基于南沙群岛西南部海域探捕调查的鱼类分类多样性初步研究

根据2012—2013年秋、春两个航次在南沙群岛西南部海域探捕调查数据,系统整理了调查海域鱼类物种组成并分析其季节更替,通过计算调查海域鱼类相对重要性指数(IRI)、分类阶元包含指数(TINCLi)以及分类学多样性指数(Δ~+和∧~+),初步探讨了该海域鱼类分类多样性现状。结果显示,调查海域鱼类共有27目104科206属340种,其中鲈形目种类数目占绝对优势。当采用IRI≥500标准定义优势种时,秋季优势种有2种,春季有4种,不同季节鱼类优势种存在差异,并且主要鱼种的季节更替现象明显。分类阶元包含指数分析结果显示,鱼类物种组成中,目、科、属各分类阶元包含各低级分类阶元的平均数目分别为(3.85、7.63、12.59),(1.98、3.27)和(1.65)。调查海域Δ~+值和∧~+值分别为66.3和100.2,其中Δ~+值高于大亚湾(62.2)和北部湾(63.5),最接近于东海陆架区(65.7)。研究结果显示南沙群岛西南部海域鱼类分类多样性目前并未发生显著变化,但仍应关注人类活动对该海域鱼类多样性的影响。     

北部湾口海域鱼类分类多样性的初步探讨

根据2012~2013年在北部湾口海域秋、春两个航次的调查数据,系统地分析了调查海域鱼类种类组成,并分别计算该海域鱼类的相对重要性指数(IRI)、分类阶元包涵指数(TINCLi)及分类多样性指数(△+和∧+).结果显示,此次调查共捕获鱼类26目100科195属301种,其中以鲈形目鱼类占据绝对优势,两个季节同时被捕获鱼类75种.秋季优势种类数明显低于春季,且均以中小型鱼类为主,种类更替现象明显.TINCLi研究结果表明,研究海域鱼类种类组成目、科、属所分别拥有的(科、属、种)、(属、种)和(种)的平均数目分别为(3.85、7.50、11.58)、(1.95、3.01)和(1.54),在种级水平上,该海域的鱼类分类多样性较低,分布相对集中,亲缘关系较近.北部湾口海域的△+和∧+值分别为46.34和47.82,相比较于黄渤海、东海和南沙群岛西南部海域,其△+值最接近于北部湾,表明二者间鱼类的亲缘关系比较近;但在大尺度范围内,该海域△+值并未表现出明显随纬度变化的规律.     

厦门海域鱼类群落分类学多样性的研究

根据厦门海域鱼类种类组成历史资料和调查资料,系统整理了厦门海域的鱼类总名录和现有名录,并应用分类学等级多样性指数和分类差异变异指数分析了厦门海域鱼类群落分类学多样性的时空变化。结果表明:厦门海域有记录鱼类共649种;现有鱼类有331种,隶属2纲22目90科181属,其中软骨鱼纲共5目9科9属15种,辐鳍鱼纲共17目81科172属316种。厦门海域鱼类总名录的等级多样性指数Δ+和分类差异变异指数Λ+分别为79.267和220.96;现有鱼类群落分类多样性指数Δ+和分类差异指数Λ+分别为77.504和245.34。分类多样性指数Δ+在冬、春季较高,秋季次之,而夏季最低;而分类差异指数Λ+夏季较高,秋季次之,冬春季较低。秋季和冬季鱼类组成的相似度最高,其次为夏季,最后为春季。与历史总名录相比,厦门海域的现有鱼类群落分类学范围较小,生态幅变窄,群落稳定性较差。     

白令海鱼类分类多样性及鱼类区系研究

根据FishBase、Global Species等数据库中的鱼类物种资料,结合中国第四次北极科学考察在白令海的鱼类调查数据,运用分类多样性方法分析了白令海鱼类的分类多样性水平及其区系特征。结果表明:数据库记录白令海鱼类359种,中国第四次北极科学考察在白令海捕获鱼类31种;白令海与阿拉斯加湾鱼类相似性系数最高;白令海鱼类分类阶元包含指数(TINCLi)分别为目级阶元(2.90、8.86、16.48)、科级阶元(3.05、5.67)、属级阶元(1.80),平均分类差异指数△~+为62.7,分类差异变异指数∧~+为185.0;白令海鱼类组成可以分为3个区系。随着全球气候变化导致白令海海域的冷水团北移和海水表面温度上升,部分鱼类持续性北移可能是白令海的鱼类物种组成结构改变的主要原因。     

