中国东北地区植被NPP时空变化及其对物候的响应研究

植被净初级生产力(NPP)与物候变化的关系对研究区域生态系统进程具有重要意义。该文首先基于GIMMS NDVI3g数据集、气象数据和植被类型图,采用遥感估算模型估算了中国东北地区植被NPP;然后利用多项式拟合法对NDVI时序数据进行重建,并采用动态阈值法提取了植被物候期;最后分析了植被NPP与物候的关系。结果表明:1)1982-2013年东北地区植被平均NPP在100~700gC·m~(-2)·a~(-1)之间,大部分耕地和林地的NPP呈增加趋势;草地、草甸、农林交错带植被的NPP主要呈减少趋势。2)耕地的生长季起始日期在第121~150天,生长季结束日期在第271~280天,生长季长度集中在120~150d,且呈缩短趋势;大部分林地的生长季起始日期在第100~120天,生长季结束日期随地域不同差别较大,主要在第261~290天,且生长季长度呈延长趋势。3)耕地和草地植被的NPP和生长季起始日期主要呈正相关,与生长季结束日期和生长季长度呈负相关;灌丛的NPP与生长季起始日期呈负相关,与生长季长度呈正相关;落叶针叶林、落叶阔叶林、草甸的NPP与生长季起始(结束)日期以及生长季长度的关系因其所处的地理位置不同存在差异。整体而言,东北地区植被NPP与物候的响应规律较为复杂,呈现出明显的植被类型差别及空间差异性,尚需考虑引入地形、群落结构等因子进行深入研究。     

基于SPOT-VGT NDVI的雅鲁藏布江流域植被动态变化

基于SPOT-VGT NDVI数据集、数字高程模型(DEM)和1∶100万植被类型数据,综合运用GIS空间分析与Mann-Kendall非参数趋势检验方法,提取与分析了流域不同海拔梯度和植被类型的1999—2013年NDVI的年际和季节变化特征,探讨了高海拔大流域NDVI变化与高程、植被类型的相关性。结果表明:1.不同海拔梯度近15a的NDVI年际变化趋势与各植被类型的相似,均呈显著增长状态。3 500 m海拔梯度NDVI变化的增长速率最大。7—9月和10—12月4 500 m海拔梯度NDVI的生长期较长。2.阔叶林和针叶林近15 a的NDVI增长速率较大,灌草过渡、灌丛、草甸、草原、高山植被的增长速率较小。1—3月的灌丛,4—6月的草甸和草原,7—9月的阔叶林、灌草过渡、灌丛、草甸和高山植被,10—12月的阔叶林、针叶林、灌草过渡、灌丛、草原和高山植被近15 a的NDVI变化均呈显著增长趋势。3.流域NDVI变化具有显著的海拔梯度性和植被垂直地带性。3 500 m海拔梯度的NDVI变化主要受针叶林、阔叶林的影响,3 500 m海拔梯度的NDVI变化主要受针叶林、灌草过渡、灌丛、草甸、高山植被的影响。     

