奶牛隐性乳房炎发生规律探讨

通过对某奶牛场泌乳牛群隐性乳房炎的调查和分析。研究了奶牛隐性乳房炎的发生规律。结果表明，该场奶牛隐性乳房炎的阳性率为31.42%。乳区临诊阳性率达到10.60%。隐性乳房炎的发生随着胎次和泌乳时间的增加而增加，左乳区阳性率高于右侧，前乳区高于后乳区，在牛群（场）里进行经常性的临床和实验室检验是必要的。     

无乳链球菌sodA基因的克隆、序列分析及原核表达载体构建

无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)是引起我国南方罗非鱼链球菌病的主要病原之一,SodA是无乳链球菌重要的毒力因子之一。根据链球菌sod A基因保守区设计引物,采用PCR扩增sod A基因部分序列,反向PCR和巢式PCR扩增其侧翼序列,成功获得无乳链球菌sod A基因。无乳链球菌sod A基因序列全长为699 bp,含开放阅读框609 bp,可编码202个氨基酸,演绎的SodA蛋白主要由α螺旋和不规则卷曲构成。BLAST分析表明,该蛋白氨基酸序列与犬链球菌(S.canis)及副乳房链球菌(S.parauberis)相应蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性分别高达80%和79%。将sodA基因克隆至原核表达载体pET28a上成功构建了重组质粒p ET28a-sod A,导入Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),诱导表达的重组蛋白质分子质量约为24 ku,主要以包涵体形式存在于表达菌中。     

基于升降轨Sentinel-1A SBAS InSAR的西南山区滑坡隐患早期识别研究

以贵州省水城县为研究区,使用SBAS InSAR分别对2018-07~2019-07鸡场镇滑坡发生前31期升轨和30期降轨Sentinel-1A数据进行处理,提取地表形变场。结果表明：1）鸡场镇滑坡发生前SBAS InSAR形变场并未出现明显形变,已超出12 d重访周期SAR的形变监测能力;2）研究区存在5个明显形变区,推断与斜坡失稳、地下/露天采矿和矿物加工的抽排水有关;3）升降轨数据的SBAS InSAR形变场相互补充、验证,可显著提升卫星雷达对山区滑坡隐患早期识别和形变监测能力。研究方法可为贵州省以及中国西南山区滑坡隐患调查与早期识别提供技术参考。     

云南地区地壳垂直运动与地震的关系

利用云南地区1951—2011年的水准复测资料,计算获得了1951—1980年、1980—1994年、1994—2011年、1951—2011年的垂直形变速率图和各个阶段的形变增量场,结合该区的地震活动,研究了垂直形变与地震的关系。结果表明：7级以上地震主要发生在上升区,与区域性上升有关;地震多数发生在垂直形变速率增量场的正值区。     

西秦岭北缘断裂分段运动变形特征分析

利用1999~2007年和2009~2013年西秦岭北缘断裂及其邻区的GPS观测数据,基于跨断层速度剖面,结合断裂带邻区应变率场的分布,综合分析断裂带的分段运动变形特征。1999~2007年观测结果表明,西秦岭北缘断裂各次级断裂段均表现出左旋走滑兼挤压的运动特征,其中锅麻滩段的活动性明显高于其他3条次级断裂;GPS主应变率场显示,沿西秦岭北缘断裂,各次级断裂所受主压应变的方向基本一致,均为NE向,但是各分段主压应变的量值变化较为明显,锅麻滩段和鸳凤段所受主压应变明显大于漳县段和天水-宝鸡段;主压应变所表现出的分段特征与跨断裂GPS站点剖面反映的结果比较一致。2009~2013年观测结果表明,漳县段滑动速率增加,主张应变率增大,可能与岷县漳县地震的发生有关。综合分析跨断层剖面和主应变率场反映的断裂带远场和近场变形特征认为,西秦岭北缘断裂4条次级断裂已处于闭锁状态,并且存在一定的应变积累,其中天水-宝鸡段平行断裂滑动速率和垂直断裂的挤压速率均较低,可能表明其在西秦岭北缘断裂4条次级断裂中闭锁程度最高。     

