艾比湖Ash浅孔沉积信息揭示的环境演变过程

通过对艾比湖西南湖底1．8m浅孔的沉积特征、粒度组成、有机地化分析结合^14C测年数据重建湖泊沉积时代的环境面貌。研究显示近3000年来艾比湖地区的环境总体上是相对稳定的，全球的气候波动曾引起艾比湖水位和周边环境发生一定的变化。其中艾比湖在2600～2450aBP年问湖水相对较浅，气候相对冷干。2300a BP年左右湖泊深度变浅，剖面处受到河流的影响。2300～440a BP年间是艾比湖的高水位时期,气候温暖湿润，水陆生植物繁茂。440a BP以来湖泊变浅。气候变得更加干旱。艾比湖作为一内陆干旱区封闭型湖泊，对全球环境变化的响应较为敏感，艾比湖的形成演变具有典型的干旱区代表性。     

艾比湖二千余年来环境演变的地球化学记录

通过对新疆艾比湖Ash孔二千余年以来沉积的总有机碳含量及其碳同位素、碳酸盐含量及Mg／Ca比值等环境指标综合分析,数据显示：约在公元前500-400年,艾比湖水体面积较小,对应的气候偏干。约公元前400～公元1400年,水体面积较大,处于高水位时期,气候较为湿润,但此时期内的气候也有小幅的冷暖和干湿变化。其中在公元800-1300年期间艾比湖沉积记录显示水生生物对沉积有机质的贡献达到最大,而陆源有机质输入不明显,表明此时湖水水位可能达到二千余年来的最高,这一时段基本对应于中世纪暖期。从碳酸盐含量及Mg/Ca比值指标来看,该地区中世纪暖期可能有一个干湿的波动。公元1400年以来,艾比湖水位下降,其中在15世纪中和19世纪初是两次较为干燥的时期,与其他地区的小冰期气候相对应。     

新疆罗布泊地区第四纪环境演变

新疆罗布泊干湖盆中的Ｋ１钻孔揭示了该区第四纪沉积地层。孢粉分析表明,早更新世,当地发育森林－草原植被,中更新世以来,荒漠草原与荒漠交替出现,湖泊的发育可上溯至更新世。     

近800年来巢湖沉积物营养元素富集特点及其环境演变意义

通过对巢湖CH1孔沉积物进行年代学、粒度和营养元素(TOC、TN、TP、C/N比值)分析,可将巢湖近800 a来的环境变化划分为4个沉积时期:沉积年代1177~1271 a A.D.是气候暖湿高湖面阶段;1271~1747 a A.D.,总体上为湿润环境下有机质快速积累阶段,其中1477~1747 a A.D.显示小冰期气候特点;1747~1865 a A.D.气候开始转暖,湖面上升;1865 a A.D.至今,气候转干旱。1880′s以来的TOC、TN非自然水平富集,1660′s以来的TP非自然水平富集,是巢湖历史时期开始出现富营养化的征兆。     

岱海湖心沉积物分析及其600年来环境演变

本文通过对岱海湖心2号钻孔剖面沉积物的牯土矿物分析、化学元素分析、有机质含量分析、孢粉分析、介形类及其附近地区历史文献资料分析．研究了该地区600年来环境演变的过程和各阶段的环境特征。     

艾比湖胡杨宽度年表建立及其环境意义

  在艾比湖东岸采集了3个样点的胡杨树芯标本,建立了艾比桦和东大桥两个采样点的树轮宽度年表（STD,RES和ARS年表）,年表长度分别为196 a和210 a,并分析了年表的特征。对树轮标准年表与精河气象站的温度、降水量进行的相关分析发现,温度和降水对胡杨年轮宽度生长的影响较小,没有达到显著相关,表明该区域的降水和温度都不是树木生长的主要限制条件。艾比湖湖面面积变化、沙尘暴日数与树轮宽度指数的相关分析表明,艾比湖湖面面积与轮宽指数呈反向变化,而沙尘暴日数与轮宽指数呈显著正相关,特别是精河站年沙尘暴日数与东大桥当年（t）、次年（t＋1）和再次年（t＋2）的标准年表指数的相关系数分别达到0.31、0.61和0.57,且后两项通过了0.01显著性检验,表明二者受到共同环境因素的制约。可能由于东大桥采点位于河道附近,地下水位较高（1.4～2.7 m）,在高湖面时期,与之对应的较高的地下水位反而制约了胡杨的生长,而在湖面较低的年份,地表干燥而裸露,沙尘暴频发,地下水位较低,更适宜胡杨的生长。     

