保护地震监测环境与经济建设快速发展的思考

随着经济的发展,地震观测环境受到的干扰越来越严重。本文阐述了山东地区地震监测环境的现状,引述了山东省在经济建设中地震监测环境受到影响和破坏的实例,分析了产生的原因,结合山东省地震监测环境保护的实例探讨依法保护的意义,通过郯城地震台等监测环境保护实践活动,认识到法律、法规是地震监测环境得到保护的重要保障;阐述了依靠当地政府及其管理部门共同做好地震监测环境保护工作的必要性,并认为,应从加强县级地震机构建设及合理规划地震监测台网等方面入手,加强对地震监测环境的保护。进而提出了实现经济建设发展和保护地震监测环境矛盾统一的构想。地震台站工作人员要加强法律、法规的学习和运用,担负起地震台站监测环境保护的任务。同时,针对遇到的问题,提出了一些工作对策和建议。     

地震监测环境保护法律制度探讨

虽然我国已颁布了一系列法律、法规和政府规章,对地震监测环境保护做出规范,但是地震监测设施和观测环境遭到破坏的情况仍然时有发生,地震监测工作和服务地方经济建设之间存在的矛盾日益增多。现行地震监测环境保护制度有需要探讨和改进的地方。将国家和省市现行的保护制度作纵向比较,并与气象观测环境保护制度作横向比较,探讨其需要进一步改进和完善的地方。      

Hydrogeomorphic types of glacially created kettle holes in North-East Germany

Kettle holes are glacially created, small, shallow, depressional wetlands collecting their water from internal or closed catchments in young moraine landscapes. Their water body is defined by having a maximum of 1 ha in extent. Mostly they undergo a wet-dry circle. In North-East Germany, kettle holes are widely spread, mostly on arable land. They are characterised by large differences in hydroperiod (HP), size, shape and edge steepness. They also have a high potential for both, geomorphic structural diversity and biological species diversity. However, kettle holes are subject to pollution, drainage and structural reduction that result from intensive land use practices.Although kettle holes in Germany are protected by law, protection strategies are not specific enough with respect to the variability of kettle holes, especially of HP. Therefore, the study objective was to characterise hydrogeomorphic (HGM) kettle hole types to create a basis for a decision support system with regard to the selection of the type dependent conservation and management measures.In three agricultural landscapes in North-East Germany, geomorphological and hydrological variables of 268 kettle holes (HP, shore overflow tendency, depth, area, form, shore width and slope) as well as those of their catchments (area, wetland to catchment area ratio, relief) were investigated from 1993 to 2003. By statistical analysis of datasets of 144 kettle holes, 10 HGM kettle hole types were defined. The basic types are “silted fen type” and “open-water type”. Basic subtypes of the latter type are “storage type”, “shore overflow type” and “puddle type”. Differences in spreading of kettle hole types in dependency on landscape relief were found.     

From compliance to environmental leadership

Management systems should have control, be it financially, in relation to the human resources of a company, or in matters concerning quality, safety and the environment. Integrated management systems are required for the quality, safety and environmental areas. The converse to this is that problems are often the result of inadequate management programmes, standards and/or compliance with standards. Recent surveys have concluded that, firstly, in order to improve environmental performance, management issues need to be addressed and developed; and secondly, that the implementation of policies and measures is vital to improve environmental performance. In addition to environmental awareness among management and the need for environmental management, this paper focuses on the role of European legislation, international standardization, other international guidelines and important aspects of environmental management and auditing. Finally, it introduces a new environmental management and audit system—the international environmental rating system (IERS), which has been developed by Det Norske Veritas. IERS is a tool to guide implementation, maintenance and improvement of environmental management in industry and to measure the quality and effectiveness of environmental management. It consists of a structured management and audit protocol with good management practices and associated user guidelines.     