2000-2010年新疆陆地生态系统变化格局与分析

本文以Landsat TM/ETM+数据和HJ-1卫星CCD数据,系统分析了2000-2010年新疆地区陆地生态系统变化。10年间,新疆地区建设用地、农田和湿地生态系统迅速扩张,分别增加了30.5%、26.7%和10.2%;草地与灌丛生态系统则大量减少,分别减少了2.4%和5.1%;冰川积雪减少也较为明显,减少了1.6%;荒漠和森林生态系统变化较小。生态系统变化热点区域主要分布在传统绿洲区,尤其是天山南北麓的绿洲区。水利设施改善与灌溉节水技术进步,以及国家西部开发战略导致灌草地被大量开垦为农田,人口增长则是建设用地增加的主因;全球气候变暖使冰川积雪减少明显,20世纪60年代至今面积减少了16.7%~32.5%,导致山区湿地生态系统增加;国家生态环境保护工程则有效地遏制了林地与荒漠生态系统的恶化趋势。山地水源涵养区除了要严格控制森林砍伐外,还要严格禁止灌草的开垦,控制绿洲农田的增加和重视生态过渡带的保护,并加强全球气候变化对新疆水资源影响的研究,以制定相关对策。     

全球温升1.5℃和2.0℃情景下中国降雨诱发地质灾害危险性和人口暴露度评估研究

气候变化情景下极端降水事件的频次和强度预估呈增加趋势,这会导致全球部分地区极端降雨诱发地质灾害风险的增加。本文基于中国降雨诱发地质灾害易发性模型和不同地貌分区的累积事件降雨量-降雨历时阈值曲线,采用最新的CMIP6全球气候模式多模式集合结果,基于全球温升目标情景的视角,从地质灾害空间易发性和发生频次两方面,探讨温升情景下中国地质灾害危险性的可能变化及其对暴露人口的潜在影响。结果表明,CMIP6多模式集合预估的多年平均降水在温升1.5℃和2.0℃情景下相比基准时期可能增加5.4%～9.5%,导致中等至极高地质灾害易发区范围预估增加0.33%～0.74%,由于预估的极端降水事件增加,地质灾害发生频次预估增加7.0%～11.2%,进一步综合未来人口空间分布,潜在地质灾害暴露人口可能增加6.20亿人次（18.90%）和4.26亿人次（12.97%）。各地貌分区未来情景下地质灾害危险性预估增加且存在显著的空间异质性,温升2.0℃情景下中等至极高易发性范围相比基准时期增加0.71%～1.28%,地质灾害发生频次预估增加1.2%～15.6%,其中,青藏高原区地质灾害危险性增加最明显。综合考虑未来人口...     

湘西北地区石漠化遥感调查的技术方法

应用20世纪70年代末MSS和90年代末TM卫星数据,综合运用ENⅥ、PHOTOSHOP、MAPGIS、ARC/INFO等遥感图像处理与GIS应用软件,通过石漠化训练样区的选择、监督分类、矢量化和数据转换等步骤,实现了石漠化的自动分类与专题图件制作.将分类石漠化图按2mm×2mm的网格进行网格化,依据石漠化所占网格总面积的比例进行归并、筛选,面积＞70%以上的网格单元合并为石漠化区;面积70%～50%的网格单元合并为轻度石漠化区;面积＜50%的网格单元合并为非石漠化区.调查表明湘西北地区近20a内,石漠化区总面积增加了约300km2,平均每年增加约15 km2,即所占比例由0.54%增加到约1.60%.     