塔里木河下游输水对荒漠河岸林生态系统水分利用效率的影响

水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)作为评价植物生长适宜度的综合指标之一,能很好地反映植被对生态输水的响应。通过Slope趋势分析、Pearson相关性分析及栅格时序合成等方法,利用CASA模型估算的净初级生产力(Net primary productivity,NPP)和SEBAL模型估算的实际蒸散发(ET),研究了塔里木河下游WUE的时空变化及其对生态输水的动态响应。结果表明:(1)2001—2018年,塔里木河下游WUE呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),但受NPP的影响大于ET(Cor_(NPP)=0.76Cor_(ET)=0.10),灌丛WUE(0.49 g C·mm~(-1)·m~(-2))高于胡杨(0.30 g C·mm~(-1)·m~(-2))及草本(0.24 g C·mm~(-1)·m~(-2));WUE空间变化规律为由河道向两侧及由西北向东南呈递减趋势,极显著上升面积占整个研究区的13.64%。(2)各植被WUE随着生态输水量的增加,呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),灌丛WUE平均每年上升幅度是胡杨和草本WUE上升幅度的15倍,表明灌丛WUE对生态输水的响应更为敏感;各植被WUE与生态输水量、输水持续时间均呈正相关,与输水开始时间呈负相关。年内输水次数与年内WUE、NPP及归一化植被指数(NDVI)呈正相关关系(WUE:Cor=0.407,NPP:Cor=0.605,NDVI:Cor=0.657)。(3)不同植被类型生长的最适温度有所差异,并与WUE、NPP及ET有着密切关系。胡杨年均最适温度25.62℃、灌丛27.07℃及草本23.22℃。在温度偏差值最小的时间(4—10月)进行最佳的水热组合将更有利于植被生长。(4)塔里木河下游年均WUE与地下水埋深呈较强的负相关关系(Cor=-0.81),其中草本及灌丛WUE与地下水埋深的相关性高于胡杨(|Cor_(草本及灌丛)=-0.76||Cor_(胡杨)=-0.46|);各植被年均WUE在地下水埋深4～6 m处存在峰值,超过6 m后,WUE均呈下降趋势。     

基于多源遥感数据集的近30a西北地区植被动态变化研究

基于重构后的AVHRR GIMMS NDVI、MODIS NDVI、GLC 2000数据产品和研究区的128个气象站点的气温、降水数据,利用回归分析、相关性分析法,研究了西北地区近30 a(1984-2013年)以来不同植被NDVI的时空变化及其与气候的相关性。结果表明:(1)研究时段内,西北地区植被NDVI变化整体上呈上升趋势,将整个研究分为两个时段,1984-1997年呈小幅上升趋势,且波动起伏较大,最大值在1993年,最小值出现在1995年;1997-2013年也呈波动上升趋势,且上升趋势大于前一阶段。(2)空间上,西北地区植被NDVI变化存在明显的区域差异,大部分区域植被NDVI变化显著性较弱,昆仑山、塔里木盆地北部、祁连山、青海的中东西部、甘肃东部、陕西北部等地区植被NDVI显著增加;阿尔泰山、天山、伊犁哈萨克自治州等干旱地区植被NDVI下降趋势明显。(3)除甘肃的祁连山、青海东南部、陕西的秦岭等地植被NDVI的变化主要受气温的驱动外,西北地区植被NDVI变化与气温整体上呈弱相关,干旱半干旱地区植被与气温呈负相关;除甘肃南部、祁连山西段和陕西中部等一些年降水量较多以及灌溉农业区或草地以外,西北地区植被与降水呈较强正相关,降水是影响植被变化的主要自然因素;(4)不同植被类型NDVI的变化具有时空差异性,且与气温和降水的相关性不尽相同,与气温由强到弱:耕地灌丛草地沼泽湿地林地;与降水由强到弱:耕地草地灌丛林地沼泽湿地。     

哈萨克斯坦1982–2015年植被时空变化（英文）

归一化植被指数(NDVI)作为表征植被生长状况的关键性指标,能够有效的提供植被生长状况的信息。本研究基于1982–2015年哈萨克斯坦时间序列的GIMMS/NDVI数据,分析植被)生长的空间格局及变化趋势,研究结果表明:哈萨克斯坦自北向南分布着农田、草地、灌丛这三类主要的植被类型,呈明晰的地带性分布特征;植被指数由北到南逐渐降低,农田、草地和灌丛三类主要植被类型的NDVI均值水平依次为农田草地灌丛;1982–2015年间,NDVI呈现出先增长(1982–1992年)、再降低(1993–2007年)、然后又增长(2008–2015年)的变化趋势。NDVI显著下降的区域占土地总面积的24.0%,主要分布在西北部的农田与草地交错地带以及南部边缘的农田,草地退化面积占草地总面积的23.5%、农田退化面积占农田总面积的48.4%、灌丛退化面积占灌丛总面积的13.7%,植被改善的区域分布在中东部的农田以及农田与草地的交错带,显著提升的面积占土地总面积的11.8%。     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异

