Etna and the Perception of Volcanic Risk

Sicily's uneven geological structure is positioned within a system of tectonic plates, and its very active volcano has always made it prone to disasters. Many Sicilian cities have in fact been destroyed by natural events many times over the centuries. This can certainly be understood negatively as the destruction of entire towns, the emission of volcanic ash, and the mutation of landscapes by a terrifying force have instilled fearful memories in local populations. But from another point of view one must consider the positive elements of Etna. Its beautiful landscapes were a major attraction on the Grand Tour, and its inhabitants have long associated the volcano with the concept of rebirth and fertility. This paper analyzes two age groups of residents in the town of Nicolosi and is a small part of an ongoing research project that is much more complex, involving representative samples of the entire population of several towns around Etna.     

Zone Fever,Project Fever: Development Policy,Economic Transition,and Urban Expansion in China

With the pursuit for global competitiveness and economic growth, Chinese cities have recorded massive urban land expansion. This article examines the effects of development policies and economic restructuring on urban land expansion in China through a case study of Nanjing, representing the rapidly growing and globalizing coastal cities in China. Wei investigate the development process and changing contents of government policies, and analyze development zones and key projects as privileged, trait making, and even path‐breaking elements of the development process. We highlight the transition and paradox of the Chinese state in the urban development process, and the broad contexts underlying urban land expansion in Chinese cities. We see urban expansion in China as a process largely responding to top‐down policy change and economic transition initiated by the central government. We hold that the role of the state has to be analyzed to understand urban transformation and land expansion, moving beyond local factors of accessibility and feasibility. Development‐zone and project fevers, and lagging administrative reforms, however, have made Chinese cities heavy with debt and led to wasteful development, corruption, and social unrest in China.     

“城市空间转向”与新城市地理研究

在全球化与信息技术革命以及经济地理学的复式转向的推动下,“城市空间转向”已成为事实,城市地理研究不仅需要对物质空间进行研究,更要对人文空间及文化空间等进行研究,其研究的视点是城市空间的主观性与客观性的融合,顺应这种转变,开展新城市地理研究就成为必然。     

Urban Identities and Catastrophe: Izmir and Salonica at the End of the Ottoman Empire

Two huge fires dramatically influenced the urban development of Salonica and Izmir, in 1917 and in 1922, respectively. These catastrophes occurred after the Ottoman Empire fell, and Salonica and Izmir had shifted into new national contexts. The fires mainly destroyed the districts that were transformed during the late‐Ottoman period. These districts became the cosmopolitan façades of modern Izmir and Salonica. The post‐fires' tabula rasa provided an opportunity for Greek and Turkish politicians and European planners to change the urban identity of both cities. Moreover, the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 transformed their multicultural societies also. Reconstruction plans had been thought to de‐Ottomanize and remove the previous idea of the towns and their multiplicity, interpreting new cultural and nationalist feeling. Here, I emphasize how modernity was interpreted before and after the fires, and point out contradictions between ideological aspects of planning and how the first urban districts were built during the 1920s.     

城市开放空间的空间组织研究

传统的城市规划学和地理学的研究重心是对城市建筑实体的空间组织和管理基于城市建设实践的新需求和理论研究的新发展，文章以城市开放空间为研究对象，对其空间组织的概念、原则、依据、方法和步骤进行了理论概括，以期对我国城市的现代化建设和理论研究有所裨益。     

空间认同:城市空间研究转向中的知识前沿、趋势与启发

中国城市化进程的快速发展,促使人们不断解构、调整和重构对城市空间的认同,这是城市化发展中不容忽视的新问题。以Web of Science（WoS）为数据源,对国外城市空间认同研究进行了分析和知识再现。研究发现：① 城市空间认同是人们对城市发展中社会经济认同、文化认同、集体认同、身份认同与情感认同的集合。作为重要的国民意识,城市空间认同主题是国外学者关注的重要领域,对该领域研究的本质上是对城市空间实践中人文主义空间诉求的知识表征;② 在2008~2017年的国外城市空间认同研究中,美国、英国、澳大利亚等国家具有明显优势,国际合作研究网络主要在美洲-欧洲、欧洲-澳洲,以及澳洲-欧美之间;国外城市空间认同研究高被引文献注重对“空间多中心性”“地方与连续性”“城市社区”“城市公民身份”“空间绅士化”“地方主义”等方面的讨论。③ 未来研究更加倾向在“认同”“空间”“城市”“地理”“政治”“地方”,以及“社区”等新主题方面。相比较而言,国内对城市空间认同的研究较为欠缺,随着中国城市空间实践不断推向纵深阶段,需要强化城市空间认同研究的“理论自觉”。     

