新型桁架式Spar生产平台储油系统及总体设计

新型桁架式Spar生产平台具有15 000 t的凝析油储存能力,采用基于油水置换技术和三级油水分离工艺的新型储油系统设计,这在现役和在建的Spar平台中尚属首次。介绍了平台的总体方案,包括主要技术参数、舱室划分、空船重量重心和系泊系统等。阐述了油水置换储油系统的布置方案以及三级油水分离工艺流程。并分析了平台的主要性能,包括气隙、运动耦合、稳性。最后通过风浪流联合运动响应的水池试验,验证了平台在百年一遇的海况下具有良好的运动性能。     

海洋污染与水体的光谱特性介绍

海洋约占地球总面积的3/4,是地球上最大的水体。海洋与人类有着密切依存关系。然而海洋正遭到污染。由于人类活动,直接或间接地排入海洋大量的有害物质和能量,超过了海洋自净能力,改变了海水或底质的物理、化学和生物学的性状。海洋污染的主要来源有:工业废水、废渣的排放和倾倒;生活污水、垃圾、农药的排放和倾倒;船舶排放的废水油和废物以及油船事故;海底石油开采渗漏的石油及其它有害物     

海浪感应电磁场的理论计算

根据麦克斯韦电磁理论,在地磁场中运动的海水将产生感应电磁场。利用一个简单的数学物理模型对感应电磁场在海水内部的分布进行了计算,结果表明海浪产生的电磁场明显依赖于海浪波动的周期及浪高。在100 m的海水深度内,海浪产生的磁感应强度的大小为纳特数量级,而电场强度的大小为几个微伏每米。在同一海水深度处,磁感应强度随海水波动的周期呈现近线性变化,而电场强度的大小有一个极值,该极值随海水深度的增加向长周期方向移动。海浪产生的电磁场是影响海洋电磁探测数据精度的主要噪声之一。     

青岛近海表层海水流动状况及对青岛沿岸污染的影响

一、引言青岛是我国重要的沿海工业城市,排入海洋中的各种工业废水造成的海洋污染,直接影响到青岛近海水产资源的发展及沿海居民的健康.因此了解青岛近海污水运动规律,是搞好青岛近海海洋环境保护的一项重要工作.排入海洋中的污染物质,由于波浪、潮汐、海流等海洋动力作用使污染团不断地稀释、扩散,同时随着海水流动发生迁移,在迁移过程中污染团体积逐渐扩大,而浓度逐渐     

海洋石油总公司严格依法保护环境

保护海洋环境、防止造成污染,这是海洋石油勘探开发面对的一个十分重要的问题。在海洋石油勘探开发活动中,可能对海洋环境造成污染的主要有以下两个方面:一是在原油生产中向海洋排放含油污水;二是采油平台、钻井平台和各种船只在作业中因意外事故向海洋溢漏油。国家对此都实行了严格的管理,于1983年和1985年先后颁布了《海洋石油勘探开发环境保护管理条例》和《海洋石油开发工业含油污水排放标准》,规定钻井平台应设油水分离设备、排油监控装置、残油、废油回收设施;采油平台应设置含油污水处理设备,并规定在渤海     

海洋复杂电磁环境模拟试验方法

本项目主要针对船舶工程、海洋电磁环境监测、海洋工程装备电磁兼容性评价的需求,开展各类船舶对复杂电磁环境适应性的研究。针对海洋电磁的强射频和电磁脉冲环境,研制了相应的场发生装置、校验方法和强射频复合     

轻柴油/海水微乳[状液]形成的相图研究

用相图方法研究轻柴油／海水微乳的形成。体系相图由水或人工海水（盐度分别为S＝0，10，115，29．471和41．071）／柴油／表面活性剂（AS、CTAB或BRIJ35）／助表面活性剂（正丁醇）在40℃时构成。本文分别研究了表面活性剂类型，油、醇、表面活性剂三者配比及海水盐度对微乳形成的影响。研究结果表明：三种表面活性剂中CATB，酸与表面活性剂的重量比值大于0．43，含油量≤25％，最适宜于形成微乳；形成微乳区面积分数随柴油含量增加而减少，也随海水盐度增加而减少，微乳区总面积分数随海水盐度变化率CTAB＞AS＞BRIJ35，三种表面活性剂体系的微乳区总面积分数依次为CTAB＞AS＞BRIJ35；在含紫油量＞50％时，三体系主要形成的W／O微乳区，在柴油含量≤25％时，对于CTAB体系可形成O／W至W／O连续变化微乳区，对于AS体系，可形成W／O和O／W两个独立的微乳区，而对于BRIJ35体系只形成W／O微乳区。     

