Landslide triggers along volcanic rock slopes in eastern Sicily (Italy)

A new dataset of landslides, occurred in a tectonically active region, has been analysed in order to understand the causes of the slope instability. The landslides we have dealt with took place along the volcanic rock cliff of S. Caterina and S. Maria La Scala villages (eastern Sicily, Italy), a densely inhabited area located on the eastern margin of Mt. Etna, where some seismogenic faults, locally named Timpe system, slip during moderate local earthquakes and also move with aseismic creep mechanisms. The results show that landslides are triggered by heavy rainfalls, earthquakes and creep fault episodes. Indeed, they occur along discrete fault segments, exhibiting a combination of both brittle failure, indicated by the earthquake occurrence, and aseismic creep events. The analysis of seismicity occurred on the Timpe fault system has shown that the active Acireale fault, in its southernmost segment, is subject to an aseismic sliding, which increases after the stick–slip motion in the nearby faults. Therefore, aseismic creep seems to concur in the predisposition of a rock to fail, since strains can increase the jointing of rock masses leading to a modification in the slope stability. Understanding the factors concurring to the slope instability is a useful tool for future assessments of the landslide hazard in densely settled areas, located on a volcanic edifice, such as Etna that is slowly sliding seawards, and where active faults, seismicity and heavy rains affect the deeply fractured slopes.     

Understanding the triggering mechanism and possible kinematic evolution of a reactivated landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir

More than 5000 landslides or potential landslides have been induced in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region since the impoundment in 2003, which have caused great damage and remain a huge threat to the dam and people living in the reservoir area. Understanding the deformation characteristics and failure mechanism of the landslides can be helpful in stability evaluation and landslide prediction. The primary aim of this study is to research the characteristics of the landslide motion and its relationships with environmental triggers, taking the Quchi landslide, a large, slow-moving, reactivated landslide in the TGR region, as an example. The instability clearly showed visible signs of movements since 2002, and after that, the slope has been experiencing persistent deformation. By combining 4 years of meteorological, hydrological data with displacement measurements from open fractures, deep boreholes, and surface points, as well as in situ observations, this paper reports the geological and geotechnical investigations performed to define the movement. The deformation is believed to be governed by reservoir water levels, while the precipitation has a minor effect. Seasonally, the slope movement has a very distinctive pattern with large deformation starting abruptly right after reservoir drawdown in June and lasting into late summer (September). Then there is a rapid transition to constant deformation (almost no displacement) as the reservoir level rises. The slope displacements appear to gradually increase every year, which suggests very high possibility of the large and overall failure of the slide. Both monitoring results and geomorphological observations have highlighted that the two active slide masses Q1 and Q2 would probably collapse in different kinematic evolution modes, i.e., the multistage failure and whole sliding motion.     

基于层次分析法的水库蓄水后滑坡易发性评价

水库库区地形地质和水位地质条件复杂, 蓄水后受降雨和库水位变动影响容易产生滑坡、崩塌等次生地质灾害, 严重威胁水库安全运行和附近居民安全. 本文依托层次分析法, 以某蓄水水库为研究对象, 在充分收集其地形地质和水文条件资料的基础上, 选取地形地貌、地层岩性、坡度、坡向、地灾点密度、地灾点面积、降雨、库水变动幅度和地震强度等9个致滑因子, 构建评价矩阵和滑坡危险性计算评价方法. 依据评价成果划分4个滑坡危险性等级, 借助MapGIS软件生成库区潜在滑坡危险性分区图. 该分区图与遥感解译的库区滑坡体分布点高度吻合, 验证了评价模型的合理性.     

基于监测曲线特征点分析的阶跃型滑坡预警方法

在三峡库区专业监测滑坡中,部分滑坡受到库水或者降雨等外界因素影响,其累计位移-时间曲线表现出明显的“阶跃型”特征。直接使用改进切线角对阶跃型滑坡位移监测曲线进行预警分析,其改进切线角预警值可能在变形曲线陡增阶段高于实际预警级别,增加虚警率。为了准确判别阶跃型滑坡的变形阶段及发展趋势,本文以白家包滑坡和谭家湾滑坡为例,分析滑坡监测历史数据及其影响因素,采用斜率单变点分析法和AMPD法对“阶跃型”累计位移-时间曲线进行特征点提取,结合Hill 函数形成特征点拟合曲线,在此基础上利用改进切线角对拟合曲线进行滑坡变形阶段划分及预警分析。结果表明,当前白家包滑坡总体上处于蠕滑变形阶段,预警级别为无预警;谭家湾滑坡处于中加速变形阶段,预警级别为橙色预警。研究表明,本文方法可以很好抑制变形曲线的阶跃特征对预警级别判定带来的影响,更准确地判定滑坡变形阶段。     

