黑河流域山前绿洲水量转化模拟研究

利用数字高程数据、遥感解译成果、地下水和水文气象资料,建立了一个基于GIS网格的黑河中游山前绿洲地区分布式水文模型.模拟结果表明,黑河流域中游山前绿洲地带的降水几乎完全消耗于蒸散发,且大约70%的山区地表径流补给也消耗于蒸散发.蒸散发以中游森林为最多,草本植被蒸散发同植被覆盖度呈正比.天然植被覆盖度同降水量的多少呈正比,在当地气候条件下,降水是天然荒漠植被类型和分布的控制因子.     

黑河流域走廊平原地下水补给源组成及其变化

通过环境同位素、水文分割法和相关分析研究表明,祁连山区降水、冰川雪融水和基岩裂隙水通过出山口地表径流补给构成黑河流域走廊平原地下水主要补给源,具有年际和年内丰枯动态变化规律,与祁连山区降水量和气温的关联度分别为0.97和0.79,与平原张掖站降水量和气温的关联度分别为0.43和0.60。在自然径流条件下,祁连山区降水量变化是改变走廊平原地下水补给的主导因素,约占91%权重;气温变化是重要影响因素,约占9%权重。20世纪80年代以来祁连山区各补给源处于偏丰期。因此,近年来走廊平原地下水补给量相对50年代减少27.1%,人类活动是重要影响因素,急需加强科学调控。     

白龙江干流代表站径流变化特征及未来趋势预测

白龙江引水工程被列入国家确定的172项重大水利工程项目之一,分析研究白龙江干流代表站径流变化特征并进行未来趋势预测,为实施白龙江引水工程提供技术支撑。对白龙江干流白云、舟曲、武都、碧口4个代表站1956~2013年的实测径流系列资料进行分析,采用周期波均值外延叠加模型、谐波分析模型和逐步回归分析模型组合形成的加法模型对代表站未来径流变化趋势进行分析预测。结果表明:(1)该4站9月份多年平均流量占全年径流量比例最大,主汛期6~9月多年平均流量占全年径流量比例达到50%左右。(2)4个水文站多年径流量变化趋势呈现出逐渐缓慢减少的趋势,上游减少的幅度比下游小。(3)预测2015、2020、2025年年径流量的结果是:白云水文站均小于多年平均值,武都水文站均大于多年均值,舟曲和碧口水文站在多年均值上下浮动。     

冻土退化对海拉尔河流域水文过程的影响

利用海拉尔河流域内气象站点1974—2006年冻土冻结深度资料和水文站点1974—2008年的径流资料,通过建立冻结深度和径流的关系,研究了区域近30年来冻土变化对径流变化的影响。结果表明:近30年来,海拉尔、坝后和红花尔基水文站1~3月份径流量有13%~20%的增长,牙克石水文站径流量增长不显著。退水曲线由陡峭趋于平滑,冬季2月份径流量与秋季11月份径流量比值呈增大趋势,同期流域冻土的最大冻结深度减小了50 cm左右。这表明海拉尔河流域冬季退水过程有减缓趋势且冻土的退化是导致退水变慢的主要原因。冻土退化的这一水文效应主要是由于:① 随着冻土年内隔水效应减弱,流域内有更多的地表水入渗变成地下水,造成流域地下水储水量加大,导致冬季径流增加; ② 随着春夏季冻土平均厚度的减薄,流域地下水库库容增加,地下水枯季径流补给能力增强,导致流域退水时间延迟;③ 冻土对气候变暖的响应是一个缓慢的过程,因此冻土退化对径流过程的影响也是一个渐变过程。     

