Estimation of efficiency of the modern and planning optimal network of seismic stations within the Vietnam territory

Efficiency of the modern network of seismological observations in Vietnam is estimated, and an optimal design of planning network, consisted of 14 seismic stations is proposed. At the same sensitivity of network, but with a less number of stations, the new network would enable to determine hypocenter parameters in a more precise at a more uniform distribution of errating band within observation area.     

新疆数字测震台网的监测能力及其构造意义

新疆地震监测台网从1970年前的4个台发展到2008年数字测震台网建设完成以后,共有测震台站63个,结合邻省的15个地震台站的实时数据,地震监测能力得到极大的提高。阿勒泰构造小区、西准噶尔小区、北天山西段、南天山东段和西段现今的地震监测能力为1.5~2.0级,东天山为2.0~2.5级,西昆仑、阿尔金和交汇区为2.5~3.0级,乌鲁木齐和喀什附近地区的现今监测能力为0.5~1级。新疆数字测震台网的建设着重考虑了对新疆活动构造的监测,目前对新疆大部分活动断裂带的监测能力都在1.0~1.5级,这对今后的地震监测预报和防震减灾工作有十分重要的意义。     

SEISAN software application for developing an automated seismological data analysis workstation

The key stages of automation of routine earthquake data processing are described. The software, technologies, and equipment are specified. The method for determining earthquake source parameters is considered in details. The experience in the seismological data interpretation taking recent velocity profiles of the region into account is demonstrated and the determination accuracy is justified. The information about the configuration of the local network of seismic stations and the velocity structure of the earth??s crust in the north of Sakhalin Island is presented.     

On the Problem of Deep Earthquakes in Crimea–Black Sea Region

It is a common opinion that only crustal earthquakes can occur in the Crimea–Black Sea region. Since the existence of deep earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region is extremely important for the construction of a geodynamic model for this region, an attempt is made to verify the validity of this widespread view. To do this, the coordinates of all earthquakes recorded by the stations of the Crimean seismological network are reinterpreted with an algorithm developed by one of the authors. The data published in the seismological catalogs and bulletins of the Crimea–Black Sea region for 1970–2012 are used for the analysis. To refine the coordinates of hypocenters of earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region, in addition to the data from stations of the Crimean seismological network, information from seismic stations located around the Black Sea coast are used. In total, the data from 61 seismic stations were used to determine the hypocenter coordinates. The used earthquake catalogs for 1970–2012 contain information on ~2140 events with magnitudes from–1.5 to 5.5. The bulletins provide information on the arrival times of P- and S-waves at seismic stations for 1988 events recorded by three or more stations. The principal innovation of this study is the use of the original author’s hypocenter determination algorithm, which minimizes the functional of distances between the points (X, Y, H) and (x, y, h) corresponding to the theoretical and observed seismic wave travel times from the earthquake source to the recording stations. The determination of the coordinates of earthquake hypocenters is much more stable in this case than the usual minimization of the residual functional for the arrival time of an earthquake wave at a station (the difference between the theoretical and observed values). Since determination of the hypocenter coordinates can be influenced by the chosen velocity column beneath each station, special attention is focused on collecting information on velocity profiles. To evaluate the influence of the upper mantle on the results of calculating the velocity model, two different low-velocity and high-velocity models are used; the results are compared with each other. Both velocity models are set to a depth of 640 km, which is fundamentally important in determining hypocenters for deep earthquakes. Studies of the Crimea–Black Sea region have revealed more than 70 earthquakes with a source depth of more than 60 km. The adequacy of the obtained depth values is confirmed by the results of comparing the initial experimental data from the bulletins with the theoretical travel-time curves for earthquake sources with depths of 50 and 200 km. The sources of deep earthquakes found in the Crimea–Black Sea region significantly change our understanding of the structure and geotectonics of this region.     

The influence of one-dimensional velocity sections on determining the key parameters of the earthquake sources in Azerbaijan

The paper addresses the construction of one-dimensional (1D) velocity models in the seismogenic regions of Azerbaijan taken individually and the analysis of implications of these models for estimating the key parameters of earthquake sources in Azerbaijan. We considered and analyzed the seismological data from the local earthquakes, the arrival times of the P-, P-g, Pn-, S-, Sg-, and Sn-waves recorded by the network of telemetry stations during the period from 2005 to 2014 with ml ≥ 2.5. For constructing the models, we used the VELEST program which calculates 1D velocity models from travel times of seismic waves. As a result, the 1D models were built for ten regions of Azerbaijan; the key parameters of the hypocenters of the earthquakes were recalculated; and the corrections to the body-wave arrival times at the observation stations were obtained, which increased the accuracy of locating the hypocenter of earthquakes.     