中等倾角岩层顺向坡滑坡发育特征及形成机制分析

中等倾角岩层顺向坡,受坡体结构和岩体物理力学性质控制,多存在变形、崩塌、滑坡等工程地质问题,常常会诱发大规模的地质灾害。该类斜坡潜在滑动面不直接出露地表,一般具有变形机制复杂、隐蔽性强和危害大的特点,是滑坡领域关注与研究的重点。拖担水库大坝左岸为一古滑坡,在水库扩建开挖过程中,诱发古滑坡体复活。在分析古滑坡工程地质条件的基础上,结合地质勘察和变形监测结果,研究了其变形特征及形成机制。研究结果表明:①左岸古滑坡具有岩层倾角“上陡下缓”、滑体底部存在反倾坡内的剪切破碎带、滑床岩体产生弧状弯曲的特点;②古滑坡体为一基岩顺层滑坡,滑动模式为“滑移（弯曲）—剪断”型,其变形破坏过程包括三个阶段:弯曲隆起阶段、滑移剪出阶段和扰动变形阶段;③该类斜坡变形破坏后,坡体易沿“上陡下缓”的椅型软弱层面发生二次滑动,滑坡控制关键是对下部变形区的保护。     

Mechanism for the rapid motion of the Qianjiangping landslide during reactivation by the first impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam reservoir, China

The first impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam reservoir in China started from a water surface elevation of 95 m on June 1, 2003 and reached 135 m on June 15, 2003. Shortly after the water level reached 135 m, many slopes began to deform and some landslides occurred. The Qianjiangping landslide is the largest one; it occurred on the early morning of July 14, 2003 and caused great loss of lives and property. Field investigation revealed that, although failure occurred after the reservoir reached 135 m, the stability of the slope was already reduced by preexisting sheared bedding planes. To study the mechanism of the rapid motion of this reactivated landslide, two soil samples were taken from a yellow clay layer and a black silt layer in the sliding zone, respectively, and a series of ring shear tests were conducted on the samples. One series of ring shear tests simulates the creep deformation behavior, while the other series simulates different shear rates. Conclusions drawn from analysis of the ring shear tests indicate that the mechanism of the rapid motion of the reactivated landslide was caused by the rate effect of the black silt layer during the motion phase after the creep failure. The yellow clay layer did not play any important role in the rapid motion in the 2003 event.     

降雨诱发的浅表堆积层滑坡成因机理与稳定性预测模型

强降雨引起的滑坡多以浅表堆积层滑移为主,易群发、危害性大,其地下水和土体内部含水率对降雨的水文响应机制复杂,难以精准开展稳定性预测。为研究降雨引起的滑坡水文响应对稳定性的影响,以四川省青川县后山里滑坡为例,开展现场降雨入渗监测、相关性分析和力学分析。通过连续3年的降雨量、土体水分和地下水位等监测,分析降雨入渗-土体体积含水率-地下水位的响应规律,得到降雨量与地下水位的相关关系,并基于无限斜坡稳定性计算公式构建基于降雨量和地下水位埋深的浅层滑坡稳定性预测模型。结果表明：（1）年内地下水呈周期性波动,分为缓慢下降期、快速下降期和快速上升期三个阶段,且降雨量与地下水埋深呈线性负相关,与水位升幅相关性不显著;（2）根据稳定性预测模型确定了该滑坡失稳的临界降雨阈值为81.8 mm/d,地下水埋深阈值为0.73 m。研究结果可为降雨诱发浅表堆积层滑坡的预警预报提供参考。     

皖南山区阳台古滑坡形成机制研究

陡倾层状岩质斜坡易产生倾倒变形,在山区可见大量由倾倒变形发展形成的大型滑坡,研究其形成机制对于正确评价边坡稳定性具有重要意义。本文以皖南山区阳台滑坡为例,在工程地质勘察的基础上,采用定性分析、二维离散元和有限元相结合的方法,详细研究了阳台滑坡的变形破坏过程及其影响因素。研究结果表明,阳台古滑坡的形成包括河流下切岩体卸荷回弹、倾倒变形逐步发展、滑面发展整体破坏、堆积体次级变形4个阶段。这类滑坡的防治应重点控制滑坡前缘的变形,并做好截排水工作。     