1972-2009年念青唐古拉山西段冰湖分布及其变化特征

冰湖是研究气候变化的重要指标之一,了解冰湖分布和变化的特征,对认识冰川与气候之间关系和冰湖溃决灾害评估
有着重要意义。运用遥感资料监测念青唐古拉山西段近40a来的冰湖分布及其变化,并结合DEM 研究冰湖垂直分布的变化,探
讨影响冰湖分布和变化的可能因素。研究结果表明:(1)研究区冰湖数量和面积近年来都呈迅速增加趋势,冰湖增加150个,冰湖
面积增加4.384km2。气温升高、冰川融水增加是冰湖增多和面积增大的主要原因;(2)冰湖垂直分布变化明显,新增冰湖个数峰
值位于海拔5500~5700m,占新增冰湖总数的61%;新增冰湖面积峰值在海拔5400~5700m,占新增湖总面积的44%;冰湖面
积在大部分海拔高度上均呈扩张态势;(3)海拔高于5400m的区域,1991-2009年新增的冰湖数量远多于1972-1991年。冰湖
在高海拔区分布的变化对念青唐古拉山区冰川消融以及气候垂直变化具有一定的指示作用。      

高淀粉水平下精氨酸对松浦镜鲤肠道形态与功能的影响

【目的】探讨高淀粉饲料中添加精氨酸对松浦镜鲤(CyprinuscarpioL.)肠道消化酶活性及肠道形态的影响。【方法】选用初始体质量(6.84±0.02)g的松浦镜鲤360尾,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复18尾鱼。实验饲料分为5组,分别在45%水平的高淀粉饲料中添加质量分数0%、0.6%、1.2%、1.8%、2.4%的精氨酸,实验周期为8周,进行肠道消化酶和形态的测定。【结果】前、中、后肠的淀粉酶活性,各组之间没有显著差异(P> 0.05);添加2.4%精氨酸组的前肠脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P <0.05),中肠和后肠的脂肪酶活性各组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);前、中、后肠蛋白酶活性随精氨酸添加量的增加而增加,添加1.8%和2.4%精氨酸组的前肠和中肠蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加2.4%精氨酸组后肠的蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。高淀粉饲料中添加Arg显著影响了肠道皱襞高度,但对肠绒毛宽度和肌层厚度没有显著影响。2.4%精氨酸组前肠皱襞高度显著高于其他各组(P <0.05),1.8%精氨酸组中肠和后肠皱襞高度显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。1.2%、1.8%和2.4%组肠体指数显著高于对照组(P <0.05),2.4%精氨酸组肠长指数显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。各组前、中、后肠肠绒毛密度没有显著差异,且排列较整齐。【结论】高淀粉饲料中添加1.8%~2.4%精氨酸可以增加松浦镜鲤肠道消化酶活性,同时改善了松浦镜鲤的肠道形态结构。     

奶牛饲料使用天然矿物添加剂的研究

作者利用金华的麦饭石、沸石、膨润土、白云石等天然矿物原料按比例配成添加剂，对144头奶牛进行了对比试验，研究结果其产奶量，牛粪残留物、鲜奶化学成份、血液红细胞等检测表明：增加产奶量为15．04％（差异极显著P＜0．01），增加红细胞数为5．8％，提高粗蛋白消化率为18．8％，粗脂肪消化率为13．0％，粗纤维消化率为11．7％，调节机体对矿物元素的吸收，提高机体素质，为矿物开发利用提供理论依据。     

BIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT AND CLINICAL TESTS ON MAMMOTROPIC ACTION OF MUYINGLE -A NEW TYPE OF HEALTHFOOD PREPARED FROM MARINE ORGANISMS

Muyingle is a new type of health food prepared from marine organisme. The mammotropic action ofMuyingte was investigated by studying its effect on mammary glands and pituitary glands of lactating miceand the survival rate of suckling mice. The results showed that the mammotropic action of Muyingle wasvery effective.The survival rates of suckling mice were 92.90% for the treated group and 0 for the controlgroup (p<0.01). The weights of mammary gland were 163±51.1mg/10g (weight of mouse)for the treatedgroup and 98.5±18.4 mg/10g for the control group (p<0.01). Histological examinations suggestal thatmammary glands from the treated group were at the secreting stages, while those from the control groupwere at the resting stages. Clinical tests also demonstrated that Muyingle was highly effective in promotinglactation and improving the quality of the puerpera's milk. The efficiency was up to 86.7%.     

