海洋生物声散射层研究现状综述

海洋生物声散射层全球分布广泛,其昼夜垂直迁移机制与周围海水的物理特性息息相关,对海洋内部碳的循环具有重要作用。文章收集整理了海洋生物声散射层的昼夜垂直迁移现象在各领域上的研究方法及研究成果,包括国内外研究现状,散射层的声学探测手段、全球范围内的分布变化情况等。海洋生物声散射层渔业资源丰富,研究和探索散射层有助于我们了解海洋物理环境和当地海洋渔业资源分布,对渔业资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。     

夏季加拿大海盆海冰边缘区声体积后向散射强度研究

声信号的体积后向散射强度是声传播过程中一个关键的参数。海冰边缘区的声体积后向散射强度研究对深入认识北极声场环境有着十分重要的意义。本文利用中国第六次北极科学考察获取的数据资料研究了海冰边缘区声体积后向散射强度特性。结果表明:加拿大海盆海冰边缘区是声体积后向散射强度的明显过渡区。无冰海面(海冰密集度小于15%)海洋深层水的声体积后向散射强度明显大于密集海冰区域的海水(海冰密集度大于50%)。讨论了声体积后向散射强度与海冰融化之间的关系,造成融冰区声体积后向散射强度增大的原因是水下悬浮泥沙、浮游生物等悬浮物质增加。根据海冰密集海域的海水后向散射强度弱的特点,对北极下放式声学多普勒测流仪(LADCP)观测的设置提出建议。     

西南印度洋深海散射层昼夜垂直迁移特征研究

本研究根据2011-2020年西南印度洋56个声学断面数据观察到的深海散射层201次昼夜垂直迁移现象,分析了其昼夜垂直迁移特征及时空差异。研究结果表明,该海域散射层具有分层现象,第一散射层位于200 m以浅水层,其海洋面积散射系数（NASC）峰值的平均水深为（58.66±24.63）m,夏季和冬季之间存在显著性差异（p <0.001）;第二散射层位于400～700 m水层,其NASC峰值的平均水深为（589.02±66.33）m,夏季和冬季之间无显著性差异（p=0.51）。散射层向上迁移的开始时间平均为16:20,结束迁移的平均时间为18:31,迁移的平均速率为（5.28±1.53）cm/s;向下迁移的开始时间平均为4:38,结束迁移的平均时间为6:52,迁移的平均速率为（5.56±2.13）cm/s。随着纬度的增加,散射层向下迁移的开始时间变晚,迁移速率变慢;随着经度的增加,散射层迁移速率变慢,且不同经度海域之间存在显著性差异（p <0.001）。分析认为,研究海域理化环境的季节性变化以及散射层中生物的不同生活史阶段是造成散射层垂直结构和昼夜垂直迁移特征时空差异的主要原因...     

南海深海声学散射层垂直分布和昼夜变化初步研究

2013-09利用船载Simrad EK60科学鱼探仪(38kHz)对南海深海声学散射层进行了连续监测,并结合变水层拖网采样分析了其垂直分布和昼夜变化。结果表明,南海深海存在2个明显的声学散射层,特征深度分别为0~100m和350~700m,并且2个散射层间存在较为明显的昼夜垂直移动现象。其随时间变化情况为:16∶00-19∶00,350~700m散射层中的部分生物逐渐向上移动到0~100m散射层;04∶00-07∶00,这部分上升的生物又逐渐移回至350~700m散射层。变水层拖网采样结果发现,白天0~100m散射层内渔获物数量较少,夜间0~100m散射层内渔获物较多,验证了声学映像所检测到的2个散射层间确实存在昼夜移动的现象。     

黄东海海区悬浮颗粒物后向散射系数和后向散射比的空间分布规律研究

悬浮颗粒物在海洋光学特性中扮演着重要角色,后向散射系数是水色遥感反演中最主要的基础参数之一,因此对于悬浮颗粒物后向散射系数的研究具有重要意义。利用2003年4月黄东海春季航次测量的吸收、衰减和后向散射数据,研究该区域悬浮颗粒物后向散射系数和后向散射比的光谱特征以及空间分布规律。研究结果表明颗粒物后向散射系数光谱呈指数衰减且在垂直方向上与深度正相关;后向散射比的光谱具有波段特征;由于近岸颗粒物浓度大、粒径小,远岸颗粒物浓度小、粒径大以及湍流扰动的影响,导致后向散射系数和后向散射比呈现出在近岸海域较大而在远岸海域较小的空间分布规律。     