高寒山区冻土对水文过程的影响研究——以黑河上游八宝河为例

冻土对寒区水文过程具有重要的调节作用,是寒区水循环研究的核心内容之一.在分布式水文模型中对土壤冻融过程进行显式表达,对探索寒区水循环的机理、定量研究寒区流域径流的时空变化十分重要.先在黑河上游八宝河流域对考虑了土壤冻融过程的分布式水文模型进行简单验证,然后分析土壤冻融对流域水文过程的影响.对考虑和不考虑土壤冻融的模型模拟结果进行对比,发现冻土对流域的产流方式和速度有很大的影响,主要表现为：1）考虑冻土时,流域产流以壤中流为主,径流对降雨或融雪的响应速度较快,径流过程线变化较为剧烈,径流系数较高.冻土有效地阻碍了入渗过程,促进地表径流和壤中流的形成.壤中流发生的平均土壤深度冬季深,春季浅,年平均深度约为1.1 m;2）在不考虑冻土时,土壤下渗能力强,地下水补给是考虑冻土时的3倍,流域产流方式以基流为主,径流对降雨或融雪的响应速度减缓,径流过程线较为平滑,夏季洪峰在时间上存在明显的延迟.即便在降水强度较大的夏天,流域内都不会产生地表产流,而且壤中流产流的平均土壤深度平稳地处于2.4 m左右.研究对从机理上认识土壤冻融对水文过程的影响有一定的帮助.     

Hydrograph Separation of the Amazon River: A Methodological Study

The hydrograph separation of the Amazon river was performed using three different methodologies. Were applied isotopic, filter-separation, and mixing methods to estimate the contributions of the surface runoff (event water) and baseflow (pre-event water) components to the total river flow, during the 1973–1974 hydrological years. The importance of the baseflow contribution, mainly during the peak discharge, suggesting that the groundwater plays a much more active and important role in the storm dynamics, was verified. Similar results were obtained for all the methods used, and the applicability of each one was discussed in detail. For the Amazon river basin, the average contribution of the baseflow was 56% of the total river flow, at peak discharge. The average surface runoff contribution, which represents the water capable of mechanical erosion in drainage basins, expressed in terms of the surface runoff coefficient (Kr), was 31.9%, while the mean contribution of the baseflow, expressed by the baseflow coefficient (Kb), was 68.1%.     

娘子关泉域岩溶地下水位变化特征及成因

利用多年观测资料,结合地下水补、径、排条件,分析娘子关岩溶地下水动态变化特征及成因。结果表明:（1）娘子关泉群流量在1980-2004年前总体表现为下降状态,2004年之后趋于稳定并略有回升;（2）岩溶地下水位动态空间上表现为地下水补给区比径流区变化大,时间上则分为两个不同时间段:1980-2004年表现为持续下降状态,2005-2014年表现为波动缓慢下降,部分地区水位小幅回升;龙庄岩溶地下水1998年1月到2004年1月水位下降22.9 m,平均年变幅3.82 m,2005年5月到2014年5月水位升高1.5 m,年均变化-0.17 m。      

集水区降雨径流晌应的环境同位素实验研究

利用环境同位素氚和氧-18对实验集水区进行降雨和径流响应的研究表明:(1)地面径流必源于本次降雨的概念不确,其中往往有非本次降雨的水量.经对1986年～1989年各次降雨估算表明,非本次降雨贡献最高可达50.5%.(2)非饱和带壤中流和饱和带地下水径流中必有非本次降雨的水量,并与地面径流一样,在次降雨径流过程中有时程变化.(3)对不同径流组成的流量过程,非本次降雨所占的比重不同.通过分析,可知降雨径流相关关系中的一一对应假定不确切,认为:传统的降雨径流经验关系和单位线概念需重新考虑;传统的过程线经验划分方法和现行同位素划分方法的有关基本假定不完全符合实际.     

The simulation of snowmelt runoff in the ungauged Kaidu River Basin of TianShan Mountains,China

Snowmelt runoff is an important source of water resources in the arid mountain area. Modelling snowmelt runoff for cold regions remains a problematic aspect because of the lack of data by gauges in large basins. In order to overcome the shortage of measured data in the snowmelt runoff modelling, the temperature interpolation method would greatly help in improving the simulation accuracy and describing the snow-hydrological behaviours of the study catchments. In this study, the temperature is the principal variable used to estimate the importance of the melting of snow cover using the snowmelt runoff model. Five different temperature interpolation attempts were performed over the Kaidu River Basin for the snowmelt season of the year 2000. Three temperature inputs were taken directly from the individual weather stations in or near the study area, and the other two temperature inputs were interpolated from the three weather stations. The results indicated that the temperature estimated from different methods could result in quite a difference in runoffs in comparison with the observed ones. The simulation results using average temperature from the three stations showed good results; the simulation run with the weighted average temperature generated a lower R ² than the average temperature of three stations and using temperature directly adopted from three individual stations gave various results. The weather stations used to perform the snowmelt runoff simulation should be located in the place which is most representative of the mountain weather conditions, and the land cover and topography that those stations represented also play an important role in the snowmelt runoff simulation.     