鄱阳湖流域综合管理的实践与探索

由于人口过速增长和不合理的传统发展模式等种种原因,江西历史上也出现过山区毁林种粮、湖区盲目围垦和酷渔滥捕等短期行为,造成了水土流失严重,旱涝灾害频繁,生态环境恶化,资源利用效率低,经济发展缓慢等区域性的环境与发展不协调问题,对江西的社会经济发展构成了日益严重的威胁.始于20世纪80年代初的江西省山江湖工程,应用流域综合管理理念和生态经济理论,以流域为单元,按照流域水土等自然资源的发育与退化规律,流域的物质循环、能量流动、信息传递和价值增殖规律,系统考虑流域内人口、资源与环境间的相互关系,在全面规划的基础上,合理安排农、林、牧副各业用地和组织布局生产力,因地制宜地布设综合治理措施,对水土及其他自然资源进行保护、改良与合理利用,寻求恢复和保持鄱阳湖流域生态系统良性循环,为实现流域内经济、社会与环境协调发展而进行的_次探索与实践.本文总结了江西省山江湖工程过去近二十年来在鄱阳湖流域综合管理方面所取得的成功经验和方法,以供其他类似地区参考和借鉴.     

Analysis on the coupling law between economic development and the environment in Ürümqi city

The inter-coupling relationship between urban economic development and the ecological environment refers to the total of interactive, inter-influenced and other non-linear relations between economic and environmental systems in the course of economic development. Taking Ürümqi, an oasis city in arid region, as an example, we collected the data of environmental quality & pollutants discharge and information on economic development in the 20 years, analyzed the correlation between the two, conducted a fitted regression with quadratic and cubic equations, and acquired 14 mathematic models that could describe the relationship between the environment and economic development. The results show that there exists a coordinated and interactive relationship between the environment and economic development. On the basis of these quantity analyses, conceptional frame model is built to explain the fundamental basis of this environmental coupling in Ürümqi city. Both a quantitative analysis of the coupling law and a good command of the internal law between them are useful for making comprehensive decisions about the environment and economic development and harmonizing the urban sustainable development.     

The GW-Fauna-Index: A first approach to a quantitative ecological assessment of groundwater habitats

Between June 2001 and December 2002, 18 hyporheic and groundwater bores were sampled for fauna and environmental data using phreatic traps. The bores were situated in three different natural geographic regions in Palatinate, Southwestern Germany.Faunal data correlated with the relative amount of detritus, bacterial abundances and the standard deviation of temperature, while very few and weak correlations were found with physical–chemical variables. Dissolved oxygen was assumed to be a limiting factor for most metazoans with a critical concentration at around 0.5–1 mg l⁻¹.To quantify the strength of the hydrological exchange with surface water and its effects on fauna, a so-called GW-Fauna-Index was developed and calculated using the relative amount of detritus, standard deviation of temperature, and oxygen concentration. From all environmental data and on all spatial scales, this index best explained the total faunal abundance and taxonomic richness.To describe the availability of organic aliments in the groundwater, the terms of “alimonic” and “alimony” [from lat. alimonium=(food) supply] were proposed.Although stygofauna was different in the geographic regions investigated, the GW-Fauna-Index was independent from these regional particularities. Using the GW-Fauna-Index, three groups of groundwater habitats could be classified according to the alimonic conditions. From oligo-alimonic group I samples, fauna was mostly absent, while meso-alimonic group II samples were prevailingly populated by stygobites, and eu-alimonic group III samples by ubiquists and stygoxenes. Total abundances and taxonomic richness increased significantly from group I to group III. Group I samples were characterized by low index values, group II samples by intermediate and group III samples by high values.The GW-Fauna-Index provides promising perspectives for application, but needs some improvement. First of all, detritus should be analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, rather than semi-quantitatively. Also, a standard protocol for sampling has to be developed.     