艾比湖第四纪以来的环境变化

通过野外考察和室内航片、卫片资料的分析,讨论了艾比湖区人类活动的影响和湖区生态环境的演化过程及其保护措施。     

艾比湖原核微生物菌群结构演变与环境因子关系分析

用非培养法获得新疆维吾尔自治区艾比湖湖底沉积物原核微生物菌群组成,并与已有盐湖原核微生物菌群数据进行比对,分析湖泊由淡水湖向盐湖演替过程中原核微生物群落结构变化规律。实验获得艾比湖原核微生物16S rRNA基因序列,并从NCBI数据库下载赛里木湖、柴窝堡湖和顿巴斯他乌盐湖3个湖泊的非培养原核微生物16S rRNA基因序列数据。用不同盐湖细菌和古菌16S rRNA序列信息构建系统发育树并与其理化指标进行典型性相关分析。同源比对及聚类结果显示,艾比湖湖底沉积物中细菌包括4个门,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)占克隆文库的64%,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占9.4%,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占3.4%,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)占2.6%,此外含有未分类类群20.6%。古菌含有两个门,广古菌门(Euryarchaeota,98.3%)和盐纳古菌门(Nanohaloarchaeota,1.7%)。不同盐湖系统发育树结果显示,随盐度增加,盐湖细菌从变形菌门向拟杆菌门演替;古菌从奇古菌门和泉古菌门向广古菌门和盐纳古菌门演替。RDA结果显示,Na⁺、Cl-、SO₄2-和矿化度对盐湖原核微生物多样性结构起到决定性的作用,K⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺对艾比湖菌群结构影响作用最为显著。原核微生物群落会随着湖水盐浓度的增加和盐湖化学成分的不同而发生演替。     

中国、德国专家用树木年轮研究新疆艾比湖历史气候

位于乌鲁木齐的中国气象局树木年轮理化研究重点开放实验室,日前和德国柏林理工大学生态研究中心专家共同对新疆艾比湖进行了科学考察,打算用树木年轮来探究艾比湖地区历史气候。中国气象局树木年轮理化研究重点开放实验室负责人魏文寿说,树木年轮以其定年准确、连续性好、分辨     

艾比湖沿岸生态环境的演变与保湖的重要意义

近年来艾比湖沿岸的生态环境经历了重大演变。保护艾比湖对确保亚欧陆桥铁路的畅通和发展新疆经济有重要意义。同时保存艾比湖的可能性能确定存在。     

艾比湖地区土壤异质性及其对植物群落生态分布的影响

艾比湖水域萎缩、湖区旱化和人类活动频繁严重影响了当地生态环境和社会经济发展。本文通过对艾比湖地区不同类型土壤的理化性状分析和植物群落样方调查统计及其分布的规律研究，讨论了土壤质地、盐分、pH、养分、水分等自然综合体空间异质性对植物群落生态分布的影响，为该区生态环境恢复和重建提供了参考。     