甘肃通渭“9·14”常河滑坡成因机理

2019年9月14日11时,受多日降雨影响,甘肃省定西市通渭县常家河镇小庄村发生大规模黄土滑坡,体积约800万m³。滑坡造成部分农田、公路及阳坡大桥损毁,直接经济损失约2 347.2万元。在对滑坡现场进行大量地面调查的基础上,通过无人机航拍、现场测绘、走访调查和数值模拟等手段对滑坡的变形破坏特征进行了分析,并在此基础上探讨了其成因机制。结果表明:斜坡体是在震裂、蠕变、软化、水动力等多种条件下按照一定的先后顺序由稳态逐步演化至失稳;该滑坡的失稳演化过程和灾变机制可以概括为原始斜坡(黄土、泥岩二元层状结构)-地震触发(滑坡堆积体、坡体震裂损伤)-蠕变弱化(层间剪切带、裂缝和落水洞扩展)-降雨激发(滑带软化、泥化,水压力作用)-失稳滑动(滑面贯通)5个阶段;由于长期的蠕变和雨水的渗透冲蚀,坡体上的落水洞和地下暗河十分发育,且是控制本次滑坡边界的关键因素;滑坡后缘和前缘变形剧烈,中部变形相对稍弱,推断该滑坡为受地形及地下水作用控制明显的牵引-推移式复合滑坡。     

水动力型滑坡形成运动机理与防控减灾技术

水动力型滑坡是指在冰川融雪、降雨、水位变动、地表径流及地下水活动等水动力因素驱动下而发生的斜坡岩土体失稳灾害。西南地区是水动力型滑坡尤其是库区滑坡的高发区,其失稳破坏直接威胁到人类的生命财产和基础设施的安全,且有可能造成深远的次生灾害,提升水动力型滑坡灾害的监测预警、综合防控与应急处置水平极为迫切。水动力型滑坡易发于松散堆积层、破碎岩体、软岩以及含有软弱夹层的斜坡等地层,地质环境、水文活动以及人类活动干扰等因素的长期作用在水动力型滑坡的孕育过程中起着关键作用。斜坡在各种不利因素的持续交替作用下,逐渐产生变形破坏,稳定性不断降低并趋于极限失稳状态,最终在短期水文条件的改变下而导致整体失稳破坏。斜坡失稳后的滑坡动力过程非常复杂,尤其是特大型高位滑坡,在运动过程中可能会产生强烈的冲击破碎和沿程侵蚀铲刮现象,导致滑坡运动性态的改变和堆积方量的增大,水的存在会加剧滑坡沿程侵蚀铲刮作用以及导致运动性态向流态化转变而造成更远的运动距离和更广的致灾范围。水动力型滑坡是一个复杂的系统性问题,不同地质结构和水动力条件的滑坡变形破坏过程存在很大差异,远距离非接触式滑坡早期识别与监测技术以及基于人工智能和大数据且具备自主学习的滑坡预报预警方法是未来重要发展方向。水动力型滑坡防治涉及到工程建设、经济民生、社会等多方面因素,需要综合运用工程措施和非工程措施。在未来水利水电工程建设过程中,应重视库区滑坡的危害性,复建设施的修建应尽可能远离库区滑坡影响区。     

宁镇地区山前缓坡地层结构及其稳定性分析

近年来由于受极端强降雨天气的影响,宁镇地区山前缓坡发生多起中型-大型滑坡地质灾害,主要表现为间歇性蠕滑,规模较大,而滑移距离较小,一般小于30 m,该类滑坡严重威胁附近居民的生命和财产安全,造成巨大的经济损失和严重不良社会影响。为此,本文针对这一典型山前缓坡新型滑坡地质灾害,运用岩体结构控制论和优势面理论对其滑坡体地层结构及滑动机理进行研究,结果表明滑坡主要发生在山前缓坡地段,滑坡体具有特殊的地层结构及水文地质特性,受到强降雨作用时,在坡体内容易产生暂时性承压水,在其浮托力的作用下缓坡主要产生顶托破裂和剪切破坏,并随降雨产生间歇性蠕滑。     

The determination of statistical and deterministic hydrological landslide-triggering thresholds

 Hydrological landslide-triggering thresholds separate combinations of daily and antecedent rainfall or of rainfall intensity and duration that triggered landslides from those that failed to trigger landslides. They are required for the development of landslide early warning systems. When a large data set on rainfall and landslide occurrence is available, hydrological triggering thresholds are determined in a statistical way. When the data on landslide occurrence is limited, deterministic models have to be used. For shallow landslides directly triggered by percolating rainfall, triggering thresholds can be established by means of one-dimensional hydrological models linked to the infinite slope model. In the case of relatively deep landslides located in topographic hollows and triggered by a slow accumulation of water at the soil-bedrock contact, simple correlations between landslide occurrence and rainfall can no longer be established. Therefore real-time failure probabilities have to be determined using hydrological catchment models in combination with the infinite slope model. Received: 15 October 1997 · Accepted: 25 June 1997     