A framework for determining recommended environmental flows for balancing agricultural and ecosystem water demands

Abstract

We developed a water-use conflict analysis framework to determine environmental flows that optimally balance water requirements for ecosystems and human activities. This framework considers trade-offs between water use for ecosystem health and agricultural processes and considers temporal variations in hydrological processes. It comprises three separate models that (a) analyse water balance between agriculture and initial environmental flows, (b) identify outcomes of varying balances in water use, and (c) determine recommended environmental flows for sustainable water use. We applied the framework to a region downstream of the Yellow River in China. Based on our results, we recommend a water management plan that allocates more water to ecosystem services than is currently allocated and that does not increase predicted economic losses. In addition, we found that recommended flows change depending on the ecological objectives considered and whether technologies or methodologies that improve water-use efficiency are employed.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor M. Acreman

Citation Pang, A., Sun, T., and Yang, Z., 2014. A framework for determining recommended environmental flows for balancing agricultural and ecosystem water demands. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 890–903.     

Assessment of environmental flow requirements

Flow is considered to be the master variable for a river because the fluvial processes and health of its ecosystem critically depend upon flow. Increasing water withdrawals from many rivers of the world are leading to severe degradation in river ecosystems. Water is allocated for environmental needs so that a river can perform its natural functions. This article discusses the concept of environmental flow, methods to assess it, and issues in implementation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) in marine environmental monitoring

The implementation of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive necessitates the development of common criteria and methodological standards for marine environmental monitoring and assessment across Europe. Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) is proposed as a key indicator organism in the Baltic and North Sea regions. This benthic fish species is widely used in ecotoxicological studies and as a bioindicator of local pollution due to its stationary behavior. Eelpout is included in the environmental monitoring program of several Baltic States, covering both chemical and biological effects measurements, and samples have been archived in environmental specimen banks for >15 years. A method for evaluating the frequency of larval aberrations has been suggested as a standardized assessment tool. The large scientific knowledge-base and considerable experience of long-term chemical and biological effects monitoring and specimen banking, make eelpout a suitable species for the assessment of Good Environmental Status in the Baltic and North Seas.     

基于SD模型分析的环鄱阳湖地区发展模式探讨

系统动力学(SD)模型在模拟复杂的区域发展问题中具有明显优势,本文在深入分析环鄱阳湖地区区域发展各子系统、各要素之间关系的基础上,构建了区域发展SD模型,并通过设立4种发展情景模拟了不同发展模式下区域发展特征.结果表明,惯性发展不仅发展速度较慢,同时将带来严重的生态与环境问题;高经济增长低环保投入发展尽管保持了经济的高速增长,但对生态环境将造成较大程度的破坏;高经济增长高环保投入方式通过加大环保投入,能较好地解决经济高速增长所带来的污染问题;而强调经济结构调整的产业优化升级发展方式在保证经济较高速发展的同时,较好地维持了区域生态环境的良性循环.充分考虑环鄱阳湖地区区域特征,本文综合各模式优劣势,提出了推荐发展模式,以实现经济增长与生态环境保护之间的平衡.     

流域管理基本法则研究——以长江流域系统管理为例

流域是自然形成的水动力系统,流域管理是以水资源为中心的科学管理管理"是用法律、规范、条例、办法等来实现的,而流域是复杂的系统,具有整体性、动态性、耗散性, 同时它是人类赖以生存的资源环境.因此流域管理就应该顺应河流流水的动态变化.长江流域的管理是一项系统工程,应坚持以综合管理为根本、以科学预测为基础、以降低熵值为目标、以环境安全为核心.即在坚持整体综合全面统筹的前提下,其治理和开发必须以科学预测为基础,尤其是洪涝灾害的治理应该有中长期的灾害预测作为启动治理工程的根据;同时管理的目标是降低系统熵值以加大系统稳定性和有序性;还有长江流域管理的核心任务是流域环境安全,以保证流域经济、社会和生态的可持续发展.     