A systems approach for analyzing vegetative and soil degradation in Arnigad micro-watershed of Indian Himalayan region

This study analyzes the vegetative and soil degradation, measured as biomass and soil loss, for Arnigad micro-watershed located in Indian Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, in systems framework by using dynamic linear programming bio-economic model. The focus is at investigating the effects of alternate policy regimes, i.e., introduction of improved energy sources for cooking along with substitution of existing local livestock breeds with improved breed, reduction in human population growth and introduction of high yielding varieties of main crops including paddy, maize and wheat. The model horizon extended over a period of 25 years, i.e., from 2006 to 2030. It was found that the model scenario incorporating increased use of improved energy sources along with substitution of local cows by improved cows could be the most effective policy option in reducing vegetative and soil degradation. The vegetative biomass density declined to 19.76% compared to 35.24% in the BASE scenario and soil erosion loss was also lowered by 29.13%. Also, the reduction of population growth rate to half of the BASE scenario led to minor improvements in degradation. Introduction of high yielding varieties of main crops slightly increased vegetative degradation but reduced soil loss (8.35%) with respect to the BASE scenario. Such a phenomenon could be explained in terms of changed crop mix resulting in reduced amount of crop by-products requiring increased lopping of tree branches for animal fodder. The policy option of the increased use of improved energy sources along with substitution of improved breed of cows resulted in 9.58% higher income. Introduction of high yielding varieties of crops led to 1.92% increase in income, but the income decreased by 1.25 % when population growth was reduced to half. The usefulness of the model lies in analyzing the systems behavior in its entirety where the results can predict the possible direction of change as a result of manipulation in alternate economic regimes.     

Genotoxic potential of copper oxide nanoparticles in the bivalve mollusk <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus trossulus</Emphasis>

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are among the most widely used metal oxide nanoparticles, which increases the chance of their being released into the marine environment. As the applications of these particles have increased in recent years, their potential impact on the health of marine biota has also increased. However, the toxicological effects of these NPs in the marine environment are poorly known. In the present study, the DNA damaging potential of CuO-NPs in the marine eastern mussel Mytilus trossulus was evaluated and compared to that of dissolved copper exposures. Genotoxicity was assessed by the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in mussel gill and digestive gland cells. The results showed that copper in both forms (CuO-NPs and dissolved copper) was accumulated to different extents in mussel tissues. The mussel exposed to the dissolved copper attained higher concentrations of copper in the gills than in the digestive gland. In contrast to these results, it was found that CuO-NPs could induce much higher copper accumulation in the digestive gland than in the gills. A clear and statistically significant increase in DNA damage was found in both tissues of the Cu-exposed group compared to the control mussels. Our results indicated that the CuO-NP exposure produced remarkable effects and increased DNA damage significantly in mussel gill cells only. It should be noted that the digestive gland cells were prone to accumulation following CuO-NPs when compared to the gill cells, while the gill cells were more sensitive to the genotoxic effects of CuO-NPs. These results also suggested the need for a complete risk assessment of engineered particles before its arrival in the consumer market.     

