Remote sensing of cirrus optical and microphysical properties from ground-based infrared radiometric Measurements-part I: a new retrieval method based on microwindow spectral signature

The surface radiance spectrum within the terrestrial infrared window (i.e., wavelengths between 8-12 /spl mu/m or wavenumbers between 833-1250 cm/sup -1/) is sensitive to the optical and microphysical properties of cirrus clouds. Numerous microwindows where atmospheric absorption is minimum exist in the spectral regions of 820-960 cm/sup -1/ and 1100-1240 cm/sup -1/. The minimum radiances at the microwindows in these two spectral regions can be fitted by using two linear lines. The slope of the fitting line for the spectral region of 820-960 cm/sup -1/ is sensitive to the effective size of ice crystals within cirrus clouds, whereas the intercept of the fitting line for the spectral region of 1100-1240 cm/sup -1/ is sensitive to the optical thickness of the clouds. Based on this spectral feature, a new retrieval method has been developed for simultaneously retrieving cirrus optical thickness and the effective particle size of ice crystals. Furthermore, the ice water path of cirrus clouds can be estimated from the retrieved values of cloud optical thickness and effective particle size.     

NASA MODIS海冰产品评价分析——以辽东湾海冰监测为例

NASA开发的MODIS海冰产品可提供全球范围的海冰分布和冰表温度信息,但将其直接用于局地和区域海冰监测时,其精度还有待进一步验证.以辽东湾冬季海冰监测为例,对MODIS海冰产品进行了分析,发现该产品将区域内绝大部分海冰标识为云.根据NASA的海冰算法,利用反射率和冰表温度(Ice Surface Temperatur...     

非球形冰晶的毫米波k-Ze关系研究

针对毫米波雷达处理数据的实际需要,应用离散偶极子近似法DDA,获得了非球形冰晶的后向散射及衰减截面并进行了参数化,并主要基于细化的冰云模型,假设冰晶粒子谱为Γ分布,通过模拟取样各1330次（代表1330种粒子分布）,分别计算得到了W波段（94 GHz）与Ka波段（35 GHz）毫米波雷达探测的冰云衰减系数k及雷达反射率因子Z_e,而且利用数值模拟的方法,建立了k-Z_e关系的具体表达式。计算表明,非球形和非瑞利散射对W波段毫米波雷达衰减的影响较大,而且在同样滴谱分布条件下,W波段毫米波雷达的衰减比Ka波段毫米波雷达的大几倍,此外细化的冰云模型对k-Z_e关系具有影响。本研究对中纬度非降水性冰云的毫米波雷达的衰减订正具有参考价值,并对中国的毫米波雷达应用具有借鉴作用。     

AMSR-E/2观测辐射值反演水成物参数

基于先进的微波扫描辐射计AMSR-E/2观测的辐射值,利用-维变分算法(1D-Var)反演各类水成物(云水、雨水和云冰)的垂直廓线,并对其反演结果进行检验。以2014年8月台风"夏浪"为例,分两步对变分反演的云微物理参数进行了检验。首先,将反演的各类水成物含量补充到辐射传输模式的输入场,观测算子模拟的AMSR-2各通道亮温与实况观测相比非常接近,可以很好地模拟出台风外形、强度及螺旋结构。其次,将反演的水成物廓线与载在Cloud Sat上的云雷达CPR同时段观测的雷达反射率因子进行对比,发现反演出的云水、雨水含量大值区与毫米波云雷达观测的雷达反射率因子高值区一一对应,进一步说明1D-Var反演的水成物参数精度很高。然而,由于星载AMSR-E/2观测通道少且空间分辨率低,对尺度较小、较薄的云不敏感,同时对云层较厚的密闭云区和多层云区反演能力也有限。     

车载激光点云数据的栅格化处理

车载激光点云由于车辆的震动和点云的融合,得到的数据为散乱空间点云。本文通过对空间点云进行两个方向的排序,得到以x值为主排序,z值为次排序的点云图,然后设置栅格,对于每个栅格点,找到投影在XOZ投影面内与其距离最近的激光点,将该激光点的y值赋给栅格点,得到与该区域空间点云相对应的栅格化点云。在按照X值排序时,根据点云的特点给出了一种插入排序算法。实验结果表明栅格化后的点云与原点云在表现建筑结构上效果一致。散乱点云栅格化后为点云的进一步分析打下基础。     