海上浮体动力定位外力计算

动力定位系统（dynamic positioning system）是一种闭环自动控制系统,采用推力器来抵抗风、浪、流等作用在浮体上的境力,使其保持在所要求的位置上。船舶的风和流作用力由经验公式求得,波浪力主要考虑二阶漂移力,由三维势流理论的直接积分法求得。通过模拟仿真,表明其结果能够用于船舶动力定位系统研究。     

风作用下孤立波在珊瑚礁上传播变形机制数值模拟研究

基于二维不可压缩两相流模型建立了数值风浪水槽,采用SST k-ω雷诺时均湍流模型,研究了风作用下孤立波在珊瑚礁上的传播变形规律。将计算结果与实验数据对比,证明了该两相流模型计算孤立波在珊瑚礁上传播的准确性,并进一步分析了不同风速对珊瑚礁上孤立波传播变形的影响。结果表明：风的作用会使波面发生随机脉动特征。当地波高随风速的增大而增大;当地波高关于风速的变化梯度随入射波高的增大而增大。风的作用会加快孤立波的传播并且使孤立波提前发生破碎;孤立波开始破碎的位置随风速的增大向远离礁坪的方向移动。反射系数随风速的增大而增大;反射系数关于风速的变化梯度随入射波高的增大而减小;透射系数随风速的增大呈增大趋势。平底区波峰剖面同一水深处的水平流速随风速的增大而增大;且一定的风速不改变水平流速沿水深的变化梯度。有风时波面上方的矢量密度和大小均明显高于无风时且与风速呈正相关,并且波峰上方气流不再循环。随着风速的增大,水气交界面附近的正涡量和负湍流剪应力减小,负涡量和正湍流剪应力增大。水体动能、势能和总能达到高值的时间随风速的增大而减少;水体动能、势能和总能随风速的增大而增大,并且风速对水体动能的相对影响大于势能。     

奇幻的海洋

海洋是生命的摇蓝,是干湿冷暖的调节器。人们习惯把它分为太平洋、印度洋、大西洋和北冰洋。世界大洋的海水体积总和为13.7亿立方公里,高出海平面的所有陆地的总体积却只相当于世界大洋海水总体积的1/8左右。陆地上最高的山峰——珠穆朗玛峰高8848公尺,而最深的马利亚纳海沟却深达10919公尺。如果把地球上的高山削平而填到海洋里去,使地球成为一个象皮球一样的球体,那这个球体就会淹没在3660公尺深的水中。 溶解于海水中的物质是多种多样的。海水的平均盐度为35‰左右,如果把海洋中所有的盐类都提取出来平铺在陆地上,地面就会升高153公尺。海水的盐     

亚临界区雷诺数下圆柱绕流场电磁力控制数值研究

在亚临界区雷诺数下,采用脱体涡模拟方法对弱电解质中电磁力作用下圆柱绕流场及其升阻力特性进行了数值模拟与分析。结果表明,电磁力可以提高圆柱体边界层内的流体动能,延缓圆柱体近壁面流动分离,减弱绕流场中流向和展向大尺度涡的强度,减小圆柱体阻力及其升力脉动幅值;当电磁力作用参数大于某个临界值后,流动分离角消失,在圆柱体尾部产生射流现象,电磁力产生净推力作用,出现负阻力现象,而且升力脉动幅值显著减小且接近于零。     

Suppression of Flow Separation Around A Circular Cylinder by Utilizing Lorentz Force

Both experimental and numerical investigations on the flow past a cylinder under the influence of Lorentz force （electromagnetic force） were conducted in an electrically low-conducting fluid. The Lorentz force is applied beth locally, wholly and periodically on the surface of the cylinder, and their control effects for flow ,separation were investigated Both experimental and numerical results show that Lorentz force can suppress the flow separation with Lorentz force applied on beth local and whole surface of the cylinder. However, when the periodic and opposite Lorentz force adopted, the cylinder wake cannot be stabilized.     

