地球空间双星探测计划

地球空间双星探测计划包括两颗小卫星,将分别运行于目前国际上地球空间探测卫星尚未覆盖的近地赤道区和近地极区.双星计划的主要科学目标是用高分辨率的仪器在近地空间的主要活动区探测场和粒子的时空变化;研究磁层亚暴、磁暴和磁层粒子暴的触发机制及磁层空间暴对太阳活动和行星际扰动的响应过程;建立地球空间环境的动态模式.为了实现科学目标,赤道卫星和极区卫星上各载有9台探测仪器.赤道卫星的轨道是:近地点550km,远地点60000km,倾角约2.5°;极区卫星轨道是:近地点350km,远地点25000km,倾角约90°左右.为了使双星计划与欧空局ClusterⅡ相配合,赤道卫星计划于2002年12月发射,极区卫星计划于2003年6月发射.双星计划与ClusterⅡ相配合,可形成地球空间6点探测计划,这将成为21世纪初国际上重要的地球空间探测计划.     

《中国边缘海的形成演化及重大资源的关键问题》项目(973计划)第一次学术会议及第二次工作会议在杭州召开

由首席科学家高抒、李家彪主持的国家重点基础研究发展规划项目 ( 973项目 )《中国边缘海的形成演化及重大资源的关键问题》于 2 0 0 0年 9月 2 6日至 9月 2 7日在浙江省杭州市玉皇山庄召开了项目第一次学术研讨会及第二次项目工作会议 ,来自中科院、国家海洋局、中国地质大学等八个单位共 48人参加了会议。各课题的负责人及主要研究骨干 ,项目专家组成员参加了会议 ,项目依托单位也派代表参加了会议。此次学术研讨会共提交了 40篇研究论文的详细摘要 ,38位科研人员在会议上以边缘海的形成演化为主题宣读了学术报告。报告内容涉及与边缘海形…     

国际地质合作计划(IGCP)第206项第二次工作会议在京举行

国际地质合作计划(IGCP)第206项是联合国教科文组织给予部分资助的活动断裂对比项目。此项目由中国、美国发起。1984年6月4日—8日在日本神户举行了第一次工作会议。中国代表以我国的郯庐、山西—黄河、二台,鲜水河、红河等五条活断层为例向会议提出了对比研究样本。第二次工作会议于1985年11月5日—7日在北京举行。 出席这次会议有中国、美国、日本、英国、新西兰,土耳其、印度、尼泊尔、秘鲁等九个国家的代表。我国国家地震局及其下属的北京地质研究所、兰州地质研究所和山东、新疆、内蒙、山西、宁夏、陕西、江苏、安徽、云南、四川等省、自治区地震局的代表参加了会议。马杏垣、徐煜坚、邓起东等地震、地质界的专家和工作者应邀列席了会议。与会代表共40多人。     

中国电磁监测试验卫星地面应用系统关键技术研究

中国电磁监测试验卫星(CSES)是中国计划发射的第一颗用于电离层特性及电离层地震电磁效应研究的空间探测卫星,已被国防科工局列为"十二五"首批发射的民用卫星。卫星地面应用系统是整个卫星工程发展的必要环节,为保障卫星有效在轨运行,并使卫星接收到的     

中国与欧洲空间局合作的北京多点探测卫星工作会议

作为中国国际空间年活动的内容之一,北京多点探测卫星(Cluster)工作会议于1992年5月5日至9日在北京召开。欧洲空间局空间科学顾问委员会主席、英国帝国理工学院D.J.Southwood教授为首的来自英、法、德、瑞典和奥地利的10名科学家(代表7个探测项目)组成的代表团参加了会议。以中国科学工作队首席科学家刘振兴教授为首的中国科学工作队成员和有关科学家34人参加了会议。国家自然科学基金委、国家科委和中国科学院的有关领导出席了会议。在开幕式上,中国科学院副院长胡     