一种使用卫星反射信号探测海冰分布新方法

利用TechDemoSat-1低轨道卫星采集的卫星反射信号生成的时延多普勒图（delay-doppler map,DDM）探测北极格陵兰岛（Greenland）地区的海冰分布。由于卫星散射信号在海冰和海水上分别遵循相干散射和漫散射模型,与海水相比,海冰的时延多普勒图扩散较少,所以从海水到海冰的过渡会导致时延多普勒图中高于一定能量值的像素数量减小。提出了一种基于相邻DDM像素数量比值的检测方法,通过采用一定阈值来区分海冰和海水的时延多普勒图,用于分析格陵兰岛地区海冰的分布情况。还利用多期数据分析了格陵兰岛地区海冰分布随时间的变化。通过与美国国家冰雪数据中心提供的数据比对,利用数学统计方法对本文提出的方法性能进行了评估。结果显示,该方法的判断成功率可以达到98.76%~99.21%,整体评估成功率约为99.09%。     

The cloud phase discrimination from a satellite

A new technique to identify mixed-phase clouds but also clouds with supercooled water droplets using satellite measurements is proposed. The technique is based on measurements of the backscattered solar light at wavelengths 1.55 and 1.67 /spl mu/m in combination with cloud brightness temperature measurements at 12 /spl mu/m. For the first time, the concept of the phase index-temperature correlation plot (the P-T diagram) is introduced in the cloud remote sensing. Retrievals of cloud temperature and cloud phase index are performed using data from the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) and Scaning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) both onboard the Envisat platform.     

Wavelet-Based Technique to Extract Convective Clouds From Infrared Satellite Images

Extraction of all cumuliform clouds from infrared satellite images is important for cloud studies. Existing methods have focused on extracting only the cumulonimbus clouds. Over monsoon Asia, warm cumulus and cumulus congestus clouds are a large fraction of total cumuliform clouds and are covered by cirrus. An extraction method based only on brightness temperatures (BT) is not sufficient for the detection of these cumuliform clouds. In this letter, a new cloud extraction technique based on spatial characteristics of the convective clouds is presented. The À trous wavelet transform (ATWT) is shown here to successfully extract both shallow and deep convective clouds. The depression in BT caused by the cold cloud tops corresponds to negative wavelet components found by the ATWT.      

利用距离变换模型进行卫星影像与激光点云精配准

卫星影像可以低成本、高频率地提供地物光谱特性观测信息,而激光点云可以提供精细的几何结构,两类数据的融合可以实现优势互补,进一步提高地物分类和信息提取的精度和自动化程度。实现亚像素级精度的几何配准是实现两类数据融合的前提,提出了一种基于线元素距离变换模型的快速配准方法。该方法以点云为控制源,将点云中的建筑物边缘等典型线元素通过卫星影像的初始有理多项式系数(rational polynomial coefficient, RPC)投影到像方空间,与卫星影像中的线元素进行迭代最近点配准,从而通过RPC参数精校正的方式实现几何配准。采用距离变换模型作为迭代最近点搜索的查找表,提高了运算效率;采用最新的渐进式鲁棒求解策略,能在噪声极多的情况下保证配准的鲁棒性。采用GeoEye-2、高分七号、WorldView-3等卫星影像与激光点云进行了配准实验,并分别通过人工精确量测的外业控制点和作业员内业刺的控制点作为检查,证明所提方法能在3种影像上达到0.4～0.7 m的配准精度,显著优于将点云映射为二维图像然后通过多模态匹配进行配准的策略。     

Spatio-Temporal Coherence Based Technique for Near-Real Time Sea-Ice Identification from Scatterometer Data

The identification of sea-ice has frequently been cited as one of the most important tasks for deriving the sea-ice parameters and to avoid erroneous retrieval of wind vector over sea-ice infested oceans using space-borne scatterometer data. Discrimination between sea-ice and ocean is ambiguous under the high wind and/or thin/scattered ice conditions. The pre-launch technique developed for Oceansat-2, utilizes the dual-polarized QuikSCAT scatterometer data by using the spatio-temporal coherence properties of sea ice in addition to backscatter coefficient and the Active Polarization Ratio. Results were compared with the operational sea-ice products from National Snow and Ice Data Center. The threshold API value of −0.025 was found optimum for sea-ice and ocean discrimination. The overall sea-ice identification accuracy achieved was of the order of 95 per cent, ranging from 92.5% (during December in Southern Hemisphere) to 98% (during March in Northern Hemisphere). The applicability of the algorithm for both the Arctic as well as Antarctic makes it suitable for its operational use with the Oceansat-2 scatterometer data.     