基于声学方法的南黄海浮游动物垂直迁移季节变化研究

为研究南黄海浮游动物垂直迁移的季节变化, 分析了2006 年至2007 年4 个季节布放潜标中声学测流仪的观测数据。结果是: 声学测流仪测量的后向散射强度呈现显著的日变化特征, 这是由浮游动物垂直迁移造成的; 在4 个季节中都出现这一凌晨向下、黄昏向上的垂直迁移, 但是垂直迁移发生的时间有季节变化。利用南黄海辐射通量的直接观测数据, 讨论了垂直迁移发生时间与光照的关系,结果表明垂直迁移的季节变化主要受光照的影响。这对于研究浮游动物垂直迁移机制有一定意义。     

近海海洋水体光散射特性研究——以蓬莱近岸海域为例

对水体散射特性的分析方法进行了研究,并以蓬莱附近海域水体为例对方法进行了验证.从分析结果可以看出,烟台蓬莱附近海域水体散射占据主导,单次散射反照率wo在06～0 8之间变化,且后向散射比例Bp在0.08～017间变化,虽高于Mobley给出的0 03的上限,但与Mie理论模拟计算的结果相吻合,属于具有强后向散射特征的Ⅱ类水体;该区域的粒子折射指数*np高于115,说明水体具有典型的矿物质颗粒特征.通过对实测数据的分析发现,文中提出的方法适合于我国近岸水体,可为研究我国近岸水体的水体散射特性提供借鉴.     

基于多波束测深仪的西太平洋声散射层测量

为了研究西太平洋声散射层的垂向分布特征和日变化规律,分析了多波束测深系统的水体影像数据。观测结果表明,西太平洋存在着两个声散射层,一个声散射层位于0～200 m,另一个声散射层位于500～700 m,两个声散射层散射强度具有明显的日变化特征,上层散射层的散射强度呈现白天弱,夜晚强的特征,而下层散射层的散射强度日变化规律与上层相反,并且发现深散射层的厚度也存在日变化特征;分析了此种方法的优缺点,对以后声散射层的观测分析提供了新的思路。此外,利用同时下放的声速仪(SVP)的温度和深度数据对下放式声学多普勒流速剖面仪(LADCP)的观测结果进行了修正,得到了更为精确的声散射层垂向位置分布。     

收稿日期:2011-10-28

为研究南黄海浮游动物垂直迁移的季节变化,分析了2006年至2007年4个季节布放潜标中声学测流仪的观测数据.结果是:声学测流仪测量的后向散射强度呈现显著的日变化特征,这是由浮游动物垂直迁移造成的;在4个季节中都出现这一凌晨向下、黄昏向上的垂直迁移,但是垂直迁移发生的时间有季节变化.利用南黄海辐射通量的直接观测数据,讨论了垂直迁移发生时间与光照的关系,结果表明垂直迁移的季节变化主要受光照的影响.这对于研究浮游动物垂直迁移机制有一定意义.     

The diel verticalmigration of sound scatterers observed by an acoustic Doppler current profiler in the Luzon Strait from July 2009 to April 2011

Acoustic Doppler current profiler （ADCP） receives echoes from sound scatterers, then their speed is calcu- lated by the Doppler effect. In the open ocean, most of these backscatterers are from the plankton. The sound scatterers descend down to depth at around dawn, their mean speed is 2.9 cm/s, then they ascend up to the surface layer at around dusk with a mean speed of 2.1 cm/s, in the Luzon Strait. The descending speed is faster, which suggests that this zooplankton population may accelerate its downward migration under the action of the gravity. The vertical distribution of a mean volume backscattering strength （MVB- S） in the nighttime has two peaks, which locate near the upper and lower boundary layers of halocline, respectively. However, the backscatterers only aggregate near the surface layer in the daytime. The diel ver- tical migration （DVM） of sound scatterers has several characteristic patterns, it is stronger in summer, but weaker in winter, and the maximum peak occurs in September. The DVM occurrence is synchronous with the seawater temperature increasing at around dawn and dusk, it may affect the ocean mixing and water stratification,     

Modoki对南半球中高纬度气候及海冰异常的影响

利用诊断分析方法分析研究了热带太平洋ENSO Modoki现象对南半球中高纬度气候和海冰的影响。分析了ENSO Modoki现象的季节变化特征,并定义了ENSO Modoki的活跃年和活跃季节。利用偏相关分析、合成分析和超前滞后相关分析等诊断分析方法,分析了1979年1月到2010年12月间ENSO Modoki影响南半球中高纬气候及海冰异常的遥相关模态及可能的遥相关动力机制。研究结果显示费雷尔环流的异常变化是两者之间遥相关的可能方式。     

Seasonal and annual variability of vertically migrating scattering layers in the northern Arabian Sea