Geographic variations in shell growth rates of the mussel Diplodon chilensis from temperate lakes of Chile: Implications for biodiversity conservation

The Chilean lake district includes diverse lentic ecosystems along ca. 700 km of the country (36°–43°S), including the “Nahuelbutan lakes”, “Araucanian lakes” and “Chiloe lakes”. This area is recognized as an important “hot spot” of benthic freshwater biodiversity in Southern South America. In Chilean temperate lakes, increased nutrient loads of P and N caused eutrophication, particularly in the Nahuelbutan Lakes. The freshwater Hyriidae mussel Diplodon chilensis (Gray, 1828) which is one of the most abundant species in Chilean temperate lakes, is known to be very susceptible to eutrophication. This species presents a clear reduction in its geographic ranges and is considered to be a threatened species in many Chilean lakes. In this study, we used a correlative approach to determine how eutrophication-driven changes in the food supply and in geographical parameters of different Chilean lakes affected the shell growth rates of D. chilensis. The results obtained from sclerochronological analyses of the mussel shells suggest an association with a group of environmental variables, including geographical types (negative), such as latitude and altitude, and limnological types (positive), especially phosphorous and turbidity. However, the D. chilensis populations under extreme conditions of turbidity in eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes are extinct or nearly so. The high positive correlation of the mean D. chilensis growth rates with orthophosphate (R=0.76; P<0.05), in relation to dissolved inorganic nitrogen, suggests that P is the major limiting factor of the primary productivity in Chilean temperate lakes. We discuss some implications of our results in terms of the conservation of biodiversity in temperate lake ecosystems at different taxonomic levels.     

Ecosystem objectives to support the UK vision for the marine environment

European Maritime States already have commitments to protect species and habitats and maintain quality standards in coastal and offshore waters. These are a direct response to environmental legislation in Europe and commitments made to biodiversity conservation in OSPAR and at the World Summit on Sustainable Development. An integrated approach to management requires that these are consistent with the requirements for sustainable development, and include wider social considerations and active stakeholder participation. This review describes a hierarchical framework that incorporates the marine objectives and delivery statements of ecological, social and economic sectors. The framework leads from the UK's guiding principles for sustainable development, through visionary statements and strategic goals for high level delivery, to operational objectives and statements of action which deliver management. Parts of this hierarchy can already be populated for the UK, especially those at the higher levels. At the operational level, however, there is less clarity. The review shows that, despite some gaps, existing commitments for ecological components of the ecosystem are transparent and generally conform to this framework, due largely to high profile government funding of environmental protection and science and a single national vision for the marine environment. Specific objectives for six components of the ecosystem were developed; benthic habitats, seabirds and mammals, phytoplankton and zooplankton, fish, and physical/chemical quality of the water and atmosphere. The objectives included some that avoided limits and others that aimed to achieve targets, and for management to be effective it will be important to have a common understanding of how these can together be interpreted and made operational. In a review of 13 social and economic sectors, few provided a clear breakdown of objectives leading from a high level vision or a sustainable development principle. Six sectors did not have high level government targets for production or other measures of sectoral performance. Such commercial operations generally determine their own operational delivery targets based on market forces. Recent proposals in Europe to create an integrated framework for social, economic and environmental activities will need to carefully balance the development of a strong and competitive marine economy with existing international obligations to environmental protection.     

A procedure for identifying significant environmental aspects in sea ports

A new methodology has been designed to identify and rank the significant environmental aspects in sea ports. The main objective of the Strategic Overview of Significant Environmental Aspects (SOSEA) is to help port managers to identify significant environmental aspects and to reinforce the awareness about them in order to prioritise work in environmental management. Developed in close collaboration with port environmental managers and tested in a set of ports, it is a user-friendly tool that can be applied in approximately half a working day. It is based on ISO 14001 vocabulary and requirements and it can be considered as the base for the implementation of any Environmental Management System for port communities.     