适用于多值曲面修复的空洞边界提取方法及应用

摘要：针对常用的空洞边界提取方法在噪声干扰和投影单值方面的缺点,提出一种能克服投影重叠问题而适用于多值曲面修复的空洞边界自动提取方法。首先求出散乱点云的K近邻,利用推进式逐层求解法ALS将各近邻域点投影至平面;然后在平面内进行网格划分及提取边界网格,在此基础上应用最小凸包法提取边界线;最后,进行空洞边界与物体本身边界的识别,为了验证其有效性,将该方法应用于后续的空洞填充及曲面重构中,并用测量采样点到所建曲面模型的最大距离和平均距离为定量评价指标进行精度分析及评价。试验结果表明,采用ALS以及最小凸包法能够保留特征和避免投影重叠,所提取的空洞边界精确,能够满足后续建模的需要。     

Potential to estimate the canting angle of tilted structures in clouds from microwave radiances around 183 GHz

The effects of cloud structures on microwave radiances at frequencies from 89-190 GHz are investigated by simulations using the Goddard cumulus ensemble model data as input for a radiative transfer model. It was found that the brightness temperatures at these frequencies have different sensitivities to clouds with a tilted structure. The different sensitivities to altitude and amount of hydrometeors allow the estimation of the canting angle and tilt direction of tilted clouds using brightness temperatures at the water vapor channels at 183.3 /spl plusmn/ 1 and 183.3 /spl plusmn/ 7 GHz. The estimated canting angle and tilt direction are in agreement with the model situation. This method provides a potential to estimate tilted convective structures from microwave radiometric observations at 183.3 /spl plusmn/ 1 and 183.3 /spl plusmn/ 7 GHz. It is applied to a tilted storm observed from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's ER-2 aircraft flying at about 20 km on August 26, 1998 during the third Convection and Moisture Experiment using the observed downlooking brightness temperatures at the water vapor channels of a Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer. The estimated results are in good agreement with the realistic storm situation obtained from the simultaneous observations of the ER-2 Doppler radar. This method also provides information about the vertical displacement of cloud structure and thereby to estimate the accurate location of surface rainfall. This is important when validating precipitation retrieval based on observations of the ice scattering above surface rainfall against surface rain observations using the microwave frequencies sensitive to high altitudes.     

A shape-based segmentation method for mobile laser scanning point clouds

Segmentation of mobile laser point clouds of urban scenes into objects is an important step for post-processing (e.g., interpretation) of point clouds. Point clouds of urban scenes contain numerous objects with significant size variability, complex and incomplete structures, and holes or variable point densities, raising great challenges for the segmentation of mobile laser point clouds. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a shape-based segmentation method. The proposed method first calculates the optimal neighborhood size of each point to derive the geometric features associated with it, and then classifies the point clouds according to geometric features using support vector machines (SVMs). Second, a set of rules are defined to segment the classified point clouds, and a similarity criterion for segments is proposed to overcome over-segmentation. Finally, the segmentation output is merged based on topological connectivity into a meaningful geometrical abstraction. The proposed method has been tested on point clouds of two urban scenes obtained by different mobile laser scanners. The results show that the proposed method segments large-scale mobile laser point clouds with good accuracy and computationally effective time cost, and that it segments pole-like objects particularly well.     

风云气象卫星影像自动精细云检测

抠图技术能够准确细致地检测出前景与背景的差异,但是现有的大多数抠图算法均需事先给出前景与背景的标记,在海量影像处理业务中具有明显的局限性。本文将抠图技术引入风云气象卫星影像云检测中,提出了基于连通区域抠图的自动精细云检测算法。首先对影像的灰度图像进行多种阈值方法二值化,通过投票法集成得到初步二分图;在此基础上计算连通区域,以连通区域的重心为种子点,自动生成连通区域三分图;最后使用闭形式抠图法求解alpha值进而得到精细的云检测结果。将该方法与基于学习和稳健性抠图检测算法进行了对比,试验结果表明,该方法能够较好地检测出多种类型的云,具有更高的准确率。     

3D change detection at street level using mobile laser scanning point clouds and terrestrial images

