Numerical investigation of pile installation effects in sand using material point method

The installation of displacement piles in sand leads to severe changes in the stress state, density and soil properties around the pile tip and shaft, and therefore has a significant influence on the pile bearing capacity. Most current numerical methods predicting pile capacity do not take installation effects into account, as large deformations can lead to mesh distortion and non-converging solutions. In this study, the material point method (MPM) is applied to simulate the pile installation process and subsequent static pile loading tests. MPM is an extension of the finite element method (FEM), which is capable of modelling large deformations and soil-structure interactions. This study utilizes the moving mesh algorithm where a redefined computational mesh is applied in the convective phase. This allows a fine mesh to be maintained around the pile tip during the installation process and improves the accuracy of the numerical scheme, especially for contact formulation. For the analyses a hypoplastic constitutive model for sand is used, which takes into account density and stress dependent behaviour. The model performs well in situations with significant stress level changes because it accounts for very high stresses at the pile tip. Numerical results agree with centrifuge experiments at a gravitational level of 40 g. This analysis confirms the importance of pile installation effects in numerical simulations, as well as the proposed numerical approach’s ability to simulate installation and static load tests of jacked displacement piles.     

基于有效应力法的静压桩时变承载力研究

基于天然饱和黏土地基中静压沉桩扩孔问题的弹塑性解,以沉桩结束后桩周土体的应力状态为初始条件,推导了桩周孔压消散的解析解。在此基础上,考虑桩周土体再固结过程中的土体松弛效应,提出了采用有效应力计算天然饱和黏土中静压桩时变承载力的理论方法。通过已有离心模型试验和现场试验结果对该方法进行了验证,研究了沉桩结束后静压桩承载力随固结时间的变化规律。结果表明,提出的理论方法合理考虑了土体的原位力学特性、沉桩效应及沉桩结束后土体有效应力的变化,因而可以较好地预测静压桩的时变承载力。该研究成果为合理确定黏土中静压桩承载力提供了理论依据,具有一定的理论和工程意义。     

饱和软黏土地基静压管桩承载力时间效应试验研究

对饱和软黏土地基中的静压管桩进行隔时复压试验发现,复压起动压桩力在沉桩25 d后的增长幅度达2.5倍以上,且前期增长较快而后期较慢。理论分析及试验对比证明,利用隔时复压起动压力作为静压桩极限承载力是合理的,而且可以观察到承载力短期内的变化,是进行承载力时效性研究的有效试验途径,分析后认为承载力的增长主要是由于桩侧黏土抗剪强度的提高所致。通过修正得到黏土层桩侧单位面积侧阻力的增长曲线,回归分析得出3种不同的预测公式,对比发现基于对数函数的预测表达式更接近实际情况。     

Analysis of shaft resistance of jacked piles in sands

In recent years, pile jacking has become a viable alternative installation method for displacement piles. Pile jacking produces minimal noise, vibration and air pollution during installation. In addition, it is possible, at the end of jacking, to have a good estimate of the ultimate static capacity of the pile. In this paper, the shaft resistance of piles jacked into sand is studied using one‐dimensional finite element analysis. The finite element simulations, using a two‐surface plasticity model, demonstrate the effects of relative density and confinement on the unit shaft resistance of piles jacked in sand. The impact of the number of jacking strokes on the unit shaft capacity is also assessed. Based on the numerical results, we developed equations for shaft resistance quantifying the effects of relative density, initial confinement and number of jacking strokes. Predictions using these equations are compared with data obtained from centrifuge tests and field tests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

静压桩残余应力的长期观测性状

静压桩施工过程中,可能会沿桩身形成很大的残余应力。通过在砂性土中1根长约26 m静压桩的原位试验,观测了沉桩结束后的残余应力在后续的循环载荷试验、3根邻桩顺次压入、第2次载荷试验以及较长静置期内的长期变化情况,试验历时约212 d。结果显示,循环载荷试验加载水平与循环次数的增加会造成残余应力的进一步累积。邻桩压入使既有桩残余压应力减小,与邻桩即时贯入深度一致的桩身残余应力测点受其影响最明显。桩身残余应力在长时间内会逐步消散至某一稳定值,其时间效应主要与砂性土的蠕变有关,它使得桩周土的土拱效应减弱,并使桩端土的接触压力减小。     