黄河口鱼类群落分类学多样性的研究

根据2013-2014年在黄河口水域进行的7个航次的鱼类资源底拖网调查数据,应用分类多样性指数分析了黄河口水域鱼类群落生物多样性的时空变化。黄河口鱼类主名录的平均分类差异指数△+理论平均值为75.5。2013-2014年调查中,该水域共捕获鱼类51种,隶属10目、27科、43属,以鲈形目、鲱形目和鲉形目鱼类居多。本次调查中鱼类群落分类多样性指数△和分类差异指数△*月变化范围分别为39.98~65.48和59.15~75.54,均表现为夏季月份最高,春、秋季月份次之,冬季最低。除春季月份外,其他月份鱼类平均分类差异指数△+均显著低于黄河口鱼类主名录的△+理论平均值。不同月份中平均分类差异指数△+也呈现一定的空间变化,夏、秋季月份绝大部分站位平均分类差异指数处于95%置信范围内,春、冬季月份个别站位的平均分类差异指数显著低于理论平均值,这与这些站位绝大多数种类集中在鲈形目有关。黄河口水域鱼类分类学多样性具有明显的时空变化,鱼类资源衰退,应加强该水域鱼类资源养护和多样性保护。     

对黄、渤海鱼类等级多样性的推算

为给不同取样地点或时期鱼类群落多样性的比较提供基础资料,根据20世纪80年代以来的黄、渤海底拖网调查,并综合迄今为止的鱼类分类学研究,系统地更新了黄、渤海鱼类组成名录,并计算了其等级多样性特征。结果表明,黄、渤海有鱼类379种,隶属于264属,129科,36目,3纲。其中软骨鱼类12目,24科,50种;硬骨鱼类23目,104科,328种。根据黄、渤海鱼类总名录,计算了其等级多样性指数(△^ )和分类差异变异指数(A^ )的理论平均值及95％置信漏斗曲线,其中等级多样性指数(△^ )的理论平均值为77．7。     

青岛近岸水域鱼类群落分类学多样性的研究

根据2004年春、秋季进行的渔业资源底拖网调查，应用分类学多样性指数分析了青岛近岸水域鱼类群落分类学多样性的时空变化。青岛近岸水域春季鱼类群落分类多样性指数△、分类差异指数△＊分别为58．63，72．83，秋季分别为56．03，73．98。春季等级多样性指数△^＋为73．58，接近于黄海鱼类主名录的理论平均值77．7，而秋季等级多样性指数△^＋为67．74。显著低于黄海鱼类主名录的理论平均值。春季，青岛近岸水域鱼类种类组成分类学范围较宽，大多数种类属于鲈形目、鼬形目、鲱形目、鲽形目和鳗鲡目，还有较少鳐形目的软骨鱼类。与春季相比，秋季大多数种类属于鲈形目、鼬形目、鲱形目、仙鱼目、鲽形目和鳗鲡目，但鲈形目平均种类数较春季多。春、秋季分类差异变异指数∧^＋都接近于黄海鱼类主名录理论平均值。等级多样性指数△^＋在春、秋季均表现出明显的地理空间变异，部分站位等级多样性指数△^＋偏低主要是其鱼类种类不同程度地集中在鲈形目、鼬形目和鲱形目造成的。     

浙江南部近海春季鱼类多样性分析

根据2011年春季(4月、5月与6月)对浙江南部近海进行的共3个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查资料,对该海域的鱼类多样性进行了分析.结果表明:所捕获的90种鱼分别隶属于2纲15目51科75属;暖水性鱼类无论在种类数量还是生物量与尾数密度方面均居主导地位;所有优势种均为暖水性鱼类,其中矛尾缎虎鱼为春季三个月的共同优势种;生物量、尾数密度与丰富度指数(D)5月与6月的差异均极显著(P＜0.01);多样性指数(H')与水深、底温与底盐三者之间均为线性正相关(P＜0.05),而与生物量呈线性负相关(P＜0.05),这表明浙江南部近海春季鱼类的多样性(H')随水深、底温与底盐的增加而增高,但同时却随生物量的增加而降低.     