青海湖末次冰消期以来的湖面变化

青海湖是我国最大的内陆封闭湖泊,处在东亚季风、印度季风和西风带的交汇处,对环境变化敏感,是研究该区域及青藏高原环境变化的理想地点。前人基于其连续的湖相沉积物的多项环境指标与其四周湖成阶地、古岸堤以及表层所覆盖的风成沉积物的年代学研究,探讨了青海湖晚第四纪以来的湖面变化情况,取得了显著成果。然而由于测年材料和测年方法的不同,对于高湖面出现的年代问题依然存在着诸多争议。根据近年来已发表的测年数据、前人对青海湖湖面升降变化的研究结果和青海湖QH-2000孔介形类壳体δ18O的记录进行综合集成,构建了自14 ka以来的青海湖湖面变化曲线。在约14～12 ka,湖面在海拔约3 206 m,比现代湖面高12.3 m(以2010年3月湖面海拔3 193.4 m为基准);在约12～10 ka,湖面急剧下降到海拔约3 165 m,比现代低28.4 m;在10～9ka,湖面急剧上升到海拔约3 173 m;在9～6 ka,湖面相对稳定在海拔3 213 m;在6～4 ka,发生过一次干旱事件,湖面下降到低于现代湖面;在4～1 ka,湖面相对稳定在海拔3 193.7 m;在1 ka至今,湖面呈持续下降趋势。     

中国湖泊与环境演变研究的回顾与展望

我国70～80年代中期,湖泊沉积研究受油田开发的带动而得以兴起;80年代中期之后,科研力量不断壮大,研究的内容侧重气候变化,研究区域不断扩大,方法不断完善,测年手段更趋精确;近几年来又特别注重研究云贵高原和青藏高原的湖泊,强化短时间尺度研究,注重人为因素对湖泊沉积环境的影响。今后该领域研究应注意加强环境指标的综合运用与定量化研究,强化分析环境演变中人为因素的影响,尽快建立中国第四纪湖泊数据库,积极开展极地地区湖泊的相关研究。     

甘青地区末次冰消期以来植被与气候演化的孢粉记录对比分析

选用甘青地区达连海、青海湖、苏家湾、大地湾4个典型高分辨率的钻孔资料进行对比分析,阐明了该地区末次冰消期以来气候变化规律与主要气候事件,初步探讨了该地区植被纬向时空演化规律。结果显示末次冰消期大致开始于15.2~14.6 ka BP之间,冰消期期间该地区气候表现为冷暖波动频繁,气候不稳定,植被类型由东向西为草原-荒漠化草原。全新世早期阶段10.4~8.2 ka BP气候表现为温干,植被类型由东向西为疏林草原-草原。全新世中期8.2~4.3 ka BP气候温暖湿润,植被发育良好,由东向西出现森林-森林草原植被。4.3 ka BP以后该地区气候总体向凉干方向发展,3.9~3.4 ka BP期间陇中地区气候波动较显著,植被类型草原-森林草原交替出现。晚全新世后期2.3~0 ka BP气候冷干,从东到西发育草原-荒漠化草原植被。     

塔里木盆地东部台特玛湖近25.0ka BP以来气候与环境变化

由南疆罗布泊地区台特玛湖沉积物多种地质记录的综合分析表明,近25．0kaBP以来此地区气候与环境演化的过程和特征与新疆其它地区基本一致。多手段的综合研究,揭示了近25．0kaBP以来台特玛湖气候与环境的变化经历了7次相对暖干、5次相对冷湿和1次相对暖湿变化,而且全新世期间历次的气候变化与具有高分辨率的敦德冰芯记录以及北半球气候变化的过程上基本一致,所记录的气候与环境演化过程呈现出明显的西风型环境演变特征。唯一在7．0～6．0kaBP期间出现的相对暖湿的环境特征应该是真正意义上的全新世大暖期最盛期的体现,可能与此时增强的西南夏季风势力影响到本地区有关。     