考虑砂土地基预制桩侧向挤土影响的单桩承载力分析研究

预制桩的沉桩过程产生了对桩周土体的挤密作用,桩周土体的力学特性发生了相应的改变,这种改变会直接影响预制桩桩基础的承载力。利用有限元计算分析方法对砂性土地基预制桩沉桩过程进行了数值求解,得到了桩周土体的位移和应力变化规律;在应力路径控制的三轴试验中,模拟土体在受到预制桩沉桩影响的应力状态,试验研究了标准砂在再受荷载作用时的力学特性;在荷载传递法中,运用桩周土体性质的变化试验结果,进行了有限差分数值分析,得到了考虑和不考虑挤土作用的单桩P-S曲线。研究结果表明：预制桩的沉桩过程对桩周土中的径向和轴向应力都有明显的影响,对径向应力的影响大于对轴向应力的影响;挤土效应提高了桩周土的剪切模量值和强度,影响范围大致相当;考虑沉桩侧向挤土影响单桩承载特性有明显的提高,现行的预制桩设计偏于安全。     

基于桩身应力测试的静压PHC管桩贯入机制

压桩过程中PHC管桩侧摩阻力与端阻力的分离是制约其贯入机制及承载力研究的瓶颈。通过桩身预埋准分布式FBG光纤传感器,对贯入成层土地基中5根足尺开口PHC管桩侧摩阻力及端阻力发展变化情况进行了监测。试验表明,准分布式光纤传感测试技术现场可操作性强,粗放施工环境下贯入阻力分离效果较为理想。成层土地基中压桩力曲线基本反映地层土性变化,桩端土层性状对压桩力影响较大。硬质土层界面处试桩压桩力平均增幅约为64.06%,端阻力受地层变化影响更为显著,平均增长幅度约为97.41%,侧摩阻力平均增长幅度约为17.92%;桩端位于非硬质土层试桩压桩力变化不明显。贯入过程中现场足尺试验桩身应力变化不同于室内模型试验,桩身上、下部侧摩阻力发挥的力学机制不同。受现场粗放施工条件及深度方向土层变化影响,贯入成层土地基中桩侧摩阻力临界深度现象不明显。     

昆明地区静压桩承载力的探讨

主要介绍了压桩力与单桩竖向极限承载力的关系,以及利用压桩力估算单桩竖向极限承载力的方法。在试桩阶段,位于饱和软土的摩擦桩,压桩力较低,桩的承载力主要来自土体恢复后桩侧的摩阻力。根据静载荷试验检测结果,用单桩竖向极限承载力除以压桩力,引出一个系数,称为压力比,通过分析比较,得出在昆明地区的正常压力比,静压预制管桩在1.3～2之间,静压预制方桩在2.5～5之间。用压桩力乘以压力比,可以估算单桩竖向极限承载力。还简要介绍了挤土效应和超孔隙水压力对桩的承载力的影响。在工程桩施工时,地层中的土体和孔隙水被挤压,形成孔隙水压力,会产生一个向上的浮力,导致已施工的桩上浮,单桩承载力显著降低。     

利用标贯击数估算静压桩的沉桩阻力

选用最易获得的标准贯入试验锤击数估算静力压入桩的沉桩阻力,提出了经验公式。对桩端阻力、桩侧阻力在土层中的变化等计算的细节问题进行了讨论,并编制了计算结果可视化的程序。2个工程实例的计算结果表明,用标贯锤击数估算静压桩沉桩阻力的方法是可行的,计算出的压桩力满足工程精度要求,可以方便的用于判断沉桩可能性、估算承载力、选择沉桩设备等。     

静压桩桩-土界面滑动摩擦机制研究

静压桩侧阻力的实质是桩-土之间的摩擦,但其机制研究并未使用目前成熟的摩擦学理论。系统地介绍了摩擦学中黏着摩擦机制和变形摩擦机制,进而利用其分析解释静压桩桩-土界面的滑动摩擦机制,并得到较好的效果,为桩侧摩阻力的研究提供了新的思路。研究结果表明,桩-土之间的干摩擦是外摩擦;沉桩过程中桩-土之间的滑动摩擦是泥浆润滑下的湿摩擦,从而使桩侧阻力远小于载荷试验时的桩侧阻力;沉桩停顿使压桩力急剧增大的主要原因是：泥浆润滑膜的消失使桩-土之间的摩擦从湿摩擦变为干摩擦;载荷试验在桩破坏前桩-土之间的摩擦是干摩擦;桩端附近桩侧阻力强化的主要原因是：桩端土的强度提高引起桩端附近切向力的增大,从而导致桩-土之间摩擦系数提高。     