Seismic Network,Seismic Activity and Seismological Research of Vietnam

In this paper,a historical review of the seismic network of Vietnam and the ability of the network to monitor earthquakes is presented.The seismic activity of Vietnam as a country of high seismictiy in the last century and since the beginning of the new century is described.The current state of seismological research in Vietnam and cooperation with institutions outside of Vietnam is outlined.     

应对巨大地震的应急流动观测系统

通过“十五”数字地震观测网络项目建设,目前。我国的地震观测系统和地震观测信号传输几乎完全依赖于公共通讯网络。但是,大地震常常严重破坏公共通讯系统,应对巨大地震的流动观测系统就提到迫切的日程。2007年,通过采用无线竞带接入技术,结合中国地震局数字地震观测网络技术,初步建成了应对巨大地震的应急流动观测系统,并在汶川地震现场观测初期发挥了重要作用。     

沂沭带形变、重磁场时空变化特征与地震活动

综合利用流动水准和流动重磁复测资料,分析沂沭断裂带上地壳形变场和地球物理场的时空强变化特征,揭示沂沭断裂带活动特征是以鲁中隆起的继承性活动为主,沂沭带北端的双山-李家庄断裂两盘的垂直形变受区域断裂控制并与区域地震活动有关,与1983年荷泽地震和1995年苍山地震有较好对应关系;沂水附近地磁场有“窗口效应”,尤其与南黄海地震活动及沂沐断裂带上的小震活动有关。     

Horizontal crustal movement before the great Wenchuan earthquake obtained from GPS observations in the regional network

The great Wenchuan earthquake of M8.0 on May 12, 2008, occurred in an area with dense GPS observation stations in the regional network of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC). Non-continuous observations were carried out at the 1 000 GPS stations of the regional network in 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2007. The horizontal displacements at GPS stations in the regional network before the Wenchuan earthquake show that the main driving tectonic force of the earthquake was the northward pushing of the Indian plate, added at the same time by the pushing of plates on the east and south. In comparison to the displacements in other regions, the horizontal displacements near and around the seismic area is characterized by diverging eastward displacements, that is, the stations to the north of the epicenter moved in the ENE direction while those to the south of epicenter moved in ESE direction with smaller displacements at stations near the epicenter. The accuracy of the estimated strain results is briefly discussed. In order to obtain the anomalous information before the earthquake, the methods of both best fits by trend surface and statistics have been used in the study for finding the future epicentral area from the strain accumulations in the regional network observed from 1999 to 2007 before the Wenchuan earthquake. Besides the epicentral area of the western Kunlun mountain pass earthquake of M8.1 in 2001, the results of best fits by trend surfaces of the strain accumulations from 1999 to 2007 in the regional network show that the Wenchuan earthquake occurred at the eastern fringe of a large area with relatively large accumulations of the first shear strains and also at the northeastern fringe of a smaller area with significant accumulated areal compressions. The statistics of the accumulations of the strain components demonstrates that they also showed anomalous distribution patterns in this area and its neighborhood with increasing accumulations of both shear strains and areal compressions.     

龙门山断裂带地壳精细结构与汶川地震发震机理

利用2001年1月至2008年6月四川固定地震台网和临时地震台站记录到的大量P波到时资料,反演了龙门山断裂带及周边地区的地壳精细三维P波速度模型. 结果表明,汶川主震以北和以南地区的结构存在较大差异,以北地区的龙门山断裂带具有很强地壳不均匀性,这与该区发生了大量汶川地震的余震相一致. 这些结果有意义地改进了前人对龙门山断裂带仅为不同块体过渡带的认识. 汶川主震震源区下方存在有明显低波速异常体,表明流体可能存在于龙门山断裂带内. 这些流体可能直接影响汶川大震的形成. 本文的成像结果为下地壳流沿龙门山断裂带上浸提供了可靠的地震学证据.     