浙江5个海湾鱼类分类多样性研究

本文基于2014年11月(秋季)和2015年5月(春季)在三门湾开展的渔业资源调查,结合杭州湾、象山湾、台州湾与乐清湾等4个相似的海湾的相关资料作为对照,依据《中国海洋生物名录》分别构建5个海湾的鱼种名录。以分类多样性指数、分类阶元包含指数、G-F多样性指数等进行多维度析。结果表明:平均分类差异指数(Δ+)象山湾最高(56.01),三门湾最低(48.79)。分类变异差异指数(Λ+)亦为象山湾最高(553.83),三门湾最低(313.63),由此可见象山湾鱼类在各分类阶元分布最不均匀,三门湾最均匀。关于分类阶元包含指数,三门湾鱼类的科、属、种的分类阶元包含指数值均较高;在目级水平上,杭州湾鱼类分类阶元包含指数最低,其余分类阶元上象山湾鱼类最低。G-F指数分析结果显示则显示:象山湾G-F指数最高(0.62),杭州湾最低(0.43)。由此得出,在目级水平上台州湾与乐清湾之间相似性最高(0.84),相似性最低的是三门湾与象山湾(0.5);在科级水平上台州湾与乐清湾之间相似性最高(0.71),相似性最低的是象山湾与台州湾(0.54)。综上,象山湾鱼类分类多样性最高,三门湾最低。本文通过揭示5个海湾鱼类多样性特征及差异,以期为鱼类资源的开发、利用、保护和管理等应用研究提供科学依据。     

黄海鱼类群落分类学多样性的研究

为开展不同取样区域,不同生境间和历史数据的比较研究,根据1985年和2000年秋季在黄海进行的渔业资源底拖网调查,应用分类学多样性指数从黄海、区域和局域3个空间尺度上分析了黄海鱼类群落分类学多样性的变化。在黄海尺度上,2000年等级多样性指数△^ 和分类差异变异指数∧^ 明显降低,而1985年的分类学多样性指数值则接近于黄海鱼类主名录的理论平均值。在区域尺度上,分类多样性指数△,分类差异指数△^ 在黄海中、北部较高,南黄海较低;等级多样性指数△^ 为南黄海最高,中黄海最低,其区域尺度变化主要是由鲈形目、鲽形目、鲱形目和鲉形目种类,特别是软骨鱼类的种类数的分布变化造成的。2000年3个区域的分类学多样性指数值分别低于1985年对应值。在局域尺度上,南黄海的南部、西部和中黄海的西部以及北黄海的鱼类群落等级多样性指数△^ 远小于黄海鱼类主名录的理论平均值,仅中昔海的东部和黄海的东部的等级多样性指数值接近理论平均值。     

Taxonomic diversity of fish assemblages in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters

Taxonomic diversity of fish assemblages in the Changjiang Estuary(Yangtze River Estuary) and its adjacent waters was analyzed based on bottom trawl surveys carried out by R/V Beidou in June,August and October 2006.Four groups of fishes were identified for each survey by the twoway indicator species analysis(TWIA).Taxonomic distinctness,species richness and phylogenetic diversity were used to detect changes in taxonomic structure of fish assemblages.Most dominant fish species mainly belonged to Perciformes,Pleuronectiformes,Clupeiformes,Scorpaeniformes and Tetraodontiformes.Species richness in offshore waters of the survey area was higher than that in the other area.The average taxonomic distinctness value(AvTD,△+ ) of each fish assemblage was close to the average taxonomic distinctness of master list in the Changjiang Estuary(79.9),and had a positive correlation with species richness and Shannon diversity index(H ).A negative correlation was found between variations in taxonomic distinctness(VarTD,Λ + ) and traditional diversity indices,which were caused by fish species component that led to longer average path lengths among species.Taxonomic diversity index(△) had the similar results with species richness,H ,Simpson diversity index(D) and Pielou's evenness index(J ).VarTD also kept stable,which further certificated that fish assemblages and ecological environment were in equilibrium.Taxonomic distinctness index(△* ) was relatively stable in most of fish assemblages,and had higher values in some fish assemblages for a few absolutely dominant species.The present study showed that fish community formed new equilibrium stability in 2006 in the Changjiang Estuary when compared with those in the corresponding months of annual survey from 1985 to 1986.And AvTD in each sampling station was lower than AvTD of master list in the Changjiang Estuary,so some ecological niches were absent in each sampling stations from taxonomic or phylogenetic relationships,these would be helpful to stock natural resource and maintain ecological equilibruim of fish assemblages.     