基于1982-2009 年间的遥感数据和野外台站生态实测数据,利用遥感生产力模型(CASA模型) 估算青藏高原高寒草地植被净初级生产力(NPP),分别从地带属性(自然地带、海拔高程、经纬度)、流域、行政区域(县级) 等方面对其时空变化过程进行分析,阐述了1982 年以来青藏高原高寒草地植被NPP的时空格局与变化特征。结果表明:① 青藏高原高寒草地NPP多年均值的空间分布表现为由东南向西北逐渐递减;1982-2009 年间,青藏高原高寒草地的年均总NPP为177.2×10¹² gC·yr^-1,单位面积年均植被NPP为120.8 gC·m^-2yr^-1;② 研究时段内,青藏高原高寒草地年均NPP 在112.6~129.9 gC·m^-2yr^-1 间,呈波动上升的趋势,增幅为13.3%;NPP 增加的草地占草地总面积的32.56%、减少的占5.55%;③ 青藏高原多数自然地带内的NPP呈增加趋势,仅阿里山地半荒漠、荒漠地带NPP呈轻微减低趋势,其中高寒灌丛草甸地带和草原地带的NPP增长幅度明显大于高寒荒漠地带;年均NPP增加面积比随着海拔升高呈现"升高—稳定—降低"的特点,而降低面积比则呈现"降低—稳定—升高"的特征;④ 各主要流域草地年均植被NPP均呈现增长趋势,其中黄河流域增长趋势显著且增幅最大。植被NPP和盖度及生长季时空变化显示,青藏高原高寒草地生态系统健康状况总体改善局部恶化。     

试论贺兰山植物多样性的若干特点

通过实地考察,对贺兰山植物多样性特点进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,贺兰山植物多样性主要表现为植物种类丰富多样、区系地理成分复杂多样、山地植被垂直带类型多样和形态、生理生态适应性多样等一系列鲜明特点：根据中国植被分类标准,山体植被带分为山麓荒漠草原带、旱生乔灌木带、油松山杨林带和高山灌丛带：不同植被带由不同的植被类型组成;植被类型除了受海拔梯度影响外,水分条件也成为影响植被坡向分异的关键因子,从山麓到山顶,阴坡的植被类型依次为荒漠、荒漠草原、典型草原、疏林灌丛、亚高山灌丛、高山灌丛草甸,而阳坡的植被类型依次为灌丛、湿性针叶林、寒温性针叶林、亚高山针叶林和高山灌丛草甸。该研究对于了解中国干旱区草原和荒漠过渡区的山地植被空间分布特征具有重大意义。     

1982-2006年蒙古高原植被覆盖时空变化分析

在利用HANTS方法对GIMMS NDVI数据进行时间序列平滑处理的基础上,对蒙古高原1982-2006年植被覆盖时空动态变化进行了分析.结果表明:蒙古高原植被覆盖年平均上升趋势为0.0004·a-1,其中蒙古国的上升趋势(0.0005·a-1)比中国内蒙古(0.0003·a-1)更加显著,而内蒙古多年平均NDVI比蒙古国高0.0433;从不同类型植被NDVI变化趋势看,除森林和戈壁荒漠的NDVI变化趋势较平稳外,草地、农田和灌丛均呈显著的上升趋势;从空间分布趋势看,在过去的25年内植被覆盖呈增加趋势的地区主要分布在高原南部——内蒙古农牧交错区和蒙古国中、西和北部的山脉及其环抱的大湖盆地地区,而植被覆盖呈下降趋势的地区主要集中在高原中部的干旱地带和东部呼伦贝尔地区;从时间推移规律看,蒙古高原植被覆盖在4个不同研究时间段内(20世纪80年代、90年代、21世纪初和过去25年间)呈增加(包括显著增加)趋势的面积均大于呈下降趋势的面积,且其面积按20世纪80年代＜90年代＜21世纪初的顺序依次增加.     