从洛杉矶地区地震实验计划说起

简要介绍了美国洛杉矶地震实验计划(LARSE)的研究目的、科学思路以及一些重要的研究成果。受LARSE计划实践的启发，文章对我国即将开展的城市活断层探测研究思路提出了几点科学认识：①进行深浅活动构造相结合的探测，建立直到震源深度的活动断裂立体图像；②实施折射／反射相结合的综合性探测，发展高分辨折射技术，弥补数百米-数千米深度范围成像的不足；③重要的活动断层常常具有一定的规模，在空间上构成复杂的构造格局，因此，活断层探测不能局限在城市，而应在一定的空间范围中进行。     

月球探测计划研究进展

详细介绍了国内外已实施的苏联"月球号"和"探测器号",美国"先驱者号"、"徘徊者号"、"勘测者号"、"月球轨道器号"、"阿波罗号"、"克莱门汀号"、"月球勘探者号"和"月球勘测轨道飞行器号",日本"飞天号"和"月亮女神1号",欧洲"智能1号",中国"嫦娥一、二号",印度"月船1号"等探测工具和未来实施的探月计划.详细介绍了美国GRAIL月球重力双星计划的总体概述、关键载荷和科学目标.具体阐述了我国下一代月球卫星重力梯度测量工程的实施建议和重要意义.认为我国下一代月球卫星重力梯度测量工程的成功实施将逐渐打破"太空战"的威胁,使世界和平得到有力维护.     

关于“地球动力学计划”的概况(汇编)

“地球动力学计划”是继“地壳上地幔计划”之后第二次大规模地、广泛地研究地球科学的世界性联合行动。参加这一计划的有欧洲的英、法、西德、意、苏、瑞士、土耳其等,亚洲的日本、印度等,非洲的南非、埃塞俄比亚等,美洲的美国、加拿大、秘鲁、阿根廷等,大洋洲的澳大利亚等五大洲几十个国家。有上百名著名科学家直接参加了这项工作,仅美国就有几十名,其中包括加州大学的安德逊(O.L.Anderson)教授、康尼尔大学的奥里沃(J.E.Oliver)教授以及现任美国总统科学顾     

第11届国际大陆及其边缘深部结构学术会议和国际地质对比计划474号项目简介

本文介绍了第11届国际大陆及其边缘深部结构学术会议的情况。在此基础上,描述了国际地球深部探测的新动向,并对目前国际上深部探测的新方法作了简要介绍。此外,还对与会议有关的国际地质对比计划474号项目作了简要介绍。     

核磁共振测深方法的新进展

核磁共振测深(MRS)方法是目前唯一直接探查地下水的新方法.本文概要介绍了参加第二届核磁共振测深(MRS)国际学术研讨会的主要收获.阐述了核磁共振找水仪的研制和进展以及扩大了MRS方法的应用领域方面的情况.在应用MRS方法探测地下水取得很大成效的此基础上,我们率先用MRS方法进行了三峡滑坡监测和秦始皇陵考古工作,又取得了新成果.     

A semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian global nonhydrostatic model and the polar discretization scheme

The Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System(GRAPES) is a newly developed global non-hydrostatic numerical prediction model,which will become the next generation medium-range opera-tional model at China Meteorological Administration(CMA).The dynamic framework of GRAPES is featuring with fully compressible equations,nonhydrostatic or hydrostatic optionally,two-level time semi-Lagrangian and semi-implicit time integration,Charney-Phillips vertical staggering,and complex three-dimensional pre-conditioned Helmholtz solver,etc.Concerning the singularity of horizontal momentum equations at the poles,the polar discretization schemes are described,which include adoption of Arakawa C horizontal grid with ν at poles,incorporation of polar filtering to maintain the computational stability,the correction to Helmholtz equation near the poles,as well as the treatment of semi-Lagrangian interpolation to improve the departure point accuracy,etc.The balanced flow tests validate the rationality of the treatment of semi-Lagrangian departure point calculation and the polar discretization during long time integration.Held and Suarez tests show that the conservation proper-ties of GRAPES model are quite good.     