不同状态下黏性土剪切蠕变行为对比分析

低速滑坡的缓慢活动特征受其滑带岩土的蠕变行为控制。但是,新生型低速滑坡和复活型低速滑坡滑带岩土的蠕变行为显然分属于峰前状态和残余状态下的蠕变行为。两种状态下滑带岩土蠕变行为有何差异,国内外尚无明确认识。为此,本文以取自两个典型巨型低速滑坡——甘肃舟曲泄流坡滑坡和锁儿头滑坡滑带的含角砾黏性土为研究对象,分别采用直接剪切蠕变试验和直剪反复剪后的直剪蠕变试验方法,对比研究了峰前状态和残余状态下黏性土的剪切蠕变行为。研究发现,峰前状态和残余状态下,黏性土剪切蠕变均呈现阶段性,各阶段转换的临界剪应力均与正应力水平和角砾含量正相关。但是,峰前状态下黏性土蠕变具有明显的稳定蠕变阶段;残余状态下黏性土蠕变缺失这一阶段;前者加速蠕变临界剪应力大于后者、但小于峰值强度,后者加速蠕变临界剪应力略微大于残余强度。两种状态下,黏性土蠕变行为差异的根本原因在于土体内部的不同结构。     

2D viscoplastic finite element modelling of slow landslides: the Portalet case study (Spain)

This paper proposes a hydro-geomechanical finite element model to reproduce the kinematic behaviour of large slow landslides. The interaction between solid skeleton and pore fluids is modelled with a time dependent u–p _w formulation and a groundwater model that takes into account recorded daily rainfall intensity. A viscoplastic constitutive model based on Perzyna’s theory is applied to reproduce soil viscous behaviour and the delayed creep deformation. The proposed model is applied to Portalet landslide (Central Spanish Pyrenees). This is an active paleo-landslide that has been reactivated by the construction of a parking area at the toe of the slope. The stability analysis reveals that, after the constructive solutions were undertaken, the slope is in a limit equilibrium situation. Nevertheless, time-dependent analysis reproduces the nearly constant strain rate (secondary creep) and the acceleration/deceleration of the moving mass due to hydrological changes. Overall, the model reproduces a 2-m displacement in the past 8  years that coincides with in situ monitoring data. The proposed model is useful for short- and mid-term predictions of secondary creep. However, long-time predictions remain uncertain, stability depends strongly on the position of the water table depth and new failures during tertiary creep due to soil temporal microstructural degradation are difficult to calibrate.     

Micro-sheeting of granite and its relationship with landsliding specifically after the heavy rainstorm in June 1999, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan

Certain types of granite in mountainous areas are microscopically sheeted to a depth of 50 m due to unloading under the stress field that reflects slope morphology. Micro-sheets generally strike parallel to major slope surfaces and gently dip downslope, forming cataclinal overdip slopes. The cataclinal overdip slope accelerates creep movement of micro-sheeted granite, which in turn loosens and disintegrates granite via the widening or neoformation of cracks, probably in combination with stress release, temperature change, and changes in water content near the ground surface. The surface portion of micro-sheeted granite is thus loosened with a well-defined basal front, which finally slides in response to heavy rain. Innumerable landslides of this type occurred in Hiroshima Prefecture, western Japan, following the heavy rainstorm of 29 June 1999. Following such landslides, the weathering of micro-sheeted granite exposed on the landslide scar recommences, setting the stage for future landslide.     

红石岩特大岩质滑坡成因和破坏模式的离散元分析

岩质边坡发生滑动不仅与其坡体结构、构造发育有关,还与外界动力因素相关。2014年云南鲁甸发生的M_S6.5地震造成多处大型滑坡及特大型滑坡,而同年云南景谷M_S6.6地震中却只造成了中小型滑坡。为了查明鲁甸地震造成大型滑坡的主要原因,本文以2014年鲁甸地震诱发的红石岩特大型滑坡为例,利用颗粒流PFC^2D离散元软件对其进行数值分析,采用软硬两种平行黏结模型解决拉压比失真的问题,分析层理、坡顶卸荷裂隙、潜在滑动面、坡体风化裂隙、地震等各因素作用下的滑坡成因和破坏模式。根据正交试验结果和坡体裂纹发展情况,探讨了地震诱发红石岩滑坡的破坏模式以及影响红石岩滑坡规模的主要因素。结果表明,在地震作用下,红石岩发生特大规模滑坡的原因为深部滑动面的形成;而深部滑动面的形成主要来源于自身由上而下的'硬-软-硬’结构的影响;红石岩特大型滑坡的失稳破坏模式可以概括为：中部软岩和边坡浅表破坏-硬岩悬空-剪切带的形成-大规模崩滑-堆积。本文的研究对地震诱发含软弱夹层反倾岩质滑坡灾害的预防、评估及治理有着一定的理论和工程指导意义。     