Responses of diff erent biodiversity indices to subsampling efforts in lotic macroinvertebrate assemblages

As a less time-consuming procedure, subsampling technology has been widely used in biological monitoring and assessment programs. It is clear that subsampling counts af fect the value of traditional biodiversity indices, but its ef fect on taxonomic distinctness(TD) indices is less well studied. Here, we examined the responses of traditional(species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity) and TD(average taxonomic distinctness: Δ +, and variation in taxonomic distinctness: Λ +) indices to subsample counts using a random subsampling procedure from 50 to 400 individuals, based on macroinvertebrate datasets from three dif ferent river systems in China. At regional scale, taxa richness asymptotically increased with ?xed-count size; ≥250–300 individuals to express 95% information of the raw data. In contrast, TD indices were less sensitive to the subsampling procedure. At local scale, TD indices were more stable and had less deviation than species richness and Shannon-Wiener index, even at low subsample counts, with ≥100 individuals needed to estimate 95% of the information of the actual Δ + and Λ + in the three river basins. We also found that abundance had a certain ef fect on diversity indices during the subsampling procedure, with dif ferent subsampling counts for species richness and TD indices varying by regions. Therefore, we suggest that TD indices are suitable for biodiversity assessment and environment monitoring. Meanwhile, pilot analyses are necessary when to determine the appropriate subsample counts for bioassessment in a new region or habitat type.     

渤海自由生活海洋线虫多样性的研究

首先介绍Warwick和Clarke(1995)提出的等级生物多样性指数以及在自由生活海洋线虫中的应用,重点以1998年9～10月和1999年4～5月两个航次的沉积物样品,用物种数目(S)、Margalef物种丰富度指数(d)、优势度Simpson指数(λ)、多样性Shannon-Wiener指数(H')、Pielou的均匀度指数(J)、Hill多样性系列指数(N₁,N₂和N_+∞)、分类多样性指数(△)、分类差异指数(△*)、等级多样性指数(△+)对渤海自由生活海洋线虫的多样性进行了研究。结果表明,黄河输入的泥沙对渤海自由生活海洋线虫多样性的变化有一定的作用,距离黄河口越近的站位,群落具有的物种多样性和均匀性越低,优势度越高;距离黄河口越远的站位,群落具有的物种多样性和均匀性越高,优势度越低。     

Monsoon-driven succession of the larval fish assemblage in the East China Sea shelf waters off northern Taiwan

The seasonal variation in the larval fish community related to the hydrography in the East China Sea (ECS) off northern Taiwan was studied from February to November 2004. Hydrographic conditions in the southern ECS are strongly influenced by the different water masses due to the seasonal monsoon system. A total of 173 taxa of larval fish belonging to 68 families and 105 genera were identified during the study period. The highest abundance of larval fish was recorded in winter, a moderate abundance was seen in late spring and summer, and the lowest abundance in autumn. Significantly higher abundances were usually found in the mixing zone than in ECS and the Kuroshio Current, and the number of species of larval fish was greater during the warm period than during the cold period. The larval fish fauna in the southern ECS is a mixture of endemic and exotic species; the latter come from the coastal waters of mainland China when the northeasterly monsoon prevails, from the South China Sea during the southwesterly monsoon, and from the Kuroshio waters year-round. The succession of water masses induced by the monsoon systems and the high nutrient levels caused by frontal turbulence and topographic upwelling may determine the distributions of larval fish in terms of abundance and composition.     

基于环境DNA技术的夏季东海鱼类物种多样性研究

为了解东海海域主要鱼类群落的种类组成,监测和保护其多样性,本研究利用环境DNA技术对东海鱼类进行物种多样性分析.通过海水样本的采集,环境DNA提取、扩增和高通量测序分析,从东海14个站点的环境DNA样本中共检测出2纲,23目,29科,42属,44种海水鱼类,大部分种类在东海传统渔业资源调查中均有出现.其中,相对丰度较高...     