Precipitation of heavy metals in produced water: influence on contaminant transport and toxicity

Produced water undergoes changes in its physical chemistry including precipitation of heavy metals after being discharged and mixed with ambient seawater. Potential impacts of the precipitation of heavy metals on their transport and toxicity were studied using samples from offshore oil production sites on the Scotian Shelf off eastern Canada. Concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc were measured in total, particulate and dissolved fractions together with Microtox tests for assessment of toxicity. Heavy metals in produced water were transformed from dissolved to particulate phase in a period of hours under oxygenated conditions, and aggregated to larger particles that settle rapidly (>100 m/day) over a few days. In addition, there was production of buoyant particles comprised of heavy metal precipitates sequestered onto oil droplets that were transported to the surface. The particulate fraction was generally more toxic than the dissolved fraction. This was evident at the mixing interface between produced water and seawater where elevated particulate and toxicity levels were observed. Laboratory studies suggest an increase in the toxicity of discharged produced water over time. Time-series experiments showed a sustained toxic response for more than a week following the oxidation of freshly discharged produced water that initially elicited little or no toxic response in the Microtox test. Chemical processes identified in this study, namely precipitation of heavy metals and consequent settling and rising fluxes of particles, will influence the toxicity, the fate and the transport of potential contaminants in the produced water. Therefore, these processes need to be considered in assessment of the environmental impact associated with offshore oil and gas operations.     

“深水地平线”事故深海溢油输移扩散的数值模拟

为深入认识深海溢油输运过程和提高深海溢油事故的应急响应能力,文章以2010年墨西哥湾“深水地平线”事故为例,采用深海溢油输移扩散模型,以三维流场和海面风场为主要环境动力,数值模拟溢油深海泄漏后的浮射扩散、水体中输移扩散以及在风场和流场共同作用下在海面上输移扩散的全过程,同时模拟实施海底消油剂喷注处理措施后溢油输移轨迹和扩散范围的变化。研究结果表明：数值模拟结果与相关报道的悬浮油带实际观测结果以及美国国家海洋与大气管理局的海水异常遥感监测结果总体相符,可为更加全面和精细的深海溢油输移扩散数值模拟研究奠定良好的基础。     

Numerical Study of Oil Pollution on Sea Waters

This paper adopted an upstream FEM of 2-D unsteady flow to calculate the tidal flow in Zhoushan sea area. Based on the verification of the tidal current and environmental situation, the effects of the oily waste discharged from the oil berths on water quality have been calculated with a similar method. The isodilutions of oil pollutant are drawn from different sewage discharges. The moving loci of the slick centrepoint of oil spill have been calculated. The spreading area of the oil spill has also been forecasted. The results indicate that the set of models can predict the transport of oil spill in the sea area with reasonable accuracy.     

Determination of Fe,Ni, Cu,Zn, Cd and Pb in seawater by isotope dilution automatic solid-phase extraction—ICP-MS

A thorough understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of trace metals in the ocean is crucial because of the important role these elements play in regulating metabolism in marine biotas and thus, the climate. However, a precise and accurate analysis of trace metals in seawater is difficult because they are present at extremely low concentrations in a high salt matrix. In this study, we report an analytical method for the preconcentration and separation of six trace metals, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, in seawater using a seaFAST automatic solid-phase extraction device, analysis by a triple quadrupole collision/reaction technique with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and quantification by the isotope dilution technique. A small volume (10 mL) of seawater sample was mixed with a multi-element isotope spike and subjected to seaFAST procedures. The preconcentrate solution was then analyzed using the optimized collision/reaction cell mode of ICP-MS, with NH₃ gas for Fe and Cd with a flow rate of 0.22 mL/min and He for Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb with a flow rate of 4.0 mL/min. The procedure blanks were 130 pmol/L, 3.0 pmol/L, 6.8 pmol/L, 37 pmol/L, 0.29 pmol/L and 0.42 pmol/L, for Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, respectively. The method was validated using five reference materials (SLRs-6, SLEW-3, CASS-6, NASS-7 and GEOTRACE-GSC), and our results were consistent with the consensus values. The method was further validated by measuring full-water-column seawater samples from the subtropical Northwest Pacific Ocean, and our results demonstrated good oceanic consistency.     

