults are active during sedimentation.     

高精度层序地层学和储层预测

当前层序地层学的研究不断从盆地规模的层序地层和体系域分析向储层规模的高精度层序地层学的方向深化。层序地层学的概念和方法可应用于从盆地到储层的各种规模的沉积充填分析。高精度层序地层学是以露头、岩芯、测井和高分辨地震等密集控制的资料分析为基础的。精细的测井分析、高分辨三维地震剖面和各种参数处理和切片技术、计算机模拟及可视化技术等是开展高精度层序地层学研究和应用于地下沉积地质分析的重要支持。高精度层序地层学的概念和方法为盆地沉积充填的精细研究、储集体分布和储层不均一性预测以及开发地质等研究提供了重要的方法和手段     

藏南安岗地堑的史前大地震遗迹、年龄及其地质意义

地表调查发现, 沿近南北向亚东-谷露裂谷中段的安岗地堑存在地震大滑坡、多世代断层崖和断层崩积楔等多种类型的史前大地震遗迹.进一步的观测和年代分析表明: 该区的古地震滑坡体至少存在新、老两期, 其中规模最大的"尼续大滑坡体"应该是最新一次大地震所形成.该区T₁到T₆各阶地的形成时代从新到老分别为7.7~2.1 ka、11.0~10.5 ka、17.6~12.1 ka、25.7~22.9 ka、58.4~70.6 ka和130~150 ka, 它们沿主边界正断层的平均垂直断距依次为2.8 m、6.1~7.9 m、10.3~12.5 m、16.6~19.0 m、28.0 m和76.0 m.其中T₁和T₂阶地上的断崖剖面揭示, 最近两次大地震发生在距今约5.8±1.0 ka和2.4±0.2 ka.综合分析认为: 安岗地堑的大地震活动具有较明显的丛集性特征, 并且在距今约23~26 ka以来一直处于大地震活跃期, 期间的断层垂直活动速率为0.8~1.3 mm/a, 大地震的原地复发间隔大致为3.3~3.6 ka, 特征地震的矩震级为7.0~7.2, 推算整个尼木地堑群的大震复发间隔最短可能只有约1.0~1.2 ka.研究结果指示, 藏南裂谷的大地震活动性明显比藏北的近南北向正断层更显著.      

Late Weichselian fluvio‐aeolian sands and coversands of the type locality Grubbenvorst (southern Netherlands): sedimentary environments,climate record and age

The Weichselian Late Pleniglacial and Lateglacial aeolian stratigraphy (Older Coversand I, Beuningen Gravel Bed, Older Coversand II, Younger Coversand I, Usselo Soil, Younger Coversand II) in the southern Netherlands has been reinvestigated in its type locality (Grubbenvorst). Sedimentary environments have been reconstructed and related to their climatic evolution based on periglacial structures. In addition, 22 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages have been determined that provide an absolute chronology for the climatic evolution and environmental changes of the coversand area. From this work it appears that, prior to 25 ka fluvial deposition by the Maas dominated. After 25 ka fluvial activity reduced and deposition occurred in a fluvio‐aeolian environment with continuous permafrost (Older Coversand I). This depositional phase was dated between 25.2 ± 2.0 and 17.2 ± 1.2 ka. The upward increase of aeolian activity and cryogenic structures in this unit is related to an increase of climatic aridity and a decrease in sedimentation rate during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The Beuningen Gravel Bed, that results from deflation with polar desert conditions and that represents a stratigraphic marker in northwestern Europe, was bracketed between 17.2 ± 1.2 and 15.3 ± 1.0 ka. Based on this age result a correlation with Heinrich event H1 is suggested. Permafrost degradation occurred at the end of this period. Optical ages for the Older Coversand II unit directly overlying the Beuningen Gravel Bed range from 15.3 ± 1.0 ka at the base to 12.7 ± 0.9 ka at the top. Thus this regionally important Older Coversand II unit started at the end of the Late Pleniglacial and continued throughout the early Lateglacial. Its formation after the Late Pleniglacial (LP) maximum cold and its preservation are related to rapid climatic warming around 14.7 ka cal. BP. The Allerød age of the Usselo Soil was confirmed by the optical ages. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