A 30-month time series of mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS) data obtained from moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) is used to analyze the evolution of vertically migrating scattering layers and their seasonal and annual variability in the Arabian and Oman Seas. Substantial diel vertical migration (DVM) is observed almost every day at all three mooring sites. Two daytime layers (Layers D1 and D2) and one nighttime layer (Layer E1) are typically present. The greatest biomass is observed near the surface during the night in Layer E1 and at depth between 250 and 450 m during the daytime in Layer D2. All layers are deepest during the spring inter-monsoon and shallowest during the summer/fall southwest monsoon (SWM). Seasonal modulation of the D2 biomass change is evident in our high-resolution data. The lowest biomass in D2 is measured in the early summer (May or June) followed by a rapid biomass increase during the SWM (June–November) until the biomass reaches a maximum at the end of the SWM season. Short-period oscillations in D2 biomass are often seen with periods ranging from days to one month. Occasionally, a lower nighttime layer E2 is formed between 180 and 270 m, mostly near the time of full moons. The upper daytime layer D1 is centered at 200 m and densely concentrated. It is only formed during the winter northeast monsoon (NEM) and the spring inter-monsoon. The influence of physical processes on layer distribution is also investigated. Interestingly, the two daytime layers are found to be formed at the two boundaries of the Persian Gulf outflow water (PGW) and follow the seasonal depth change of the PGW. The timing of the DVM and the formation, persistence, decay and reformation of the deep scattering layers seem to be governed by light, both solar and lunar. The scattering strength, the layer depth and the layer thickness are likewise closely related to the Moon phase at night. Cloud coverage, the isotherm and the isohaline also appear to affect the distribution and depth of the scattering layers. The continuous multiple-year acoustic data from ADCPs allow us, for the first time, to study the seasonal and annual variations of scattering layers in this region.     

台湾海峡中、北部海区1998年2～3月声速的分布特征

根据台湾海峡中、北部海区 1998年 2～ 3月实测的温、盐资料计算得出的声速 ,分析了该海区存在的几种主要类型的声速垂直分布状况以及声速垂直分布和平面分布的一些重要特征。     

北太平洋副热带海洋环流强度异常对长江中下游夏季降水的影响

利用SODA资料和ECCO资料计算得到的北太平洋副热带海洋环流强度,和国家气候中心整编的中国160站逐月降水资料,结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和Hadley中心海表面温度资料,分析了1970－2007年海洋环流强度异常同期的大尺度大气环流异常特征及对中国东部夏季降水的影响。结果表明:海洋环流强度变化与长江中下游地区降水存在密切的反相关。环流强度异常可以通过影响西太平洋副热带高压的南北位置异常进而影响长江中下游降水。海洋环流偏弱时,副高位置偏南,长江中下游地区受气旋性环流异常影响,来自副高西北侧的强西南水汽输送至此,在该地区形成强水汽辐合中心,同时伴随上升运动加强和对流的加强,进一步导致该地区降水偏多;当海洋环流偏强时,西太平洋副高位置偏北,长江中下游地区受反气旋性环流异常影响,伴随辐散下沉及水汽辐散,导致该地区降水偏少;海洋环流强度异常导致的中纬度海区海表面温度异常,可能是导致副高南北位置异常的主要原因。     

南海声速跃层分类及其季节变化

南海海底地势复杂,海域内跃层分布有其特殊性,研究声速跃层分布形态对海上军事活动和海洋战场建设有重要影响。利用50 a(1958~2007年)SODA(simple ocean data assimilation)月平均资料,采用垂直梯度法分别求得3种类型声速跃层的特征值。结果表明:冬季,3种类型声速跃层范围全年最小,厚度最薄,强度最弱;夏季,主跃层、双跃层范围全年最大,厚度最厚,深度大都较浅,强度最强。春秋季跃层的示性特征介于冬夏之间,秋季比春季变化明显。     

Spatial patterns and environmental associations of deep scattering layers in the northwestern subtropical Pacific Ocean

The mesopelagic communities are important for food web and carbon pump in ocean, but the large-scale studies of them are still limited until now because of the difficulties on sampling and analyzing of mesopelagic organisms. Mesopelagic organisms, especially micronekton, can form acoustic deep scattering layers (DSLs) and DSLs are widely observed. To explore the spatial patterns of DSLs and their possible influencing factors, the DSLs during daytime (10:00–14:00) were investigated in the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean (13°–23.5°N, 153°–163°E) using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler at 38 kHz. The study area was divided into three parts using k-means cluster analysis: the northern part (NP, 22°–24°N), the central part (CP, 17°–22°N), and the southern part (SP, 12°–17°N). The characteristics of DSLs varied widely with latitudinal gradient. Deepest core DSLs (523.5 m±17.4 m), largest nautical area scattering coefficient (NASC) (130.8 m2/n mile2±41.0 m2/n mile2), and most concentrated DSLs (mesopelagic organisms gathering level, 6.7%±0.7%) were observed in NP. The proportion of migration was also stronger in NP (39.7%) than those in other parts (18.6% in CP and 21.5% in SP) for mesopelagic organisms. The latitudinal variation of DSLs was probably caused by changes in oxygen concentration and light intensity of mesopelagic zones. A positive relationship between NASC and primary productivity was identified. A four-months lag was seemed to exist. This study provides the first basin-scale baselines information of mesopelagic communities in the northwest Pacific with acoustic approach. Further researches are suggested to gain understandings of seasonal and annual variations of DSLs in the region.     