Hydrological Outlook UK: an operational streamflow and groundwater level forecasting system at monthly to seasonal time scales

This paper describes the development of the first operational seasonal hydrological forecasting service for the UK, the Hydrological Outlook UK (HOUK). Since June 2013, this service has delivered monthly forecasts of streamflow and groundwater levels, with an emphasis on forecasting hydrological conditions over the next three months, accompanied by outlooks over longer time horizons. This system is based on three complementary approaches combined to produce the outlooks: (i) national-scale modelling of streamflow and groundwater levels based on dynamic seasonal rainfall forecasts, (ii) catchment-scale modelling where streamflow and groundwater level models are driven by historical meteorological forcings (i.e. the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction, ESP, approach), and (iii) a catchment-scale statistical method based on persistence and historical analogues. This paper provides the background to the Hydrological Outlook, describes the various component methods in detail and then considers the impact and usefulness of the product. As an example of a multi-method, operational seasonal hydrological forecasting system, it is hoped that this overview provides useful information and context for other forecasting initiatives around the world.     

环电流区中性原子观测特性模拟研究

为了给双星计划中性原子(ENA)探测仪的研制提供可靠 的理论依据，并为未来中性原子探测数据的分析及研究做好准备，针对双星轨道初步模拟计 算了双星ENA探测仪对磁暴时中性原子的观测特性. 建立了磁暴主相期间环电流离子分布的 一 个近似理论模式，并模拟计算了极轨卫星在极区上空、赤道面以及其他位置上对不同强度磁 暴主相期间环电流区ENA空间角分布及能谱的观测结果. 研究表明，存在环电流区方向和南 北极区环电流粒子沉降带两个中性原子强度极大区域；磁暴越强烈，注入区高度越低，环电 流区观测到的ENA通量越高；处于有利位置的ENA探测器可分辨注入区内边界或注入前沿；EN A探测器能够分辨环电流带离子分布的不均匀性；由于离子交换截面的差异，H，O，He 3种E NA的能谱分布不同；在10～80keV能谱范围内通量较强，易于观测；环电流区H，O两种ENA 通 量较强，有利于观测；而环电流区He ENA通量很弱，不易于观测. 模拟计算研究表明，双星 极轨卫星能够对环电流区ENA进行有效探测；低纬轨道上的ENA探测器也能够对环电流区ENA 进行一些观测；ENA探测器的研制应重视低、中能量范围ENA的探测.     

“引江济星”工程及风场环境影响广东肇庆星湖水龄分布特征

目前大量景观类湖泊在人工布局下呈现形状不规整的特点,容易造成湖湾水体滞留形成死水区,水质恶化问题日益突出,本文以星湖为研究区域,建立基于环境流体生态动力学(EFDC)模型的星湖水动力—风场耦合模型,以水龄作为衡量水体交换速率的指标,设计12种工况模拟计算不同出入湖通道布局及流量配比、"引江济星"工程和风场对星湖水龄时空分布的影响.结果表明:星湖水龄存在季节性和空间性分布差异,春季主导风向与湖体流动主方向互斥,抑制了波海湖水体交换,导致水龄在春季较长,而秋季南西南季风促进中心湖等水体交换,致使水龄偏短,也反映出风向的影响存在湖区空间异质性,风向为南东南时星湖整体水龄最小;入湖口通道布局及流量配比对湖区水体交换速率存在影响,以外坑为波海湖入湖口且波海湖、中心湖、仙女湖入流比为4∶3∶3时,星湖整体水龄最小,拟建的青莲湖出水口和仙女湖出水口能有效加快青莲湖东北部和仙女湖东南部的水体交换速率;综合考虑调水引流效益、经济投资、生态开发和占地的成本,方案二为最优调水引流方案.本研究强调入湖口布局、流量大小和比例、及风场等因素对城市内湖水体置换的影响,为人为干扰下的景观湖泊的治理和管控提供科学支撑.     