Impact of stress and disturbance factors on the phytoplankton communities in Northeastern Brazil reservoir

The ecology of phytoplankton reservoir communities plays a pivotal role in their management and in the development of inland fisheries in the water scarce semi-arid regions of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The hydrological conditions characterizing these reservoirs include infrequent rainfall and high evaporative loses. The phytoplankton assemblages in tropical climate are structured primarily on dry and wet cycles, not the annual temperature and light regime. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ecological aspects of phytoplankton communities from three reservoirs during the period of July 2003–June 2004, which include atypical summer rainfall and reservoir overflow. The environmental data broadly divided into two categories, stress factors and disturbance factors. The stress factors deals with the impact of high particulate organic matter and low dissolved oxygen concentrations and disturbance factors, linked to water level fluctuation through flushing and reservoir drawdown, and these events are associated with the phytoplankton assemblages. Results indicated that the three distinct hydroperiods determined the structure of phytoplankton and chlorophyll levels and limited the presence and relative abundance of cyanobacterial species. Phytoplankton succession accompanied changes in clear and turbid water phase represented by the alternate dominance between diatoms and chlorophytes. Inundation and complete filling of reservoir stimulated “s” and “r” strategists species (<20 um) of unicellular and some colonial members of chlorophytes and cryptomonads in highly turbid water environment, and “c” strategist species in rest of the wet period following disturbance gradients. Statistical analysis elicited a significant relationship between particulate organic matter and relative abundance of smaller chlorophytes, which was deemed as stress factor. The flushing and reservoir drawdown indicate disturbance gradient and as a consequence high diversity. Furthermore, a substantial reduction in chlorophyll levels was registered in turbid water phase is related to the reduction of light penetration and re-suspension of sediments. Considering these results, it can be suggested that the well-managed reservoir drawdown can possibly maintain an environment free of eutrophication and cyanobacterial dominance.     

Effects of “Grain for Green” reforestation program on rural sustainability in China: an AHP approach to peasant consensus of public land use policies

Climate change will affect the regional ability to achieve the poverty reduction and sustainable development (SD) objectives. Thus, any action plans to achieve these objectives should make climate change policies an integral part of the development planning process. The best practices and measures of climate change policies should be implemented to ensure regional or community sustainability. In this paper, a case study that promotes the integration of carbon sequestration into sustainable forest management and rural development plan with multi-stakeholders participation is introduced. To achieve SD goals, appropriate tools and methods are required to address impacts of alternative forest land uses on carbon sequestration and rural sustainability, and to prioritise land use options. A range of forest land use scenarios that address various aspects of the forest carbon sequestration rate and rural sustainability are evaluated against a SD indicator system. Planting vegetation is one of the practical approaches in mitigating global warming by sequestrating carbon from the atmosphere to plant matter and soil. In order to protect environment, reduce excessive soil erosion, and decrease the propensity and frequency of flooding and other natural disasters, China has initiated nationwide pivotal projects such as “Grain for Green” to mitigate exacerbated environmental deterioration and degradation. Such ecological programs may affect the socio-economic livelihoods of peasants and the economic activities of the whole region. The impact and economic uncertainty associated with such projects urge policy makers to include all stakeholders in the decision making process so that an agreeable solution towards sustainable rural development can be identified. This study uses Liping County in Guizhou province as a case study to identify a consensus among peasants regarding planting selected tree-species. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used as a multicriteria decision making tool to rank sustainability criteria and determine the priority of options. The method helps policy makers to understand what the peasants want to achieve by participating in a Grain for Green program and what their priorities are with respect to particular types of vegetation. The case study finds that economic and financial concerns are the most important drivers of the decision of which trees to plant among the peasants who took part in the implementation of the Grain for Green program. As a result of this, Gingko, redpine, and Chinese chestnut were the predominant trees planted under the program. The integrated assessment based on the AHP method provides an effective tool to help understand how economic, social and environmental factors are related to each other in affecting the nature of rural sustainability.     

兰州地震台阵环境噪声调研分析

随着我国社会经济的发展,地震台站观测环境破坏日益严重。对兰州地震台阵环境噪声进行调研,定量分析并提供该台阵与国际标注各大干扰源的直线距离,以充分了解各干扰源对地震台阵的影响程度。结果发现,兰州地震台阵目前基本达到Ⅰ级台站环境噪声水平,满足台阵观测条件。