Clayey injection veins and pseudotachylyte from two boreholes penetrating the Chelungpu Fault, Taiwan: Their implications for the contrastive seismic slip behaviors during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake

Abstract   The seismic slip that occurred during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan showed contrastive behaviors in different regions along the Chelungpu Fault: A large and smooth slip occurred in the north, while a relatively small slip associated with high-frequency seismic wave radiation occurred in the south. The core samples from shallow boreholes at northern (Fengyuan) and southern (Nantou) sites penetrating the seismic Chelungpu Fault were analyzed. The fault zones at the northern site are characterized by soft clayey material associated with clayey injection veins. This suggests that the fault zones were pressurized during ancient seismic slip events, and hence the elastohydrodynamic lubrication occurred effectively. In contrast, the fault rock from the southern site is old pseudotachylyte that has been shattered by repeated ancient seismic slip events. Statistical analysis of many pseudotachylyte fragments reveals that the degree of frictional melting tended to be low. In this case, the seismic slip is restrained by the mechanical barrier of a highly viscous melt layer. These contrastive fault rocks were produced by repeated ancient seismic slip events, but the two corresponding mechanisms of friction are likely to have also occurred during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, thus causing the contrastive slip behaviors in the north and south.     

数字观测时代的全球三维结构与地震定位研究

概述了地震学观测研究取得的地球内部结构的一些基本认识，并介绍了在数字地震观测时代，地震层析成像研究取得的一些进展，如敏感性分析、结构和定位联合反演、非线性反演和非规则的参量化方法等。同时就地震学的传统定位问题，概述了利用地震走时进行地球深部结构反演所涉及的一些基本问题，即数据资料、模型参量化、反演计算和敏感性分析中的具体细节问题。中就国际地学界近年来利用三维结构开展地震定位研究的动向，从地震精定位在地震成核、精细地质结构刻画、核查和震源破裂过程研究等方面的应用研究角度，希望在中国能尽快推进相应的地震精度定位工作。     

Construction and development of China digital seismological observation network

The seismological observation system in China has experienced rapid development over the Tenth Five-year Plan period. China Earthquake Administration (CEA) has completed the establishment of China digital seismological observation network. CEA has accomplished analog-to-digital conversion of the existing seismological observation systems and set up a number of new digital seismic stations. This indicates full digitization of seismological ob-servation in China. This paper presents an overview of the scale,layout principle and major functions of the up-dated national digital seismograph network,regional digital seismograph network,and digital seismograph net-work for volcano monitoring and mobile digital seismograph networks in China.     

四川地震监测预报工作40年进展与展望

回顾了四川地震监测预报工作40年发展历程。四川地震监测预报积累了地震学和前兆观测资料,推进了测震台网、前兆监测台网、流动监测网以及空间技术的发展应用,为地震预测探索之路奠定了基础;地震预报科研经历了多次科研攻关研究,总结了经验和教训,提炼和筛选了一些预报指标和方法;地震监测数字化的发展,给地震监测预报提出新的课题;今后仍将依赖于科学和创新机制,依赖于高新技术应用,依赖于地震监测网能力和质量提升,始终坚持边观测、边研究、边预报的地震预测的探索之路。     

2015年内蒙古阿拉善左旗5.8级地震序列震源深度对比分析

选取2015年阿拉善左旗5.8级地震发生后,中国地震科学台阵探测-南北地震带北段项目、中国地震局地球物理研究所中国地震科学探测台阵数据中心及内蒙古测震台网记录到此次地震序列的78次地震波形资料,采用单纯型法、Hyposat法、双差定位方法、确定性方法（PTD方法）、CAP地震矩张量反演法重新测定深度,并将所获深度值进行对比分析,结果发现,确定性方法（PTD方法）和双差定位方法较符合震源区构造特征的深度测定,单纯型法、Hyposat法效果不佳,CAP法适用于较大地震;地震序列平均震源深度为（15.54±8）km。     

Results of seismological data processing for the territory of Armenia

The distribution of earthquake hypocenters in the territory of Armenia is obtained based on data from seismological bulletins for 1970–2012. It is shown that in addition to crustal earthquakes, there are deep earthquakes with a hypocenter depth down to 300 km. The seismicity is concentrated primarily in the northwest of the republic in the region adjacent to the Javakheti Upland. The positions of the main shock and the aftershocks of the December 1988 Spitak earthquake are determined separately. It is shown that the aftershocks of this earthquake cover a big area, extending to a depth of 100 km, although most of them are located at a depth of ~27 km.     