Genotoxic Potential of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles in the Bivalve Mollusk Mytilus trossulus

Copper oxide nanoparticles(CuO-NPs) are among the most widely used metal oxide nanoparticles,which increases the chance of their being released into the marine environment.As the applications of these particles have increased in recent years,their potential impact on the health of marine biota has also increased.However,the toxicological effects of these NPs in the marine environment are poorly known.In the present study,the DNA damaging potential of CuO-NPs in the marine eastern mussel Mytilus trossulus was evaluated and compared to that of dissolved copper exposures.Genotoxicity was assessed by the single cell gel electrophoresis(comet) assay in mussel gill and digestive gland cells.The results showed that copper in both forms(CuO-NPs and dissolved copper) was accumulated to different extents in mussel tissues.The mussel exposed to the dissolved copper attained higher concentrations of copper in the gills than in the digestive gland.In contrast to these results,it was found that CuO-NPs could induce much higher copper accumulation in the digestive gland than in the gills.A clear and statistically significant increase in DNA damage was found in both tissues of the Cu-exposed group compared to the control mussels.Our results indicated that the CuO-NP exposure produced remarkable effects and increased DNA damage significantly in mussel gill cells only.It should be noted that the digestive gland cells were prone to accumulation following CuO-NPs when compared to the gill cells,while the gill cells were more sensitive to the genotoxic effects of CuO-NPs.These results also suggested the need for a complete risk assessment of engineered particles before its arrival in the consumer market.     

广西养殖拟穴青蟹携带病原体状况的初步调查

采用微生物分离培养技术和巢式PCR技术相结合方法对2011年采自广西北海南万和古城、钦州茅岭和钦州港、防城港企沙和公车的拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)携带寄生虫、细菌和病毒状况开展调查.寄生虫检测结果显示,仅钦州茅岭拟穴青蟹鳃组织中发现寄生虫茗荷(儿).细菌性病原体检测结果显示,共有11种病原性细菌存在于健康养殖拟穴青蟹体内,弧菌属细菌性病原出现频率最高,其中副溶血弧菌和溶藻弧菌在调查区域内均有分布,其他菌种则呈现一定的地域特异性.病毒性病原体检测结果显示,白斑综合症病毒仅在钦州茅岭拟穴青蟹检出,阳性率为4.94%;双顺反子病毒于北海古城和钦州茅岭拟穴青蟹检出阳性携带率为3.70%;呼肠孤病毒携带率则较高,北海、防城港以及钦州拟穴青蟹均有检出,阳性率达25.93%.由此可见,10-11月广西区内健康养殖拟穴青蟹携带弧菌和呼肠孤病毒的比例远远高于其他病原体,为拟穴青蟹携带的主要病原体.     

嗜酸小球菌对日本鳗鲡生长和免疫的影响

在饲料中分别添加3.0×108kg-1(A组)、1.5×108kg-1(B组)、1.0×108kg-1(C组)的嗜酸小球菌,制成3种实验饲料,以不添加嗜酸小球菌(D组)作为对照,饲养日本鳗鲡60d,以研究嗜酸小球菌对日本鳗鲡生长和免疫的影响。测定了增重率、饵料系数、成活率、血清中一氧化氮含量以及人工感染后的死亡率,并通过电镜观察了小肠壁细胞的微绒毛结构。结果表明A、B、C组和对照组的相对增重率分别为42.31%、75.42%、89.65%和40.32%,饲料系数分别为1.93、1.12、0.98和1.58,C组的相对增重率显著高于其他组,饵料系数则显著低于其他组,成活率也显著提高。电镜观察发现C组和B组的鳗鲡小肠细胞微绒毛排列整齐、细而长,吸收面积增大,从而提高了对饲料利用率,D组鳗鲡小肠细胞的微绒毛稀疏、短,排列不均匀。血清中NO的含量A、B、C组分别比对照组提高了23%、42%和73%。C组人工感染后的死亡率显著低于其他组。实验结果表明,在鳗鲡饲料中添加嗜酸小球菌可以显著促进鳗鲡的生长,降低饵料系数,增强其免疫力。     