A feasible approach to predicting time-dependent bearing performance of jacked piles from CPTu measurements

Acta Geotechnica - In this paper, a simple but feasible approach is proposed to predict the time-dependent load carrying behaviours of jacked piles from CPTu measurements. The corrected cone...     

Field measurements regarding the influence of the installation method on soil plugging in tubular piles

Soil plugging in open-ended piles leads to an increase in compressive bearing capacity but also influences pile driving resistance. Many different factors affect the tendency for soil plugging, for example, pile diameter, penetration depth and installation method. In this paper, the influence of the installation method on soil plugging is investigated. In situ measurements during the installation of two instrumented tubular piles are carried out to investigate the internal and external stresses acting on the pile during the installation process. Furthermore, the cone penetration resistance inside one pile is measured during the installation, and the accelerations and strains at the pile head are monitored to predict the bearing capacity. The installation method is varied between vibratory and impact pile driving. The results show that a significant increase in horizontal stresses inside the pile occurs during impact driving which leads to the conclusion that a soil plug is formed. During vibratory pile driving, no stress increase was observed.     

上海软土地区静力压桩若干问题的探讨

我国目前桩基设计规范对压桩施工过程中的桩身结构强度验算,尚未做出明确的规定,本文围绕这一问题讨论了以下问题:(1)进入持力层不同深度对压桩阻力的影响;(2)用静力触探比贯入阻力预估压桩阻力;(3)压桩施工过程中桩身结构强度的验算。     

Soil compacting displacements for two jacked piles considering shielding effects

Shielding effects have a significant influence on the estimation of soil displacements for jacked piles, which have received minimal attention in previous studies. To include the shielding effects, a novel model was established for the soil compacting displacements of two jacked piles based on the strain path method and the source–sink method. The corresponding closed-form analytical expressions were also derived. Soil compacting displacements were calculated using the proposed method and the previous method, which disregard the shielding effects. The results showed that the soil displacements obtained based on the shielding effects are larger than those obtained when the effects are disregarded in the frontal direction, whereas the opposite results are obtained in the dorsal direction. The shielding effects have significant influence on the soil displacements in the frontal direction and those in the dorsal direction. Consequently, shielding effects should be included in the calculations of soil compacting displacements in the frontal and dorsal directions. An in situ test was also performed to investigate the reasonability of the proposed approach. Computed displacements were compared with the measured data. The results showed that the proposed model effectively predicts practical displacements, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed model. Further research is needed to verify the practicality of the described method.

     

饱和成层地基中静压单桩挤土效应的有限元模拟

针对实际工程中成层土情况中静压桩存在的问题,在ANSYS平台上,应用位移贯入法对静力压桩的连续贯入的全过程进行有限元模拟,详细对比了在均质土和成层土中静力压桩产生的位移场和应力场。指出软硬土层交界处土体位移加 大,土中挤压应力剧变,出现应力间断。实际工程中,挤压应力间断使已压入桩的侧向受力剧变,导致桩体易开裂、弯折。这里提出相应的解决方法。     

Modeling of pile installation using contact mechanics and quadratic elements

In geotechnical engineering, numerical analysis of pile capacity is often performed in such a way that piles are modeled using only the geometry of their final position in the ground and simply loaded to failure. In these analyses, the stress changes caused by the pile installation are neglected, irrespective of the installation method. For displacement piles, which are either pushed or hammered into the ground, such an approach is a very crude simplification. To model the entire installation process of displacement piles a number of additional nonlinear effects need to be considered. As the soil adjacent to the pile is displaced significantly, small deformation theory is no longer applicable and a large deformation finite element formulation is required. In addition, the continuously changing interface between the pile and the soil has to be considered. Recently, large deformation frictional contact has been used to model the pile installation and cone penetration processes. However, one significant limitation of the analysis was the use of linear elements, which have proven to be less accurate than higher order elements for nonlinear materials such as soils.