A comparison of surface and subsurface controls on summer temperature in a headwater stream

This study compared summer stream temperature between two years in the Star Creek catchment, Alberta, a headwater basin on the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Star Creek is a subsurface water dominated stream, which represents important habitat for native salmonid species. Hydrometeorological data from May to September of 2010 and 2011 accompanied by stream energy budget calculations were used to describe the drivers of stream temperature in this small forested stream. Mean, maximum, and minimum weekly stream temperatures were lower from May to August and higher in September 2011 compared to 2010. Weekly range in stream temperature was also different between years with a higher range in 2010. Inter‐annual stream temperature variation was attributed discharge differences between years, shown to be primarily governed by catchment‐scale moisture conditions. This study demonstrates that both meteorological and hydrological processes must be considered in order to understand stream temperature response to changing environmental conditions in mountainous regions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anomalous seismicity prior to rock bursts: Implications for earthquake prediction

Anomalous seismicity changes (increase followed by a decrease) were recorded prior to three moderate rock bursts in the Star mine, Burke, Idaho. In each case, based upon the anomalous seismicity behavior, miners were evacuated or were prohibited from entering active mine stopes that were located in the immediate vicinity of the seismicity buildup prior to the bursts. Analyses of pre- and post-seismic activity are interpreted in terms of, and shown to be consistent with, the inclusion theory of failure. Implications of these observational results for the problem of rock bursts and earthquake prediction are discussed.     

State-of-the art and future of earthquake early warning in the European region

European researchers and seismic networks are active in developing new approaches to earthquake early warning (EEW), implementing and operating test EEW systems, and in some cases, offering operational EEW to end users. We present the key recent developments in EEW research in Europe, describe the networks and regions where EEW is currently in testing or development, and highlight the two systems in Turkey and Romania that currently provide operational systems to a limited set of end users.     

Inertia gravity wave activity in the troposphere and lower stratosphere observed by Wuhan MST radar

The troposphere and lower stratosphere (TLS) is a region with active atmospheric fluctuations. The Wuhan Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar is the first MST radar to have become operational in Mainland China. It is dedicated to real-time atmospheric observations. In this paper, two case studies about inertia gravity waves (IGWs) derived from three-dimensional wind field data collected with the Wuhan MST radar are presented. The intrinsic frequencies, vertical wavelengths, horizontal wavelengths, vertical wavenumber spectra, and energy density are calculated and analyzed. In this paper, we also report on multiple waves existing in the lower stratosphere observed by the Wuhan MST radar. Lomb-Scargle spectral analysis and the hodograph method were used to derive the vertical wavenumber and propagation direction. Meanwhile, an identical IGW is observed by Wuhan MST radar both in troposphere and lower stratosphere regions. Combining the observations, the source of the latter IGW detected in the TLS would be the jet streams located in the tropopause region, which also produced wind shear above and below the tropopause.     

Tycho's Star and the supernov ae of Uranographia Britannica

Kevin J Kilburn describes how a recently discovered 18th century star atlas can shed new light on old supernovae.
The discovery in the library of Manchester Astronomical Society of a first impression of John Bevis's Uranographia Britannica has led to a reappraisal of these early observations. In particular, his observations of Tycho's Star suggest a new interpretation of the supernovae responsible.     

A rectified map of recent vertical surface movements in the West Carpathians in Slovakia

The first-order relevelling network in Slovakia (International Relevelling Program) was supplemented by second-order relevelling lines measured at the time of the International Relevelling Program (1973–1978) or after its completions, in order to gain more detailed information on the movement activity of the West Carpathians in Slovakia. Mathematical evaluation of relevelling results allowed of drawing a map of recent vertical movements in the region at the scale of 1:1,000,000.The Czechoslovak Uniform Levelling Network of 1947–1962 and the 2nd Czechoslovak Relevelling Network of 1973–1983 constitute the geodetic basis of the map. The relative annual movement velocities, as related to the Initial Fundamental Benchmark Pitelová near Žiar nad Hronom (approximately in the centre of Slovakia) are represented by isolines at intervals of 0.5 mm per year.An analysis of the map 1952–1977 indicates an overall subsidence of lowland regions with respect to the mountanous regions of the West Carpathiams. Central Carpathian morphostructures feature uplifts, with some regions appearing to be stable. Over the entire period under study, the maximal values of vertical movements were + 1.0 mm/year (uplifts) and -4.0 mm (subsidences), the total range being 5 mm/year.