银川盆地晚第四纪孢粉记录的快速气候波动事件

笔者根据CK1孔孢粉研究结果，分析了银川盆地15万年以来的万年尺度和千年尺度的气候波动事件，并利用频谱分析方法得到银川盆地沉积物孢粉记录的气候变化周期。经研究认为，这种万年尺度周期变化的气候波动可与高纬度地区米兰科维奇的规道变化相对比，而千年尺度准周期可与D/O相对应，它反映银川盆地存在着万年尺度和千年尺度的气候波动事件。     

Neogene tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Hammamet area,Northeast Tunisia offshore

This paper discusses the Neogene tectonic evolution of the Tunisia offshore Gulf of Hammamet basin. Based on seismic and well data, this basin was created during the Miocene and is currently trending NE–SW. During the Neogene, the study area was affected by geodynamic interactions controlled simultaneously by convergence of the Eurasia and Africa plates and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. These interactions generated compressive and extensional regimes which led to a variety of structures and basin inversions.The middle Miocene extensional regime created horst and graben structures (e.g. the Halk El Menzel graben). The two major compressive phases of the Tortonian and post Villafranchian age created different structures such as Ain Zaghouan and Fushia structures and the Jriba trough, and led to the reactivation of the old normal faults as reverse faults. During the Plio-Pleistocene and the Quaternary times, the Gulf of Hammamet was affected by an extensional regime related to the Siculo-Tunisian rift, which led to the development in the area of several sedimentary basins and new normal fault patterns.The Gulf of Hammamet shows several basins ranging in age from the Tortonian to the Quaternary, which display different structural and stratigraphic histories. Two main groups of sedimentary basins have been recognized. The first group has Tortonian–Messinian sedimentary fill, while the second group is largely dominated by Plio-Quaternary sediments. The shortening during the Tortonian and post Villafranchian times has led to the tectonic inversion of these basins. This shortening could be correlated to the Europe–Africa collision.Despite the large number of hydrocarbon discoveries, the Gulf of Hammamet remains under-explored, in particular at deeper levels. This study aims to guide future exploration and to highlight some new play concepts.     

河北阳原盆地井儿洼钻孔岩心氧化铁变化的古环境记录

系统分析了阳原盆地西部井儿洼钻孔剖面的Fe2O3、FeO、TFe(全铁)、Fe3 /Fe2 的变化特点,探讨了阳原古湖氧化铁地球化学特征及其所记录的气候变迁规律。结果表明,阳原盆地的沉积环境相对富集铁,气候总体较温和,垂向上的变化记录了气候的变化过程分为7个明显的阶段。0.2Ma以前以还原环境为主,以后以氧化环境为主。井儿洼岩心沉积物中全铁谱分析表明,0.78Ma之后,具有显著的21.7ka岁差周期,证明了天文因素对气候的影响,而100ka的周期不明显,这与黄土、深海沉积物的记录存在差别。另外还存在390ka、156ka、52ka、33.9ka及14.4ka等周期,表现了湖泊记录的古气候周期的复杂性。     

塔里木盆地塔北隆起中-新生界伸展构造及其成因探讨

中-新生代伸展构造一直是中亚地区地质研究的薄弱环节.作为中亚地区的一个重要的中新生代沉积盆地,塔里木盆地也不例外.精细的地震资料解释发现,塔里木盆地塔北隆起发育大量中-新生代伸展构造.这些伸展构造由一系列规模不大的正断层组成.这些小型正断层往往构成左阶或右阶式雁列束,平面上,组成多条张扭性正断层带;剖面组合形态则是小型堑-垒构造或阶梯状正断层束.根据伸展构造的空间展布、构造样式、组合关系、形成演化时间和成因分析,可以划分出侏罗纪-白垩纪早期和白垩纪晚期-新近纪两期伸展构造.前者是南天山碰撞造山后应力松弛阶段的产物,后者的成因是喜马拉雅碰撞造山作用远程效应引起的塔里木相对于南天山向东偏南方向的构造逃逸.     