2000-2018年中亚五国水分利用效率对气候变化的响应

水分利用效率(Water use efficiency,WUE)是研究陆地碳水循环耦合的一种常用度量指标。基于MODIS的总初级生产力(GPP)和蒸散发(ET)数据,通过Slope趋势分析和敏感性分析等方法,研究了中亚WUE的时空变化规律及其对气候因子与干旱的动态响应。结果表明:(1)2000-2018年,中亚年均WUE随着生境湿润程度的增加而升高(生长期规律与此相反),其中湿地WUE最高(1.820±0.10 g C·mm^-1·m^-2),而灌丛WUE最低(1.330±0.18 g C·mm^-1·m^-2)。(2)中亚WUE呈略微下降趋势,每年下降速率为0.016 g C·mm^-1·m^-2,年均WUE的显著下降区域大于上升区域。WUE对年降水和年气温的敏感性均表现为正值区大于负值区且均存在阈值效应,降水敏感性阈值介于250~300 mm(低值点)和500~550 mm(高值点),温度阈值介于3~6℃(高值点)和9~12℃(低值点),且εNDV(I WUE对NDVI敏感性系数)与降水变化呈正相关关系,与气温变化呈负相关关系。(3)通过WUE与标准化降水指数(SPEI)的相关性比较,发现WUE受干旱程度影响由大到小依次为灌丛、作物、森林、草原和湿地,且不同植被类型下WUE随着干旱程度的增加而升高。     

1982～2010年中国东北地区植被NPP时空格局及驱动因子分析

应用逐像元线性回归模型方法,整合应用MODIS和AVHRR NDVI数据集,构建1982~2010年覆盖东北地区的8 km空间分辨率的NDVI数据集,进而应用CASA模型估算得到东北地区29 a NPP数据集,模拟精度在75%以上。29 a平均的东北地区植被NPP总量为6.5×108tC/a。植被NPP的分布受植被类型、气候、地形因素的综合影响。NPP地域差异明显,山地区植被>平原区植被>高原区植被,变化最大的植被类型为草地植被。过去29 a间,植被NPP呈显著上升趋势(P<0.01)。气候变化和土地利用变化均是影响植被时空格局的重要因素。     

中国内陆干旱、半干旱区苦咸水分布特征

通过大量野外调查、水样采集和化验分析,对中国内陆干旱、半干旱区的苦咸水和高氟水分布特征进行了初步研究。采集到的地表和地下水样中,分别有51.0%和41.5%属于苦咸水;55%和59%水样氟化物含量超标,属于高氟水。研究区的苦咸水以Cl^--Na⁺和HCO₃^--Na⁺为主要离子类型,SO₄^2--Mg²⁺和SO₄^2--Ca²⁺为次要离子类型。苦咸水和高氟水主要分布在内陆河流域下游尾闾、封闭内流区低洼湖盆低地、北部准平原化干燥剥蚀低山残丘间冲积洼地、沙漠低洼湖盆和黄土高原中西部径流系数较小的河流及部分露头潜水等区域,并具有区域富集性分布特点。季节性降水、季节性河流或渠系灌溉对苦咸水的季节性或年际间变化和空间分布有较大影响。较高浓度基质含盐量、水文地质结构、气候条件和特定的水文地球化学环境是苦咸水和高氟水形成与富集分布的主要原因。     