流量过程线划分的同位素和水文化学方法研究进展

简要介绍了同位素和水文化学划分流量过程线的原理,综述了国内外关于流量过程线分割各种模型的发展历程及其优缺点,最初的二水源模型分割出了降水和地下水两种组分,没有考虑土壤水;三水源模型主要包括降水,地下水和土壤水,应用较广;多水源模型适用于水源补给较复杂的流域.该方法从单纯的同位素示踪发展到同位素和水文化学示踪的结合,不确定性分析的方法逐渐多样化和精确化.国内在该领域的研究较少.今后应加强不同尺度不同水文地质条件流域的研究,综合利用多种方法分割过程线.     

Quantifying groundwater recharge and discharge for the middle reach of Heihe River of China using isotope mass balance method

Quantifying the inflow and outflow of groundwater is essential to understand the interaction between surface water and groundwater. It is difficult to determine these elements in relation to groundwater recharge and discharge to the river, because they cannot be directly measured through site specific study. The methods of isotope mass balance combining with water budget were used to quantify the groundwater recharge from and discharge to the Heihe River, northwest China. The mean isotope ratios of monthly monitoring data for one hydrological year were selected to be the isotope rations of end members in isotope mass balance. The results from the isotope mass balance analysis, incorporating with the 35-year hydrological data, suggest that about 0.464×10~9 m~3/a of runoff flowing out Qilian Mountains is contributed to groundwater recharge(about 28% inflow of the Heihe River), while about 1.163×10~9 m~3/a of runoff is discharged from groundwater in the middle reach of the river, which accounts for about 46% of river runoff in the basin. The analysis offers a unique, broad scale studies and provides valuable insight into surface water-groundwater interaction in arid area.     

Regional appraisal of the fluoride occurrence in groundwaters of Andhra Pradesh

Fluoride (F^?) is essential for normal bone growth, but higher concentration in the drinking water causes health problems which are reported in many states of India. Andhra Pradesh is one of the states which suffer from excess fluoride in groundwater particularly in the hard rock terrain. In this context, a study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh based on chemical analysis of water samples from hydrograph net work stations (dug wells) and exploratory bore wells. The concentration of fluoride in groundwaters ranges from traces to 9.75 mg/l. The occurrence of fluoride is mostly sporadic, uneven and varies with depth. The highly affected districts include Nalgonda and Warangal in Telangana region, Prakasam in coastal region, Anantapur and Kurnool in Rayalaseema region. In certain areas of Nalgonda district, 85% of wells have fluoride more than permissible limit (> 1.5 mg/l) for drinking water. High F^? is present in all the geological formations, predominantly in granitic aquifers, compared to the other formations. The average value of fluoride is high in the deeper zone (1.10 mg/L), compared to the shallow zone (0.69 mg/L). The fluoride-rich minerals present are the main sources for fluoride concentrations in groundwater. Residence time, evapotranspiration and weathering processes are some of the other supplementary factors for high fluoride concentrations in groundwater. Long-term data of hydrograph net work stations (dug wells) reveal that fluoride concentrations do not show any marked change of trend with respect to time. The concentration of fluoride is found to increase with increase of Na⁺and HCO ₃ ^? , and decrease with increase of Ca²⁺. Sodium bicarbonate waters are more effective in releasing fluoride from minerals into groundwater. High fluoride waters are of Na⁺ type. The paper presents a brief account of the study and its results.     