Quantitative adsorption of organic matter from seawater on solid matrices

The influence of several operational parameters, including pH, flow rate, total volume of water passed, and choice of eluants, upon the efficiency of extraction of organic matter from seawater by two forms of commercially-available resin, XAD-2 and XAD-8, is considered. The overall efficiency of adsorption is at best 40%. The main factor determining the adsorption efficiency of XAD resin for natural organic matter is pH. The efficiency at normal seawater pH is only half that at pH 2.0. Although the efficiency decreases with increasing flow rate, the decrease is not great up to 3 bed vol./min. With increasing volume of water passed, the adsorption capacity of the resin initially drops, but reaches an approximately constant level after 1000 bed volumes. Alkaline solutions, either NH₄OH or NaOH, followed by methanol, completely recover adsorbed organic material from the resin. There is no significant advantage of XAD-8 over XAD-2 for seawater extractions, and the materials adsorbed by the two forms of resin are not substantially different.A new separation method combining XAD-2 resin and activated carbon as adsorbents in series in a column has been developed. Efficiencies of up to 90% were obtained in the extraction of acidified seawater. When the volume of water passed was less than 500 bed volumes, the adsorption as measured by UV-oxidation was quantitative. Elution of 90–100% of the adsorbed organic carbon was possible when ammonium hydroxide (7 M), methanol and an ammonium hydroxide—methanol mixture were used sequentially.     

深海油水主动旋流分离器强制涡流前推段结构对分离性能影响数值模拟

针对深水油气田主动旋流分离器强制涡流前推段锥度对分离性能的影响进行研究,应用RSM(reynolds stress model)湍流模型对主动旋流器内部强旋流场进行数值模拟计算,在强制涡流前推段锥角变化时,合理预测并对比其内部轴向速度、切向速度、离心力以及分离效率的变化。研究表明在一定范围内,前推段锥度的增加可以提高混合液在前推段内的轴向速度和切向速度,进而可以获得更高的分离效率。当锥角达到15°时,可以获得最为理想的分离效果。此外,在不同深水环境下对该主动旋流分离器进行仿真计算表明,不同的环境压力对旋流器分离效率影响很小。     

具有A.K.Fung 海谱的粗糙海面电磁散射的微扰法研究

运用微扰法研究了平面电磁波入射随机粗糙面的电磁散射问题,得到了具有A.K.Fung海谱的粗糙海面散射截面的数学表达式,进一步得出了不同极化状态下散射系数的计算公式.通过数值计算得到了双站和单站两种情形下散射系数随散射角、风速、入射波频率变化的曲线,讨论了粗糙面高度起伏均方根、海水温度、风速、入射波频率对散射系数的影响,...     

Properties of sea ice and overlying snow in the Southern Sea of Okhotsk

The general properties of sea ice and overlying snow in the southern Sea of Okhotsk were examined during early February of 2003 to 2005 with the P/V “Soya”. Thin section analysis of crystal structure revealed that frazil ice (48% of total core length) was more prevalent than columnar ice (39%) and that stratigraphic layering was prominent with a mean layer thickness of 12 cm, indicating that dynamic processes are essential to ice growth. The mean thickness of ice blocks and visual observations suggest that ridging dominates the deformation process above thicknesses of 30 to 40 cm. As for snow, it was found that faceted crystals and depth hoar are dominant (78%), as which is also common in the Antarctic sea ice, and is indicative of the strong vertical temperature gradients within the snow. Stable isotope measurements (δ¹⁸O) indicate that snow ice occupies 9% of total core length and that the mass fraction of meteoric ice accounts for 1 to 2% of total ice volume, which is lower than the Antarctic sea ice. Associated with this, the effective fractionation coefficient during the freezing of seawater was also derived. Snow ice was characterized by lower density, higher salinity, and nearly twice the gas content of ice of seawater origin. In addition, it is shown that the surface brine volume fraction and freeboard are well correlated with ice thickness, indicating some promise for remote sensing approaches to the estimation of ice thickness.