中国西北地区植被NDVI的时空变化及其影响因子分析

利用GIMMS/NDVI数据分析了中国西北地区1982-2006年植被NDVI时空变化特征及其影响因子。近25年来,中国西北地区年均植被NDVI增速为0.5%/10a,并存在明显的空间差异。天山、阿尔泰山、祁连山、青海的中东部等地区植被NDVI显著增加;青海南部地区、陕西和宁夏交界地区、甘肃部分地区,以及新疆部分地区的植被NDVI下降。从不同植被类型看:林地、草地和耕地的年均NDVI都在提高。研究表明:中国西北地区植被NDVI变化是各种自然和人为因素综合作用的结果。植被NDVI与气温、降水的年际变化整体上都呈弱的正相关。但与其年内变化则都呈显著的线性关系,当月均温量超过20℃时,植被NDVI呈下降趋势;当月降水量在0¹00mm期间,植被NDVI随降水线性增长,当月降水量超过100mm之后,不再有明显的增长趋势。农业生产水平提高和植被生态建设等人类活动对西北地区植被NDVI增加有重要影响。     

Comparisons of Growth and Survival Performance Among Selected Families and Wild Populations of Fenneropenaeus chinensis

In this study,families of selected population for growth(SP_BWT),selected population for white spot syndrome virus(WSSV)resistance(SP_RW),Bohai wild population(WP_BH)and Huanghai wild population(WP_HH)of F.chinensis were constructed through artificial insemination and with the standardized procedure of larvae rearing.Growth and survival performance were studied among four populations after a 70 days common test.The results showed that the maximum least square mean of body weight was 17.50 g in SP_BWT while the minimum was 13.03 g in WP_HH.Compared with WP_BH,body weight of SP_BWT increased by 23.41%(P0.01)and that of SP_RW by 12.20%(P0.05).Body weights of SP_BWT and SP_RW were significantly higher than that of WP_HH,which increased by 34.31%(P0.01)and 22.10%(P0.05),respectively.The mean AGR of four populations was 0.19,0.18,0.17 and 0.16 g d~(-1),respectively.Coefficient of variation of body weight among four populations was high,which ranged from 32.67% to 35.25%.Such a range showed that there was the potentiality for further improvement in selected populations.Coefficient of variation of survival rate among four populations was low,varying between 3.20% and 5.90%.The difference of survival was highly significant(P0.01)between SP_BWT and WP_BH,and significant(P0.05)between SP_RW and WP_BH.However,no significant difference among other populations(P0.05)was observed.Different growth performances were also observed among different families in each population.The body weight of 798F family was the highest.The absolute growth rate(AGR)was 0.25 g d~(-1),150%higher than that of the lowest one,0.1 g d~(-1) in 807F family.Survival rate of families among four populations was different.The highest was 94.74%,and the lowest was 71.88%.     

Ecological effects of co-culturing sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with scallop Chlamys farreri in earthen ponds

Monthly changes in sedimentation and sediment properties were studied for three different culture treatments: sea cucumber monoculture (Mc), sea cucumber and scallop polyculture (Ps-c) and scallop monoculture (Ms). Results indicated that the survival rate of sea cucumber was significantly higher in Ps-c cultures than in Mc cultures. Sea cucumber yield was 69.6% higher in Ps-c culture than in Mc culture. No significant differences in body weight and scallop shell length were found between Ps-c and Ms cultures. The mean sedimentation rate of total particulate matter (TPM) was 72.2 g/(m2 d) in Ps-c cultures, with a maximum of 119.7 g/(m2 d), which was markedly higher than that of Mc (mean value). Sedimentation rates of organic matter (OM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Ps-c cultures were also significantly higher than those in Mc cultures. TOC and TN contents of sediment increased rapidly in the first 5 months in Ms cultures and remained at a high level. TOC and TN contents in Mc and Ps-c cultures decreased during sea cucumber feeding seasons and increased during sea cucumber dormancy periods (summer and winter). The study demonstrates that co-culture of sea cucumber and scallop in earthen ponds is an alternative way to alleviate nutrient loads and improve water quality in coastal aquaculture systems. Moreover, it provides the additional benefit of an increased sea cucumber yield.