2011年日本MW9.0地震对沂沭断裂带及其两侧地区地壳运动的同震影响研究

2011年日本M_W9.0地震（简称日本地震）后沂沭断裂带及其两侧地区地震活动显著增强,研究日本地震对该地区地壳运动及地震潜势的影响十分必要.为此,本文通过112个连续GPS观测站获取了研究区高空间分辨率的日本地震同震形变场并得到如下认识：（1）8个定点地球物理观测的同震响应验证了本文同震形变场的可靠性;日本地震的东向拉张使研究区整体上处于张性同震应变状态,但存在局部挤压区域,其中莱州湾至海州湾的挤压条带穿过沂沭断裂带并对断裂带南北两段产生了不同的同震作用,对南段具有拉张作用,对北段产生挤压作用;（2）同震形变场在鲁东隆起和鲁西断块产生了显著的剪应变,地震b值显示上述区域的构造应力在日本地震后增强,因此同震形变场可能改变了这些区域的应力特征;（3）地震矩张量叠加分析显示,同震形变场短期内对鲁西断块、鲁东隆起区和沂沭断裂带南段累积了地震矩,可能有助于上述区域在日本地震以后的地震活动增强;日本地震对沂沭断裂带北段的地震矩具有释放作用,或许是该区域地震活动减弱的原因.     

基于地脉动噪声的呼伦贝尔地区监测能力研究

基于地脉动噪声计算方法,以呼伦贝尔市地震台网8个台站连续波形资料为基础,对地震观测台网监测能力进行评估,同时开展台网优化和科学布局研究。通过累计的历史噪声数据,用来评估台站观测环境的变迁,及时掌握地震监测能力的变化。该成果将为地震速报、重点地震危险区震情跟踪、强震后现场应急提供科学参考。     

南北构造带南段上地幔各向异性特征

对布设在南北构造带南段的中国地震科学探测台阵项目一期350个宽频带流动台站和中国地震台网90个宽频带固定台站记录的远震XKS(SKS、SKKS和PKS)波形资料作偏振分析,采用最小切向能量的网格搜索法和"叠加"分析方法求得每一个台站的XKS波的快波偏振方向和快、慢波的时间延迟,获得了南北构造带南段上地幔各向异性图像.结果显示研究区的各向异性具有明显的南北分区特征,北部的快波方向为近N-S方向,而南部主要表现为近E-W方向,且北部的平均时间延迟小于南部.分析表明,具有厚岩石圈的北部的各向异性主要由岩石圈变形引起,是一种垂直连贯变形模式;具有薄岩石圈的南部的各向异性主要由软流圈地幔流引起,缅甸和巽达板片的后撤/回转作用产生了指向西南的软流圈地幔流,在岩石圈底部和软流圈之间产生了一个水平差异运动,产生了一个与简单剪切一致的软流圈变形结构,从而产生了南部观测的各向异性.     

Focal Depths of Earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea Region

The problem of determining focal depths of earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region is considered. Based on the results of interannual studies, it is found that the focal depths of Crimean earthquakes are mainly crustal, with maximum values of up to 60 km. Some recent publications, however, have described deep-focus earthquakes with depths of up to 300 km which were “revealed” in the Crimean region. In this respect, there arose the need to study such a large difference in estimated focal depths. Convincing examples show that the sensational “revelation” of deep earthquakes in Crimea was caused by incorrect processing of the experimental data, in particular, due to (1) a sharp distortion in the recorded arrival times of body waves, (2) exclusion of data from stations nearest to a source, (3) unreasonable arbitrary selection of data from seismic stations, and (4) dropping of data from the worldwide seismological network, including those on deep seismic phases. Thus, the conclusions about the presence of deep mantle earthquakes in Crimea are erroneous. We have redetermined the parameters of hypocenters and verified that the focal depths of earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region are no more than 60 km. Based on these data, we analyze the features of the spatial distribution of focal depths to show that earthquake sources are grouped along conduits that dip southeastward, from the continental part of Crimea toward the Black Sea Basin, in the case of grouping of sources in the Alushta–Yalta and Sevastopol areas. The seismic focal layer of the Kerch–Anapa area dips northeastward, from the Black Sea beneath the North Caucasus.