The diel vertical migration of the sound-scattering layer in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water of the southeastern Yellow Sea：focus on its relationship with a temperature structure

Using the hydroacoustic method with a 200 kHz scientific echo sounding system,the diel vertical migration(DVM) of the sound-scattering layer(SSL) in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water(YSBCW) of the southeastern Yellow Sea was studied in April(spring) and August(summer) of 2010 and 2011.For each survey,13–27 hours of acoustic data were continuously collected at a stationary station.The acoustic volume scattering strength(Sv) data were analyzed with temperature profile data.In the spring of both 2010 and 2011,the SSL clearly showed the vertical migration throughout the entire water column,moving from the surface layer at night to near the bottom during the day.Conductivity,temperature,and depth data indicated that the entire water column was well mixed with low temperature of about 8 C.However,the SSL showed different patterns in the summers of 2010 and 2011.In the summer of 2010(28 C at the surface),the SSL migrated to near the bottom during the day,but there were two SSLs above and below the thermocline at depth of 10–30 m at night.In the summer of 2011(20 C at the surface),the SSL extended throughout the entire water column at night,possibly owing to an abrupt change in sea weather conditions caused by the passage of a Typhoon Muifa over the study area.It was concluded that the DVM patterns in summer in the YSBCW area may be greatly influenced by a strengthened or weakened thermocline.     

断层面形态对中浅层石油运移影响的模拟实验研究

为认识中浅层油气成藏特征,在东营凹陷中浅层油气成藏地质研究基础上,利用二维模型模拟了不同断面形态的情况下,断层对中浅层石油运移和聚集的影响。研究结果表明：(1)在幕式(非稳态)充注条件下,断层面的形态对中浅层石油的运移路径和方式构成重要的影响,S形断层面最有利于断层上、下盘砂层油的充注,这时油在砂层中的运移速率较大,而凹形断层面则有利于断层下盘砂层油的充注,凸形断层面有利于断层上盘砂层油的充注;(2)越陡、弯度越少的断层面越有利于油的运移,即通常所认为的凸形断层面对油气运移起到发散作用,凹形断面起到油气运移汇集作用从模型试验中得到证实。     

基于GEE的黄河口表层悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布及其影响因素分析

黄河三角洲作为我国重要的生态功能区,探究入海口处表层悬浮泥沙浓度（Suspended Sediment Concentration, SSC）分布及其影响因素对沉积物侵蚀再悬浮、河口海岸带生态过程等具有指导意义。本文基于色度角与SSC之间的关系建立了适于黄河口及邻近海域的SSC反演模型（R² = 0.80,MRE = 11.0%,RMSE = 1.35 mg/L）。借助GEE平台,研究得到2000−2021年黄河口及邻近海域SSC的时空分布特征和变化规律,并从自然和人类活动两方面进行影响因素分析。研究区年均SSC呈波动下降的趋势（−1.83 mg/（L·a））;空间分布表现为由近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势;扩散区间（年均SSC > 20 mg/L）仅在距离河口4.8～14.6 km之间,黄河入海泥沙对现行黄河口处泥沙扩散影响有限。波浪与悬浮泥沙浓度存在相同的季节特征,非调水调沙期间,有效波高与SSC年代际月均值呈现正相关关系（r = 0.66,p < 0.01）;调水调沙期间,现行黄河口门以及莱州湾处SSC受风速、有效波高影响有限,调水调沙占主导地位。调水调沙期间的来沙系数与高浓度区面积变化率呈正相关的关系,调水调沙结束后（16 d内）,高浓度区（SSC > 200 mg/L）边界由距沿岸约1.3 km扩大至约2.5 km。     

2004年春季东海赤潮高发区COD分布及其与赤潮关系的初步研究

2004年4～5月初在东海赤潮高发区暴发的特大规模原甲藻赤潮前期和暴发初期对该海域进行的现场调查,并对该海域COD的分布特征进行了探讨。结果表明,赤潮暴发前COD为0．295-1.836mg／L,主要受陆源输入影响。根据其在局部海区底层出现的异常升高结合其他参数分析可对特定海区潜在赤潮暴发的可能性进行评估。赤潮暴发时COD为0．36～3．14mg／L,表层和中层与叶绿素存在显著正相关关系,表明其主要受生物影响。富营养化指数表明赤潮暴发前近一半海域已经处于富营养化状态,但COD对富营养化的贡献不如营养盐重要。