灌溉和施氮对甜叶菊(Stievia rebaudiana)光合作用和产量的影响

为了解水、氮供应水平对河西绿洲灌区甜叶菊(Stievia rebaudiana)光合作用和产量的调控效应,研究了灌溉量(常规灌溉,320mm;节水20%,灌溉256mm;节水40%,灌溉192mm)和施氮量(0、100、200、300kg·hm-2)对甜叶菊光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明:与不施氮相比,施氮可显著提高甜叶菊不同生育期光合速率和产量,施氮处理间光合速率和产量差异均不显著;灌溉量从192mm增加到320mm,甜叶菊产量随灌溉量的增加先增加后降低。施氮100、200、300kg·hm-2下甜叶菊产量分别较不施氮增产6.00%、9.17%、9.76%,256mm灌溉量和300kg·hm-2施氮量为甜叶菊高产的最优组合,产量达到4 177.50kg·hm-2。     

土壤氮、盐浓度对盐角草(Salicornia europaea)生长发育及氮素吸收的影响

以盐生植物盐角草(Salicornia europaea)为材料,以NaCl模拟不同盐度环境,盆栽试验了氮(0.3g·kg-1,N1;0.6g·kg-1,N2;1.2g·kg-1,N3;2.4g·kg-1,N4)、盐(2.5g·kg-1,S1;5.0g·kg-1,S2;7.5g·kg-1,S3)处理对其生长发育及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:(1)不同盐度下施氮均可以显著促进盐角草的生长,地上部干质量均在N2处理下达到最大,而株高均在N1时达到最高,且施氮对盐角草生长的影响与盐度有关;(2)不同盐度环境下施氮所能达到的最高干物质产量及最高施氮限量不同,表现为S3S1S2,随着施氮量的增加,氮素生产力与氮素农学利用效率均表现出下降的趋势;(3)施氮显著增加了盐角草各器官含氮量及氮吸收量,同一施氮水平下盐角草各器官含氮量及氮吸收量均表现为同化枝茎根;(4)同一施氮水平下,随着盐度的增加,盐角草同化枝渗透势显著下降,同一盐度环境下,随着施氮量的增加,同化枝渗透势呈现出下降趋势,渗透调节能力增大;(5)3个盐度环境下,施氮均增加盐角草同化枝光合色素含量,从而提高光合效率,增强其对盐渍环境的适应能力。     

不同种植方式下丁香酚对2种作物根系形态的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究浓度为300×10^-6 mol·kg^-1的丁香酚对小麦（Triticum aestivum）间作蚕豆（Vicia faba）、单作小麦和单作蚕豆根系形态的影响,以期探讨通过间作弱化化感抑制作用的可能性和机理,为间作群体的化感物质调控提供理论依据。结果表明：丁香酚对单作小麦和间作蚕豆单株根鲜重、干重、根长都有抑制效应,但对间作小麦和单作蚕豆的单株根鲜重、干重、单株根长有促进效应。具体表现在间作复合群体中,经丁香酚处理后,小麦的单株根鲜重、干重、体积以及根长较单作有明显的增加,同时单株蚕豆根鲜重、干重、体积以及根长较单作显著减少,说明小麦间作蚕豆能有效缓解小麦根际丁香酚的累积,同时产生它感作用,对蚕豆根系生长产生明显的抑制效应。     

Biogeography and conservation of viperids from North-West Africa: An application of ecological niche-based models and GIS

North-West Africa is an outstanding region to study biogeographic patterns in biodiversity distribution. This study identifies biogeographic affinities and areas of probable occurrence for seven viperid snakes through the combination of high resolution presence data and environmental factors. Vipers exhibited distinct biogeographical affinities: Bitis arietans was mostly found along savannahs, Echis leucogaster along the Sahel/savannahs, Cerastes cerastes and C. vipera throughout most desertic areas, Daboia mauritanica in coastal and hilly regions and Vipera latastei and V. monticola in almost only mountains. Suitable habitats were predicted for B. arietans in southern Senegal and Mali, and coastal southern Morocco, for E. leucogaster in southern Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, and fragmented habitats in Saharan mountains and south-western Morocco, for C. cerastes from the Atlantic coast to northern Algeria, for C. vipera in the central region, for D. mauritanica in northern-western Morocco and northern Algeria, for V. latastei in the Rif, Middle Atlas and coastal Morocco, and for V. monticola in the High Atlas. In potential sympatric areas, competition is probably limiting distribution, resulting in parapatric ranges. Northern Saharan populations of B. arietans and E. leucogaster are isolated. Saharan mountains and coastal south-western Morocco constitute isolated suitable areas for sub-Saharan relicts.     