浙江6个列岛大型底栖藻类分类多样性

本文基于对七星列岛大型底栖藻类的实地调查,结合浙南3个列岛(七星列岛、南麂列岛和洞头列岛)和浙北3个列岛(渔山列岛、中街山列岛和马鞍列岛)大型底栖藻类物种组成的有关文献,构建大型底栖藻类基础数据库。采用平均分类差异指数△~+、分类差异变异指数∧~+、G-F多样性测度指数和相似性系数开展分类多样性研究。结果显示:6个列岛藻类在目级和科级的相似性很高,其值均在0.800以上;洞头列岛的△~+值最高(77.42),中街山列岛最低(72.65),这表明洞头列岛大型底栖藻类类群间的亲缘关系较远,中街山列岛藻类类群间的亲缘关系较近;七星列岛的∧~+值最高,达942.00,南麂列岛最低,仅865.12,这表明南麂列岛大型底栖藻类在不同分类阶元分布最均匀,七星列岛的藻类分布较集中;南麂列岛无论是F指数、G指数还是G-F指数的值均比其他5个列岛高,依次为18.62,4.40和0.76,这说明南麂列岛藻类的生态位分化程度较高。本研究构建了6个列岛大型底栖藻类资源与分类多样性基础数据库,为有效保护和管理大型底栖藻类提供了理论依据。     

Spatial patterns of biodiversity in the Black Sea: An assessment using benthic polychaetes

The current study broadens the biodiversity information available for the Black Sea and neighbouring regions and improves our knowledge about the polychaete biogeographic patterns to be discerned in them. There appears to be a well-defined zoogeocline from the Marmara Sea and Bosphorus Strait to the inner parts of the region (Azov Sea), depicted both as a multivariate pattern and in terms of species (or taxa) numbers. The emergent multivariate pattern complies, to a certain extent, with Jakubova’s (1935) views: three main sectors can be defined in the basin: (a) Prebosphoric, (b) the Black Sea and, (c) the Azov Sea, whereas the Bosphorus Strait and Marmara Sea show less faunal affinities with the afore-mentioned sectors. Patterns derived both from the cosmopolitan and Atlanto-Mediterranean species closely follow the one coming from the polychaete species and genera inventories. As a general trend, species numbers decrease along with the decrease in salinity towards the inner parts of the region. The trend is homologous to that seen in the benthic invertebrate inventories of all the major European semi-enclosed regional seas. Salinity and food availability appear to be the dominant abiotic factors correlated, though weakly, with the various patterns deriving from the taxonomic/zoogeographic categories. With the exception of the Anatolia, polychaete inventories from all sectors appear to be random samples of the total inventory of the region, in terms of taxonomic distinctness values. Therefore, these sectoral inventories can be used for future biodiversity/environmental impact assessment studies. A massive invasion of Mediterranean species after the opening of the Black Sea, in the lower Quaternary period, appears to be the likely biogeographic mechanism through which the old Sarmatic fauna was almost completely replaced by species of marine origin.     

中国海底栖多毛类分类多样性

环节动物多毛纲是大型底栖生物重要类群,对其生物多样性和区系分类的研究,有助于分析人类活动和全球气候变化对生物的影响。之前我国底栖多毛类的多样性研究主要集中在黄海等局部海域。现系统整理渤海、黄海、东海和南海(未包含三沙海域)底栖多毛类的物种名录,并计算了分类多样性指数和相似性系数。结果表明,平均分类差异指数(Δ+)东海最高,达93.23;渤海最低,为90.56。而分类差异变异指数(Λ+)渤海最高,达277.83;东海最低,仅210.45。科级和种级的相似性系数表明,科级水平上4个海域间的相似性均较高,种级水平上渤海和黄海的相似性最高,达0.486;渤海和南海的相似性最低,仅0.128,表明4个海域的底栖多毛类有明显的区系分类差异。通过分析底栖多毛类生物在中国近海的分类多样性差异,初步探讨中国海底栖多毛类的动物区系,以期加深对我国底栖多毛类多样性的认识,为中国海多毛类的多样性研究提供科学依据。