苏皖境内滁河断裂的演化与大地构造背景

滁河断裂从古生代以来记录了下扬子地区的动力学特征。该断裂震旦纪—志留纪是滁县—全椒深水盆地与巢县—含山浅水盆地的分界线 ;晚泥盆世—中三叠世其北侧未见沉积 ,南侧表现出由于扬子板块向北俯冲而导致的陆内拉张断陷 ;晚三叠世时成为大别—胶南造山带南侧前陆冲断褶带中一条重要的逆冲断层 ,随后卷入郯庐断裂系的左行走滑剪切 ;晚白垩世—早第三纪时表现为垒堑构造的调整边界 ,控制着滁全红色盆地的发展。新生代以来再次表现为逆冲推覆特征。     

Lineament extraction from multi-resolution satellite imagery: a pilot study on Wadi Bani Malik, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The study of structural lineaments is important for mineral exploration, geotectonic and geotechnical studies, and for the mitigation of geologic hazards. The present work deals with the extraction of lineaments from satellite imageries of different spatial resolutions as well as the analysis of these extracted lineaments. Wadi Bani Malik area located to the east of Jeddah city on the Red Sea coastal plain is chosen for such a study. Six types of digital satellite imagery data were used in the present study. These comprise satellite imagery of low spatial resolution (LSR) including Landsat MSS of 80-m resolution, Landsat TM of 30-m resolution, and Landsat TM of 25-m resolution; satellite imagery of moderate spatial resolution (MSR) including Landsat ETM+ panchromatic of 15-m resolution and SPOT panchromatic of 10-m resolution; and satellite imagery of high spatial resolution (HSR) including the Indian Remote Sensing satellite IRS data of 5-m resolution. As expected, the analysis of the extracted lineaments from different data sets shows that the imagery data of HSR of the Indian IRS data give the highest frequency of the extracted structural lineaments (N?=?3,235), while the imagery data of LSR of the Landsat MSS data give the lowest frequency of the extracted lineaments (N?=?89). The imagery data of MSR give moderate frequency (N?=?1,643) in average. Due to the present study, it is recommended to use the imagery data of HSR and MSR for the extraction of structural lineaments for detailed and regional studies, respectively. The imagery data of LSR are not recommended for such studies due to the fact that most of the real structural lineaments framework cannot be extracted; accordingly, it is not useful in the analyses of lineaments for geological purposes.     

广东省潼湖生态智慧区浅层地球物理探测与地层物性分析

地质灾害、活动断裂、特殊岩土体和古河道等是影响城市浅层地下空间开发安全的主要地质问题,对于这些地质问题的探测主要采用地球物理无损检测方法。潼湖生态智慧区是国家生态文明建设示范区和惠州智慧城市地下空间开发中的重要区域,浅层地球物理探测与地层物性分析为潼湖生态智慧区城市发展及地下空间开发利用提供详细的地质、岩土和地球物理数据,是构建该地区地下空间模型的必备要素。虽然目前已经开展了针对本区域的基础地质探测研究工作,然而服务于精细地质结构与地层划分的综合地球物理研究还处于空白。针对浅层地下空间探测精细程度低和传统探测方法分辨率有限的问题,本文综合利用浅层反射波地震方法、混合源面波S波速度成像方法、三分量谐振波阻抗比值方法以及综合测井方法对该地区浅层地下空间(200m)进行了高精度地层划分和断层展布精细解释。在浅层地震反射波方法划分厚层和大尺度断层的基础上,利用主动源和被动源微脉动阵列法获得更加精细的浅层地层和构造特征,采用三分量地震频率谐振方法识别浅层土壤层分层,弥补了单一方法在不同深度范围上的探测信号低精度缺点,探讨了潼湖地区地层与地球物理的响应特征,构建了详实的地层物性和地球物理参数关系,为后续的建模提供基础数据。     

Crustal Magnetic Studies over Krishna-Godavari Basin in Eastern Continental Margin of India