Palaeomagnetism and Rb-Sr ages of the Ratagan and Comrie intrusions

Summary. Study of the palaeomagnetism of two complexes from the Newer Granite Suite in Scotland, at Ratagan (NW Highlands) and Comrie (central Highlands), reveals the variable nature of the natural remanence encountered in granodioritic intrusions and the surrounding metamorphic country rock. Forty-eight specimens from Ratagan, dated at 415 ± 5 Ma, gave a mean direction: D = 8°, I =−32°, and a palaeomagnetic south pole: 15°S, 346°E (δ p = 5°, δ m = 9°). Twenty-eight specimens from Comrie, dated at 408±5 Ma, gave a mean direction: D = 75°, I =−30°, and a palaeomagnetic south pole: 6°S, 287°E (δ p = 4°, δ m = 7°). These results have been compared with the established apparent polar wander path (APWP) for Britain. The Ratagan pole improves the reliability of the APWP but doubt remains as to whether the primary magnetization from Comrie represents a true late Silurian direction or whether it has been affected by post-cooling rotation, possibly associated with the nearby Highland Boundary Fault.     

Resilience Theory and Thomas Vale's Plants and People: A Partial Consilience of Ecological and Geographic Concepts of Succession

Geography has discovered resilience theory, a body of thought about ecological change that initiated with C.S. Holling in the 1970s. We describe the similarities and differences between resilience theory and a geographical treatise, Thomas Vale's (1982) book Plants and People. Vale's work draws more from the tradition of field botany and plant succession than from the theoretical and mathematical ecology that prompted Holling's ideas. Yet like resilience theory, Vale's model of ecological change emphasized multiple states, the threshold transitions between them, and their irreversibility. Each described how forests and rangelands can flip between stability domains in response to altered fire regimes, modified grazing pressures, and climate change. Plants and People also recognized the dual nature of stability encapsulated in Holling's formalization of engineering and ecological resilience. Although resilience theory predates Vale's work and retains primacy through its citation record, we show how their partial consilience promotes a more critical understanding of resilience theory and the ways in which models, scale, and human values influence our comprehension of ecological change.     

The spatial and temporal distribution and characteristics of inorganic ion concentrations of TSP in the Tarim Basin

Based on Total Suspended Particulates （TSP） observations of Tazhong, Tikanli, Kashi and Minfeng in 2009, combined wa- ter-soluble inorganic ion analyses, this paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of TSP in the Tarim Basin and analyzed concentration characteristics. The results are as follows： （1） monthly average TSP concentrations shows a similar trend in Tazhong, Tikanli, Kashi and Minfeng with peak values in April-May and low values in November-December. As for the quarter average mass concentration trends, spring has the highest value, followed by summer and autumn, and winter is the lowest; （2） total annual concentration trend of water-soluble inorganic ions in TSP is as follows： Tazhong 〉 Tikanli 〉 Minfeng 〉 Kashi. SO4^2- concentra- tions are 58%, 50%, 54% and 51% of total ion concentration; Ca^2＋ concentrations are 13%, 16%, 16% and 11%; Na^＋ concentra- tions are 12%, 13%, 10% and 12% and Cl^- concentrations are 12%, 16%, 11% and 22%, respectively. Therefore, sulfate, calcium, sodium and chloride ions are the main inorganic components of TSP in the Tarim Basin; （3） the correlation coefficients of anions and cations in Tikanli, Minfeng, Kashi and Tazhong are 0.99, 0.99, 0.25 and 0.91, respectively; the average anion concentrations are 2.57, 2.12, 2.15 and 3.02 times the average cation concentrations, indicating that ions were unbalanced; （4） SO4^2-/NO3^- ratio is much larger than the ratio of coal-fired emissions SO4^2-/NO3^-, thus the impact of fixed emission sources in the four regions on the atmosphere is far greater than that of mobile emission sources.     