长江上游径流变化及其对三峡工程的影响研究

长江上游1881—2006年径流数据分析结果表明,宜昌站1990年之后的径流量比1990年之前明显降低,其中9、10两个月份的降幅最为显著。究其原因,主要是上游地区水资源开发利用和气候变化等因素所致。水资源开发利用的分析和预测研究结果表明:1998—2006年间,上游地区的年用水量平均以6亿m3/a的速度增长;随着上游地区未来用水量的增加、许多水利水电工程的开发建设以及调水工程的实施,三峡水库的来水量及径流过程将发生进一步变化,进而可能对三峡水库未来汛后蓄水、枯水期通航、发电等产生一定的影响,尤其是枯水年份。梯级优化调度模型评价结果表明,上游水资源开发利用的增加,将对三峡电站的发电效益产生显著影响。     

论流量过程线划分的环境同位素方法

自1987年起,在实验流域和代表流域对现行流量过程线划分两种径流成分的环境同位素法的基本假定进行了实验检验.结果表明,由于沉域水文系统同位素条件的复杂性,8项基本假定大多是不正确观念,应用该模型所得结果误差较大.研究认为对天然流域流量过程线使用环境同位素方法划分两种或两种以上径流组分时,必须具有4项必要条件,才能取得合理结果.     

Hydrochemical and hydrological processes in the different landscape zones of alpine cold region in China

Investigation of water sources and flow pathways is crucial to understand and evaluate the characteristics of surface water and groundwater systems. This article aims to identify the hydrochemical and hydrological processes in different landscape zones based on hydrochemical analyses of various samples, including samples from glacier, snow, frozen soil meltwater, surface water, groundwater, and precipitation, in the alpine cold region of China. Hydrochemical tracers indicated that chemical compositions are characterized by the Ca-HCO₃ type in the glacier-snow zone; the Mg-Ca-SO₄ type in the alpine cold desert zone; the Ca-HCO₃-SO₄ type in the marsh meadow zone; the Ca-Mg-HCO₃ type in the alpine shrub zone; and the Ca-Na-SO₄ type in the mountain grassland zone. An end-member mixing model was used for hydrograph separation. The results showed that the Mafengou River in the wet season was recharged by groundwater in the alpine cold desert and alpine shrub zones (67%), surface runoff in the glacier-snow zone (11%), surface runoff in the alpine cold desert zone (8%), thawed water from frozen soil in the marsh meadow and mountain grassland zones (9%), and direct precipitation on the river channel (5%). This study suggests that precipitation from the whole catchment yielded little direct surface runoff; precipitation was mostly transformed into groundwater or interflow and was then concentrated into the river channel. This study provides a scientific basis for evaluation and management of water resources in the basin.     

从黑河流域地下水年龄论其资源属性

地下水资源的可持续性是当前干旱区流域水资源管理的首要问题之一 ,我国西北内陆干旱区地下水的可持续开发必须首先要了解地下水系统的更新能力 ,地下水的放射性同位素测年可以提供系统循环时间和更新能力的重要信息。本文利用地下水中放射性氚 (3H )和碳 (1 4C)测年方法 ,计算黑河流域地下水的年龄 ,进而讨论地下水的更新性。结果表明 :潜水年龄多数小于 5 0 a,具有可再生的资源的属性 ,其中山前戈壁带和张掖盆地细土平原潜水地下水年龄小于 4 0 a,为 196 3年以来补给。酒泉东盆地排泄区承压含水层中地下水的年龄为 2 338～5 5 6 9a,额济纳附近的深层承压含水层中 ,地下水的年龄为 5 4 86～ 86 30 a,地下水资源更新性较差。但是张掖盆地河流附近深层承压地下水年龄小于 5 0 a,具有一定的更新性。上述认识不仅对黑河流域水资源管理和生态环境建设具有重要意义 ,而且对西北类似的内流盆地的地下水系统的研究有着借鉴意义     

一种基流分割及降水入渗补给量的计算方法

降水入渗补给地下水是地下水的主要来源。降水入渗补给量的计算方法有多种，依据地下水的运动规律，从陆地水文学原理出发，由天然状态下的逐月河川径流过程，采用一种新的基流分割方法分割基流，由逐月基流过程反推逐月降水入渗补给量，即确定逐月地下水降水入渗补给量。     