This paper presents a large deformation frictional contact formulation which can be coupled consistently with quadratic solid elements. The formulation uses the so-called mortar-type discretisation of the contact surfaces. The performance of this contact discretisation technique is demonstrated by accurately predicting the stress transfer between the pile and the soil surfaces.     

Formulation of the axisymmetric CPDI with application to pile driving in sand

In foundation engineering practice, pile driving is often used as an efficient method to install piles. While large distortions take place along the pile shaft during the installation, the zone around the pile toe experiences compression. In an attempt to fully understand the build up of resistance when driving piles, it is desirable to model the driving process and the corresponding soil behaviour. The non-linear dynamic analysis of this problem is challenging, given the large deformation that develops together with the associated changes in soil properties. Some numerical methods offer the possibility of handling large material movements by utilising Lagrangian and Eulerian frames of references. However, few of these methods are capable of tracing the material displacement, such as the Material Point Method (MPM). Early implementation of MPM assumes that the mass is concentrated at the material points, which causes noise in the solution. Later implementations assign a spatial domain to the material points to mitigate the grid crossing error. The Convected Particle Domain Interpolation (CPDI) is one such implementation.This paper extends the two-dimensional CPDI formulation for an axisymmetric problem where a pile is driven into sand that is modelled as a hypoplastic model. The extended formulation is tested, validated and compared to that for the case of the two-dimensional plane-strain within the framework of the method of manufactured solution. The hammer blows on the pile are represented by a periodic forcing function. In contrast to earlier studies on pile installation using advanced models, deep penetration is achieved in the present analysis. A non-regular distribution for the particle domains is suggested to avoid unnecessary computation. A frictional contact algorithm is introduced to describe the pile–soil interaction.     

按复合桩基设计锚杆静压桩处理地基

基于复合桩基设计理论,针对一采用锚杆静压桩处理烂尾楼地基的工程实例,分析了基础的承载力与沉降随锚杆桩数量的变化,对设计方案进行了优化,同时,讨论了锚杆桩施工后桩与土体的荷载分担和基础整体安全度。分析表明：采用复合桩基的设计理论,可以减少地基处理需要桩数,节约经济投入。     

基于透明土的静压楔形桩沉桩效应模型试验研究

楔形桩是一种可以有效提高桩侧摩阻力的纵向变截面异形桩,然而针对该变截面桩沉桩效应特性方面的研究却相对较少。基于透明土材料和粒子图像测速技术（简称PIV）,开展静压楔形桩沉桩模型试验,测得沉桩过程中桩周土体的位移场变化规律;沉桩过程中桩周土体位移场由激光射入透明土材料,与透明土材料之间的相互作用产生的独特散斑场,通过CCD（charge-coupled device）电荷耦合元件相机成像处理而获得。同时进行了等截面桩的沉桩模型试验,并对等混凝土材料用量情况下楔形桩和等截面桩的沉桩效应进行对比分析。最后,将此试验结果与基于常规试验手段的静压楔形桩沉桩模型试验和圆孔扩张理论计算结果进行对比分析,验证了基于透明土材料的静压楔形桩沉桩模型试验的准确性和可靠性。研究结果表明,基于透明土材料和PIV技术可以有效地开展静压楔形桩沉桩模型试验研究;楔形桩静压施工过程中对桩周土的影响范围约为等混凝土用量等截面桩的1.2倍。     

基于球孔扩张理论和侧阻力退化效应的压桩力计算模拟

根据静压桩的贯入机制,将沉桩过程模拟为半无限土体中一系列球形孔的连续扩张,土体假定为Mohr-Coulomb材料。利用球孔扩张和源-源假设理论,并采用Boussinesq解进行地面应力的修正,在此基础上分别计算出桩侧极限摩阻力和桩端阻力。通过现场试验研究发现,沉桩过程中侧摩阻力退化效应带来的影响是明显的,提出了相应的侧阻力退化公式。在充分考虑以上因素的基础上推导出了静压桩压桩力的模拟计算公式。使用Matlab6.5软件进行理论计算,并与山西太原某试验进行对比分析,一定深度以下理论值与实测数据基本吻合,证明该计算模拟是可行的。