The role of climate and vegetation in weathering and clay mineral formation in late Quaternary soils of the Swiss and Italian Alps

Interactions between climate and soil remain ambiguous, particularly when silicate weathering and clay mineral formation and transformation rates are considered in relation to global climate changes. Recent studies suggest that climate affects weathering rates much less than previously thought. Here we show that the climate in the central European Alps has a significant, but indirect, influence on the weathering of soils through vegetation. The pattern of element leaching and mineral transformations is not only due to precipitation and temperature. Element leaching was greatest in subalpine forests near the timberline; weathering is lessened at higher and lower altitudes. Vegetation, therefore, contributes significantly to weathering processes. The highest accumulation of organic matter was found in climatically cooler sites (subalpine range) where the production of organic ligands, which enhance weathering, is greatest. Patterns of smectite formation and distribution had strong similarities to that of the elemental losses of Fe and Al (R = 0.69; P < 0.01) or base cations (R = 0.58; P < 0.05). Higher precipitation rates and the production of organic chelating compounds in the soil promoted the appearance of smectites. The relationship between climate, element leaching (Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na), and smectite formation is strongly nonlinear and driven by the podzolisation process, which is more pronounced near the timberline because of the bioclimatic constellation. Climate warming will probably, in the future, lead to a decrease in SOM stocks in the subalpine to alpine range because of more favourable conditions for biodegradation that would also affect weathering processes.     

Zooplankton distribution and abundance in saline lakes of Alberta and Saskatchewan,Canada

Zooplankton collections were made during 1985, 1986, 1988 and 1989 from 17 lakes in Saskatchewan and 3 in Alberta. Salinity ranged from 2.8 to 269 g L⁻¹ (total filtrable residue). A total of 35 species was present in four taxa: Anostraca (3 species), Cladocera (11), Copepoda (7) and Rotifera (14). Species richness was greatest at salinities <7 g L⁻¹ (15–16 species). Lakes with salinities between 7 and 100 g L⁻¹ generally had 6–8 zooplankton species, while the most saline lakes (>100 g L⁻¹) had 2–5 species. The largest concentrations of zooplankton occurred at <30 g L⁻¹, but some species (Brachionus plicatilis, Hexarthra polyodonta, Artemia franciscana, Diaptomus connexus) were abundant at salinities >50 g L⁻¹. Eurysaline species included the rotifersAsplanchna girodi (3–111 g L⁻¹),Brachionus plicatilis (13–146) andKeratella quadrata (2.8–103).Artemia franciscana (33–269—but absent from Big Quill Lake, 49–82),Daphnia similis (3–104).D. connexus (9–82),Diacyclops thomasi (3–72), andCletocamptus albuquerquensis (17 to 126—but never abundant in the plankton). About half the species were restricted to hyposaline waters (3–20 g L⁻¹), but some (Hexarthra fennica, Moina hutchinsoni, Hexarthra polyodonta) occurred only at intermediate salinities. The latter two species were also only present at high pH values (>9.2). There was a trend of decreasing species richness with increasing salinity. TWINSPAN classification of 94 lake samples (six parameters) based on zooplankton species abundances yielded a dendrogram with 14 ‘indicator’ species characteristic of seven lake groups related partly to a salinity gradient, but with other environmental factors such as water column depth, pH, Secchi disk transparency, water temperature and month sampled also influenced lake separation. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A02GG004 00002