Mineral magnetic signatures in a long core from Lake Qarun, Middle Egypt

The analysis and interpretation of changes in mineral magnetic signatures from a long (ca. 8.2 m) sedimentary sequence recovered from Lake Qarun, Middle Egypt in 2003 spanning a timescale of approximately the last 2,000 years is reported. A suite of mass specific susceptibility and magnetic remanence measurements were made at irregular intervals downcore on 39 samples. These samples were selected on the basis of trends and abrupt changes in whole-core magnetic susceptibility measured using a Bartington^® MS2E sensor and were analysed for low and high temperature loss on ignition and their particle size distribution. Trends in all mineral magnetic concentration parameters are remarkably similar and were initially used to divide the core into three magnetically distinct zones. The upper and lower sections of the core (0–119 cm and 445–822 cm depth) are characterised by low values for all magnetic concentration parameters. Between 153 and 380 cm depth, concentration parameters are considerably higher, although somewhat variable. The S ratio and percentage loss of remanence after 24 h (IRM_loss) follow a different trend and are inversely related to each other. A low S ratio (<0.7) is associated with a loss of remanence of >4%. On the basis of these parameters, the core can be divided into four zones, and differences in magnetic mineralogy between these four zones were confirmed by measurement of IRM acquisition curves. The major difference between concentration parameters and ratios or percentage loss of IRM lies in the identification of an additional zone below 619 cm depth where the S ratio is high and IRM_loss is low. There is little evidence to suggest that the magnetic signatures are controlled by particle size or by trends in organic matter and/or carbonate content. The signatures appear to be predominantly detrital and show little evidence of post-depositional alteration through dissolution or authigenic addition of bacterial magnetite or greigite. Analysis of Saharan dust deposition rates in Northern Egypt suggests that atmospheric fallout is likely to make only a very minor contribution (<1%) to sedimentation rates in Lake Qarun. The downcore trends therefore appear to reflect major changes in fluvial sediment sources over the ca. 2,000 year time period spanned by this ～8 m core. Preliminary mineral magnetic characterisations of potential local sources suggest that these cannot account for the range of signatures recorded in the Qarun sediments and it is hypothesised that these sediments are derived from Nile river floods.     

A Holocene Record of Human Induced and Natural Environmental Change from Lake Forsyth (Te Wairewa), New Zealand

A 1.2 m sediment core from Lake Forsyth, Canterbury, New Zealand, records the development of the catchment/lake system over the last 7000 years, and its response to anthropogenic disturbance following European settlement c. 1840 AD. Pollen was used to reconstruct catchment vegetation history, while foraminifera, chironomids, Trichoptera, and the abundance of Pediastrum simplex colonies were used to infer past environmental conditions within the lake. The basal 30 cm of core records the transition of the Lake Forsyth Basin from a tidal embayment to a brackish coastal lake. Timing of closure of the lake mouth could not be accurately determined, but it appears that Lake Forsyth had stabilised as a slightly brackish, oligo-mesotrophic shallow lake by about 500 years BP. Major deforestation occurred on Banks Peninsula between 1860 AD and 1890 AD. This deforestation is marked by the rapid decline in the main canopy trees (Prumnopitys taxifolia (matai) and Podocarpus totara/hallii (totara/mountain totara), an increase in charcoal, and the appearance of grasses. At around 1895 AD, pine appears in the record while a willow (Salix spp.) appears somewhat later. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of the pollen and aquatic species data revealed a significant relationship between regional vegetation and the abundance of aquatic taxa, with the percentage if disturbance pollen explaining most (14.8%) of the constrained variation in the aquatic species data. Principle components analysis (PCA) of aquatic species data revealed that the most significant period of rapid biological change in the lakes history corresponded to the main period of human disturbance in the catchment. Deforestation led to increased sediment and nutrient input into the lake which was accompanied by a major reduction in salinity. These changes are inferred from the appearance and proliferation of freshwater algae (Pediastrum simplex), an increase in abundance and diversity of chironomids, and the abundance of cases and remains from the larvae of the caddisfly, Oecetis unicolor. Eutrophication accompanied by increasing salinity of the lake is inferred from a significant peak and then decline of P. simplex, and a reduction in the abundance and diversity of aquatic invertebrates. The artificial opening of the lake to the Pacific Ocean, which began in the late 1800s, is the likely cause of the recent increase in salinity. An increase in salinity may have also encouraged blooms of the halotolerant and hepatotoxic cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena.     

洪湖的环境变迁与生态保护

洪湖历史上经历了多次变迁，在同类型湖泊中表现出其生态的复杂性和多样性。通过分析洪湖从成湖以来所发生的的湖泊环境变化，阐述了人类活动对洪湖环境带来的一系列生态问题，对洪湖生态环境的恢复与优化提出对策与建议；同时，对于洪湖省级湿地自然保护区的建设和管理提出了科学的、可操作的具体措施。