城市生活空间研究述评

随着人本主义思潮的兴起,社会生活空间越来越受到重视.加强城市社会生活空间的研究,有助于提高城市居民生活质量、加强城市空间的优化调控.文章从功能空间和本体论的角度,重新界定了城市生活空间的内涵以及研究城市空间的新视角.系统梳理了国内外生活空间研究的最新进展.研究发现,城市生活空间成为近年来研究的热点内容,研究尺度从宏观向...     

中国新城市空间现象研究

该文针对中国转型时期出现的城市空间问题，提出新城市空间的概念和类型，对当前国内外在新城市空间方面的研究进展进行综述和总结，着重探讨中国新城市空间形成的背景和机制，并分析研究中国新城市空间特征及存在的问题。     

城市绿地系统结构与功能研究综述

在分析城绿地系统概念和内涵的基础上,对国内外城市绿地系统结构和功能研究进行综述。主要阐述了城市绿地系统结构的两种外在表现形式,即“点、线、面”布局结构和“斑块、廊道、基底”景观结构。综述了城市绿地系统结构对功能的影响、主要进展及其应用,并提出未来城市绿地系统研究和绿地规划的主要方向,以期对中国未来城市绿地系统规划有所启示。     

Urban Open Spaces in Historical Perspective: A Transdisciplinary Typology and Analysis

Urban open space provides a unique conduit for the sociospatial study of urban history. We propose seven categories to help scholars historically situate and analyze urban open spaces: food production areas, parks and gardens, recreational space, plazas, streets, transport facilities, and incidental space. We use these categories, and the contrast between grey and green space, to compare examples from archaeological, historical, and recent times across a broad geographical range. Top-down and bottom-up actions dialectically intersect in the establishment, use, and reproduction of urban open space, and many open spaces prove to be particularly flexible in serving the general population. These findings can inform comparative urban analysis, and they help contextualize current debates concerning the socioeconomic, political, and urban ecological functions of open and public spaces.     

基于城市建设发展视角的佛山休闲空间演变分析

城市休闲空间的发展与城市空间结构的扩张与城市产业的发展息息相关。文章以佛山为例,从历史的角度回溯佛山城市休闲空间发展及演变的过程,并将叙事的脉络深刻植入到佛山城市建设发展的总体框架中。明清时期以前,在商品经济的发展背景下,佛山的墟市、街道、河涌等成为城市经济活动的交换中心,集市繁荣起来,而居民的休闲生活在商品的贸易中逐步萌芽,休闲空间雏形形成。明清时期,由于商业中心确立和土地利用形式的改变,城市规模扩大,休闲空间则成为根植于人民生活中的重要部分。改革开放后,佛山城市休闲空间得到全面拓展,城市更新背景下的新佛山,基于当地传统与记忆,关注休闲空间的修复与革新,着力于改善残旧的旧城地区,致力于提供一种普遍的可识别性,以及相同历史与文化现实的归属感,从而促进休闲空间和城市历史街区的交流与延续。     

空间句法在规划方案设计中的应用——以株洲建宁老区为例

空间句法作为一种重要的理解空间形式和功能的理论、空间描述手段和情景分析工具,为城市中老城区的更新规划分析和方案设计提供了一种新思路.该文利用空间句法轴线图模型,选择了整合度、平均深度和智能度分析参量,分析了株洲市建宁老区的空间结构,并对规划方案做了评价.应用结果证明了空间句法对规划中经常出现的前期研究和空间设计方案之间“断层”问题有所改进,提高了规划的科学性和有效性.     