土台镇滑坡稳定性分析

綦江县土台镇滑坡是重庆市的重点地质灾害点之一.1998年9月5～6日,滑坡体发生了大规模的变形破坏,造成的直接经济损失高达100万元.本文通过成因机制分析,对土台镇滑坡的稳定性进行了定性评价,并对各种状态下的滑坡稳定性进行了系统的定量计算,认为该滑坡体总体是稳定的,但在前缘和东侧陡坡地带斜坡处于准极限平衡状态,具有发生次级滑坡的可能.     

甘肃南部坪定-化马断裂带滑坡变形特征及其防治

以坪定-化马断裂带泄流坡滑坡为例,通过野外调查和变形监测资料分析,深入剖析了断裂带滑坡变形特征和形成机理,提出了断裂带滑坡的防治方法和治理措施。断裂带滑坡一般为大型—巨型滑坡,由多个次级滑坡体组成,历史上曾多次活动。变形监测资料表明,泄流坡滑坡变形目前处于匀速蠕变阶段,呈现蠕滑-塑流拉裂-土（石）流的变形破坏特点。断裂破碎带及其现今活动为滑坡长期蠕滑变形提供了物质基础,而降雨是滑坡体失稳下滑的主要诱发因素。断裂带滑坡按岩性可归类为松散堆积层滑坡。因此,对断裂带滑坡的防治应以防为主,以治为辅,即开展滑坡变形实时监测和群测群防,辅以滑坡表面排水、坡脚压载等措施,以减缓或防止泄流坡滑坡再次形成灾害。     

澜沧江昌都段滑坡发育特征及形成机制

中国的山区和高原发育的滑坡地质灾害最严重,青藏高原东部横断山区的大江大河沿岸发育一系列严重和频繁的地质灾害.基于前期InSAR遥感解译的工作,通过现场的野外详细调查,最终确定了澜沧江昌都段的75处滑坡地质灾害,详细分析了滑坡的发育特征和主要影响因素,总结了砂泥岩软弱地层区滑坡、断裂控制型滑坡、堆积层滑坡共6类典型滑坡的...     

Nonlinear Evolutionary Mechanisms of Instability of Plane-Shear Slope: Catastrophe, Bifurcation, Chaos and Physical Prediction

Summary. A cusp catastrophe model is presented and the necessary and sufficient conditions leading to landslides are discussed. The sliding surface is assumed to be planar and is a combination of two media: medium 1 is elastic-brittle or strain-hardening and medium 2 is strain-softening. The shear stress-strain constitutive model for the strain-softening medium is described by the Weibull’s distribution law. This paper is a generalization and extension of the paper by Qin et al. (2001b), in which the shear stress-strain constitutive model for medium 2 was described by a negative exponent distribution; a special case of the Weibull’s distribution law. It is found that the instability of the slope relies mainly on both the stiffness ratio of the media and the homogeneity index and that a new role of water is to enlarge the material homogeneity or brittleness and hence to reduce the stiffness ratio. A nonlinear dynamic model (also called a physical forecasting model), which is derived by considering the time-dependent behavior of the strain-softening medium, is used to study the time prediction of landslides. An algorithm of inversion on the nonlinear dynamic model is suggested for seeking the precursory abnormality and abstracting mechanical parameters from the observed series of a landslide. A case study of the Jimingsi landslide is analysed and its nonlinear dynamic model is established from the observation series of this landslide using the suggested model and the algorithm of inversion. It is found that the catastrophic characteristic index |D| shows a quick rise till reaching an extremely high peak value after the slope evolves into the tertiary creep, and subsequently approaches a zero value prior to instability, which can be regarded as an important precursory abnormality index. By taking into account the evolutionary characteristic of the slope being in the secondary creep, a simplified nonlinear dynamic model is proposed for studying the properties of bifurcation and chaos. It is shown that the emergence of chaos depends on the mechanical parameters of the sliding-surface media.