Total field magnetic data were collected over the Krishna-Godavari basin covering 20, 000 sq.km with an average spacing of 8.5 km. This was mainly to study the long wavelength features related with the deep structures. Aeromagnetic map of the region compared well with the ground maps. The anomaly maps show a combination of NE-SW, NS/NNE-SSW and NW-SE trends. The anomalies of ground data are transformed to isolate the sources at different depths. The second vertical derivative and downward continuation maps bring out clearly the NE-SW and NS/NNE-SSW trends related to the coastal basin and Eastern Ghats implying that they are shallow. These are probably superposed on much deeper NW-SE trending structural features of Pre-Gondwana breakup as evidenced in the Horizontal Gradient of Pseudogravity and upward continuation maps. From the offshore magnetic data it appears that these trends extend up to the Ocean Continent Boundary. It is inferred that the deeper features are associated with rifting of Dharwar and Bastar cratons within the Indian plate, prior to the rifting of India from Gondwanaland. The superposed horst and graben structures are related to the formation of the pull-apart Krishna-Godavari basin as a result of rifting and drifting of India from Gondwanaland. These two structural features are associated with two different tectonic events.     

蒙古塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷下白垩统层序结构类型、控制因素与层序发育模式

利用录井及地震反射资料,采用层序地层学原理对蒙古塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷下白垩统地层层序进行了划分和对比,划分出了4个三级层序（SQ1-SQ4）。在此基础上,结合盆地的构造演化特点,研究了层序结构特征,划分了层序类型,其中,SQ1和SQ2为初始裂谷期湖泊层序,SQ3为裂谷深陷期层序,SQ4为裂谷后过渡层序。层序的结构主要受构造沉降方式控制,塔南凹陷不同时期构造沉降方式不同,形成了3种层序发育模式,即简单箕状斜坡模式、差异沉降构造反转模式、坳陷型层序发育模式,不同的层序发育模式,其地层岩性圈闭的发育和分布不同。     

Issues associated with the distinction between climatic and tectonic controls on Permian alluvial fan deposits from the Kotzen and Barnim Basins (North German Basin)

Facies analysis focussing on coarse-grained sediments has been carried out on more than 2500 m of drill cores from seven wells from southern margins of the North German Basin (NGB). The NGB forms a central element of the Southern Permian Basin (SPB). The wells exposed conglomerates and sandstones of the Rotliegend Grüneberg and Parchim Formations deposited in the Kotzen Basin and the Barnim Basin.17 lithofacies types have been grouped into six lithofacies associations. The studied successions are dominated by fluid gravity flow deposits (hyperconcentrated flows and stream flows) of alluvial fan and alluvial plain systems. Maximum particle size/bed thickness plots (MPS/BTh) support the interpretation as fluid gravity flow deposits. The MPS and BTh data have also been used to differentiate coarsening–thickening and fining–thinning trends of the fan systems.The dominance of water-rich mass flow processes together with sedimentary structures such as dewatering structures and outwashed tops suggests the presence of wet-type fans and plains under semi-humid to semi-arid seasonal climates in the central SPB. The investigated sediments show variation in clast composition subsequent to deep erosion processes on basin margins and changes of source areas. Synsedimentary normal faults and clastic dykes have been interpreted as indicators of tectonic activity of grabens itself and its frames. On a larger scale, then evolution from a half-graben to a graben is apparent for the Tuchen Sub-basin at least. The progradational/retrogradational cycles of the studied alluvial fan systems document combined local tectonic movements and influences of climatic changes. However, our data did not allow for a clear distinction between climatic and tectonic signals. Furthermore, a one-to-one correlation of fan cycles with depositional trends in the NGB basin centre would appear to be oversimplistic.     

河南省舞阳铁矿田岗庙刘铁矿床的地质特征及构造控矿分析

文章从地层、构造、矿体和矿石等方面总结了河南省舞阳铁矿田岗庙刘铁矿床的地质特征,分析了控制铁矿床的地质构造.铁矿床为沉积变质型铁矿,含矿岩系位于新太古界铁山庙组的上、下混合岩段之间;矿床赋存的空间位置严格受地堑和地垒式断块控制;古侵蚀面不整合构造面只使岗庙刘矿床中部矿块的矿石全部氧化,而对东部和西部矿块没有造成很大的影响.