广州城市交通系统与空间格局互动影响研究

该文在评述国内外相关研究的基础上,阐释城市交通系统与空间格局之间的互动影响关系。对广州城市交通系统与空间格局之间的互动影响关系的研究结果表明：广州城市交通系统的发展对空间格局的形成与发展有引导作用;城市空间格局的变化会产生反馈作用,客观上影响着交通系统的空间布局,两者之间存在—个互动反馈作用环。     

基于空间信息技术的城市开放空间信息系统设计

文章从空间信息技术的发展、数据库建设和集成等方面介绍了空间信息技术的发展趋势,以及城市开放空间系统的概念,并阐述了建立城市开放空间信息系统的必要性和可行性。以此为基础,论述了城市开放空间信息系统设计,主要包括城市开放空间信息系统的总体设计和子系统设计;最后设计了包括系统效率评价、系统可靠性评价、系统可扩展性评价、系统可移植性评价和系统效益评价等5个方面在内的城市开放空间信息系统评价方案。     

The Reinvention of Public Green Space

Much attention has been paid to preserving land at the urban fringe, and to the negative effects of sprawl and its costs. There is increasing recognition that enhancing green, public open spaces in cities provides a strategy to make those cities more sustainable, more livable, and more equitable. This involves a new approach to public spaces that integrates infrastructure needs, takes equity into account, and reexamines the range of uses public spaces offer. We consider the potential for urban greening through a case study in the dense inner core of Los Angeles that probed local resident attitudes and values toward a more inclusive strategy, and that measured the potential value of nature's services in the urban fabric using a GIS program.     

The Perception and Impact of Natural Hazards on Fishing Communities of Kutubdia Island,Bangladesh

Natural hazards lead to unexpected and often dire situations for people who have few resources and little control over the environment in which they live. Kutubdia, an island in the southeastern part of Bangladesh, experiences frequent natural hazards that impact the livelihoods of its people and put them in vulnerable situations. The research elaborated here is the result of 300 household surveys collected from persons in Kutubdia's fishing communities. The surveys investigated the perception and consequences of natural hazards on the fishing communities. The results indicated that the experience of natural hazards—cyclones, erosion, and flooding are examples—have increased over the years. Coastal erosion displaced seventy‐two (24 percent) fishers, forcing them to relocate their houses several times and imposing multiple challenges on their lives. Literacy was not associated with perceptions of environmental changes or changes in fishing. However, young fishers—less than forty years of age—perceived that environmental changes had affected fish catch more than their older colleagues.     

大连城市空间意象分析

近年来,城市空间意象研究开始在我国城市地理学界逐渐兴起。通过问卷调查、图片辨认和认知地图调查对大连市微观空间情景和宏观空间结构意象进行研究,在国内首次将因子分析方法应用于微观空间情景的意象偏好分析,并运用均值比较检验及方差分析研究了年龄、性别、学历等属性对个人辨认照片数目及意象范围的影响。研究结果表明：大连市总体可意象程度较高;微观空间情景的意象受其功能、区位、使用者、自然环境以及建筑本体的影响;宏观空间结构意象是以道路为主要支撑,以居住区与商业区为背景,人口集散地与特色建筑点缀其中的立体框架结构;意象区域是以中部为主轴向东西两个方向辐射,并且主要集中在市中心、商业区及风景旅游区;由于受到年龄、性别、学历的影响,个人的意象范围大小存在一定的差异。在此研究基础上,对大连市旅游规划及城市规划提出了相应的建议。     

Organization‐Led Migration,Individual Choice,and Refugee Resettlement in The U.S.: Seeking Regularities

The role of organizations in migration has received less attention than warranted; individual choice has typically been emphasized. As an in‐depth illustration, we consider refugee resettlement in the United States, post–World War II, wherein intermediary organizations play(ed) a major role. Central to this system are voluntary agencies (VOLAGs) and community organizations, but secondary migration also is critical. Attention is given to all refugees between 2000 and 2010, and in greater detail to Somalis. The latter provides deeper understanding through state refugee coordinators and case studies of Columbus, Ohio, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Lewiston, Maine. Aside from process, it is evident that the geography of the foreign‐born settlement has been altered. While refugee resettlement and subsequent migration is the example, we broaden that to argue that migration studies have neglected the derived nature of movement via intermediary organizations; directed migrations and/or similar interventions have played a significant, if not dominant, role in population redistribution; and organization‐led migration should be considered in terms of general aspects, not simply as discrete case studies.