Automatic change detection and geo-database updating in the urban environment are difficult tasks. There has been much research on detecting changes with satellite and aerial images, but studies have rarely been performed at the street level, which is complex in its 3D geometry. Contemporary geo-databases include 3D street-level objects, which demand frequent data updating. Terrestrial images provides rich texture information for change detection, but the change detection with terrestrial images from different epochs sometimes faces problems with illumination changes, perspective distortions and unreliable 3D geometry caused by the lack of performance of automatic image matchers, while mobile laser scanning (MLS) data acquired from different epochs provides accurate 3D geometry for change detection, but is very expensive for periodical acquisition. This paper proposes a new method for change detection at street level by using combination of MLS point clouds and terrestrial images: the accurate but expensive MLS data acquired from an early epoch serves as the reference, and terrestrial images or photogrammetric images captured from an image-based mobile mapping system (MMS) at a later epoch are used to detect the geometrical changes between different epochs. The method will automatically mark the possible changes in each view, which provides a cost-efficient method for frequent data updating. The methodology is divided into several steps. In the first step, the point clouds are recorded by the MLS system and processed, with data cleaned and classified by semi-automatic means. In the second step, terrestrial images or mobile mapping images at a later epoch are taken and registered to the point cloud, and then point clouds are projected on each image by a weighted window based z-buffering method for view dependent 2D triangulation. In the next step, stereo pairs of the terrestrial images are rectified and re-projected between each other to check the geometrical consistency between point clouds and stereo images. Finally, an over-segmentation based graph cut optimization is carried out, taking into account the color, depth and class information to compute the changed area in the image space. The proposed method is invariant to light changes, robust to small co-registration errors between images and point clouds, and can be applied straightforwardly to 3D polyhedral models. This method can be used for 3D street data updating, city infrastructure management and damage monitoring in complex urban scenes.     

利用TM数据快速提取含矿蚀变带方法研究

热液蚀变岩类是在含矿热液作用下引起原岩化学成分和物理性质发生变化的结果，因此蚀变岩类往往与内生产矿产伴生，有时其本身就是含矿体。不同蚀变矿特级组合具有独特的光谱响应，但是光谱的反射和吸收产特征较弱称为遥感找矿弱信息标志。     

基于谱间关系的MODIS遥感影像水体提取研究

水是地球上万物的命脉所在,水体提取对于水资源调查、洪水灾害预测评估和环境监测等有着重要作用。而可见光和近红外波段水体与植被、城市和土壤光谱反射率的差异是利用遥感手段提取水体的基本原理。本文利用谱间关系法进行MOD IS图像的水体提取。结果表明,用于提取水体的谱间关系法比归一化植被指数(NDVI)法快速,但谱间关系法有把云错误地当作水体提取的缺点。     

利用掩星资料分析东亚地区云厚的分布特征

利用2007年1月至2009年1月COSMIC掩星湿空气数据,基于相对湿度廓线出入云层时发生突变反演云边界高度的思想,统计分析了东亚地区云厚的分布特征。结果表明,掩星最低探测高度集中在3km以下,主要影响部分中云和低云云厚的反演。云发生概率沿纬度和经度方向呈现不同的分布特征,各类云概率随高度也有不同的变化规律。东亚地区所有云的平均厚度为1.78km,其中单层云和顶层云分布相似,双层云与其他云层的地理差异不大,单层云在春秋季分布相对均匀,而在夏冬季差异较大。夏季和冬季顶层云云顶高与云厚的二维频率分布各异,主要在于夏季有更多云体较厚且位于对流层上部的高云存在。     

地面激光扫描多站点云整体定向平差模型

为了一次性解算多站地面扫描点云坐标转换参数,将各站点云坐标转换成工程测量指定坐标,提出基于光束法区域网平差的数学模型。以扫描站射向标靶中心的光束为单元建立平差方程,并将基于罗德里格矩阵的坐标转换方程作为平差的基础方程;单光束列立附有未知数的条件方程,公共标靶上相交的光束列立附有限制条件的方程。根据观测值选择的不同,可将数学模型分为六种。以“假设指定坐标无误差,扫描坐标为有误差的观测值”的数学模型进行多站点云定向实验,结果表明其外部符合精度达到厘米级,精度明显高于独立模型法;扫描坐标经转换后,能满足1:500地形图测量精度。     

The influence of thermodynamic phase on the retrieval of mixed-phase cloud microphysical and optical properties in the visible and near-infrared region

Cloud microphysical and optical properties are inferred from the bidirectional reflectances simulated for a single-layered cloud consisting of an external mixture of ice particles and liquid droplets. The reflectances are calculated with a rigorous discrete ordinates radiative transfer model and are functions of the cloud effective particle size, the cloud optical thickness, and the values of the ice fraction in the cloud (i.e., the ratio of ice water content to total water content). In the present light scattering and radiative transfer simulations, the ice fraction is assumed to be vertically homogeneous; the habit (shape) percentage as a function of ice particle size is consistent with that used for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) operational (Collection 4 and earlier) cloud products; and the surface is assumed to be Lambertian with an albedo of 0.03. Furthermore, error analyses are performed that pertain to the inference of the mixed-phase cloud effective particle size and optical thickness. Errors are calculated with respect to the assumption of a cloud containing solely liquid or ice phase particles. The analyses suggest that the effective particle size inferred for a mixed-phase cloud can be underestimated (or overestimated) if pure liquid phase (or pure ice phase) is assumed for the cloud, whereas the corresponding cloud optical thickness can be overestimated (or underestimated).