天然实验流域降雨径流现象发生的悖论

作为滁州水文实验系统一部分的1号天然实验流域,面积7897m2,以安山岩为基底,上覆平均厚度2.46m的第四系沉积物。实测了包括地面径流和地面下径流的各种降雨径流响应,后者包括来自非饱和带的壤中流和饱和带的地下水径流。表明这些径流成分有着复杂的组合类型,主要是以地面径流为主的SR型和以地面下径流为主的SSR型,以及中间的和演化的类型。SR型实例中的地面径流量可占总径流的65%,而SSR实例中的地面下径流量可有90%。主要降水的7月,地面下贡献占54.5%,其中地下水径流即占33%。大部分地面径流与降水的18O组成有不小的差异,比较了同时进行测验的3个实验流域,在1400min的降水径流过程中,降水的平均δ18O为-1.210%,而同期地面径流的平均δ18O,2号水文山流域(512m2)为-1.132%,1号南大洼天然流域为-1.065%,3号只有薄层风化碎屑的牵牛花流域(4573m2)为-0.801%。这质疑了现行同位素流量过程线划分方法8个假定中的两个:地面径流的同位素组成不同于降水,天然流域尤其如此;各种水源在汇集过程中的同位素分馏影响并非都可忽略不计。实验流域因降水而产生径流,但所产生的径流却有着非本次降水的组分,这一降水径流悖论发生于各个实验流域。SR型和SSR型总的非本次降水组分分别达16%和64%。     

基于机器学习模型的淮河流域中长期径流预报研究

准确可靠的中长期径流预报是支撑水资源科学调配、提高水资源利用效率的关键。本研究采用AdaBoost模型(AdB)、随机森林模型(RF)和支持向量机模型(SVM)进行淮河流域王家坝和蚌埠站当年11月至次年10月共12个月的中长期径流预报研究。采用置换准确度重要性度量法从130项气象-气候因子及前期降雨/流量构建的1 562个因子变量中筛选出影响各月径流的关键因子,构建了基于AdB、RF和SVM模型的各月径流预报模型,模型参数采用随机搜索技术并结合交叉验证方式确定。采用变幅误差合格率和等级(五级)预报合格率指标对模型的预报精度进行了评估。变幅误差合格率指标表明,王家坝12个月的平均合格率分别为99.8%(AdB)、96.6%(RF)和95.9%(SVM),蚌埠站分别为100%(AdB)、94.8%(RF)和93.8%(SVM);等级预报合格率指标表明,王家坝12个月的平均合格率分别为79.0%(AdB)、76.4%(RF)和79.9%(SVM),蚌埠站分别为81.0%(AdB)、75.6%(RF)和76.6%(SVM)。模型均具有较好的预报效果,但RF和SVM模型对于高流量值的预报存在偏低现象,AdB模型整体上优于RF和SVM模型。     

北京西山岩溶水中硝酸盐来源及迁移特征

西山岩溶水作为北京市重要的供水水源,在区域水文地质调查过程中发现西山岩溶水补给区一些样品硝酸盐浓度偏高,然而其周围岩溶水中硝酸盐浓度并未见明显变化（浓度均值为18.81 mg/L）,具点状硝酸盐源特征。岩溶含水层中硝酸盐分布特征和影响因素具有重要的研究意义。文章利用岩溶水化学和同位素分析结果研究了岩溶水硝酸盐分布和来源,利用IsoSource软件计算各来源的贡献率。结果表明:军庄—永丰屯径流区和军庄—古城—玉泉山泉径流区岩溶水中硝酸盐主要来源于生活废水、土壤有机氮矿化和大气沉降,贡献率值分别为37.1%、36.3%、26.6%;潭柘寺—四季青岩溶水中硝酸盐在潭柘寺补给区有养殖场废水下渗影响,径流区中硝酸盐含量低并发生反硝化降解作用。永定河水源硝酸盐不是岩溶水硝酸盐的主要来源。研究成果对西山岩溶水中硝酸盐的控制具有重要参考价值。