断层附近强地震动半经验合成方法的研究

本文对利用经验格林函数法合成断层附近的强地面运动等问题做了初步研究。基于云南施甸5.9级主震和余震强震观测记录和本文提出的移动窗技术对断层附近的主震记录进行了分析识别，发现大震的Asperity(凸凹体）与小震在时程和Fourier幅值谱上存在一定程度的相似性。这种相似性从理论上，可以解释为这种小震视为大震Asperity的“种子”，大震的Asperity是由这些“种子”发育而成的。在此基础上合成了云南施甸距震中仅为1.1公里的主震记录，同时也提出以断层附近小震作为经验格林函数存在着一些缺陷。     

The effects of repeated earthquake ground motions on the non‐linear response of SDOF systems

In many parts of the world, the repetition of medium–strong intensity earthquake ground motions at brief intervals of time has been observed. The new design philosophies for buildings in seismic areas are based on multi‐level design approaches, which take into account more than a single damageability limit state. According to these approaches, a sequence of seismic actions may produce important consequences on the structural safety. In this paper, the effects of repeated earthquake ground motions on the response of single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems (SDOF) with non‐linear behaviour are analysed. A comparison is performed with the effect of a single seismic event on the originally non‐damaged system for different hysteretic models in terms of pseudo‐acceleration response spectra, behaviour factor q and damage parameters. The elastic–perfect plastic system is the most vulnerable one under repeated earthquake ground motions and is characterized by a strong reduction of the q‐factor. A moment resisting steel frame is analysed as well, showing a reduction of the q‐factor under repeated earthquake ground motions even larger than that of an equivalent SDOF system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Damaging properties of ground motions and prediction of maximum response of structures based on momentary energy response

Dynamic damaging potential of ground motions must be evaluated by the response behaviour of structures, and it is necessary to indicate what properties of ground motions are most appropriate for evaluation. For that purpose, the behaviour of energy input process and hysteretic energy dissipation are investigated in this study. It is found that the momentary input energy that is an index for the intensity of input energy is related to the characteristics of earthquakes such as cyclic or impulsive, and to the response displacement of structures immediately. On the basis of these results, a procedure is proposed to predict inelastic response displacement of structures by corresponding earthquake input energy to structural dissipated damping and hysteretic energy. In this procedure the earthquake response of structures is recognized as an input and dissipation process of energy, and therefore structural properties and damaging properties of ground motions can be taken into account more generally. Lastly, the studies of the pseudodynamic loading test of reinforced concrete structure specimens subjected to ground motions with different time duration are shown. The purpose of this test is to estimate the damaging properties of ground motions and the accuracy of the proposed prediction procedure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of near-fault and far-fault ground motions on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams

As the forward directivity and fling effect characteristics of the near-fault ground motions, seismic response of structures in the near field of a rupturing fault can be significantly different from those observed in the far field. The unique characteristics of the near-fault ground motions can cause considerable damage during an earthquake. This paper presents results of a study aimed at evaluating the near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams including dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. For this purpose, 10 as-recorded earthquake records which display ground motions with an apparent velocity pulse are selected to represent the near-fault ground motion characteristics. The earthquake ground motions recorded at the same site from other events that the epicenter far away from the site are employed as the far-fault ground motions. The Koyna gravity dam, which is selected as a numerical application, is subjected to a set of as-recorded near-fault and far-fault strong ground motion records. The Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model including the strain hardening or softening behavior is employed in nonlinear analysis. Nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage analyses of the selected concrete dam subjected to both near-fault and far-fault ground motions are performed. Both local and global damage indices are established as the response parameters. The results obtained from the analyses of the dam subjected to each fault effect are compared with each other. It is seen from the analysis results that the near-fault ground motions, which have significant influence on the dynamic response of dam–reservoir–foundation systems, have the potential to cause more severe damage to the dam body than far-fault ground motions.     

Influence of time‐varying frequency content in earthquake ground motions on seismic response of linear elastic systems

Earthquake ground motion records are nonstationary in both amplitude and frequency content. However, the latter nonstationarity is typically neglected mainly for the sake of mathematical simplicity. To study the stochastic effects of the time‐varying frequency content of earthquake ground motions on the seismic response of structural systems, a pair of closely related stochastic ground motion models is adopted here. The first model (referred to as ground motion model I) corresponds to a fully nonstationary stochastic earthquake ground motion model previously developed by the authors. The second model (referred to as ground motion model II) is nonstationary in amplitude only and is derived from the first model. Ground motion models I and II have the same mean‐square function and global frequency content but different features of time variation in the frequency content, in that no time variation of the frequency content exists in ground motion model II. New explicit closed‐form solutions are derived for the response of linear elastic SDOF and MDOF systems subjected to stochastic ground motion model II. New analytical solutions for the evolutionary cross‐correlation and cross‐PSD functions between the ground motion input and the structural response are also derived for linear systems subjected to ground motion model I. Comparative analytical results are presented to quantify the effects of the time‐varying frequency content of earthquake ground motions on the structural response of linear elastic systems. It is found that the time‐varying frequency content in the seismic input can have significant effects on the stochastic properties of system response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地铁车站的强地震反应分析及设计地震动参数研究

进行了地铁地下车站的地震反应分析,探讨了地铁车站地震反应的主要影响因素,介绍了地面与基岩间峰值相对位移的确定及其在地下结构抗震设计中的应用,初步研究了地铁车站埋深对结构地震反应的影响。分析结果表明,地震引起的地基变形是影响地下结构动力反应的决定性因素,结构峰值变形反应与自由场峰值变形反应之间近似存在简单的线性关系;相对于设计基本地震加速度,地面与基岩间峰值相对位移(PGRD)对于地下结构抗震分析及设计是一种更为合理的设计地震动参数。     

断层破裂速度对地震动及其地震灾害影响的有限单元法模拟

断层破裂传播速度通常会影响强地面运动加速度的空间分布及地震的灾害程度,但究竟是如何影响的,目前未见全面的定量分析.为此,本研究设断层破裂速度从小到大发生改变(从亚剪切波速度到超剪切破裂速度),同时利用有限元方法计算在不同破裂传播速度的情况下,破裂产生的地震动及强地面运动峰值加速度(PGA)的空间分布,计算时保持在所有情况下其断层上的最终位错相等,即所有不同破裂情况下产生的地震矩震级保持不变,都为MW=7.0.计算结果显示：总体上,破裂传播的速度越快,PGA的幅值越大并且高值区分布的范围也越广,其地震灾害会越严重;超剪切破裂相对于亚剪切破裂会加剧地震灾害.但是,当破裂速度正好等于介质的剪切波速度时,断层面附近PGA峰值最大,断层附近的地震灾害最为严重.此外,研究中还发现,当破裂传播速度等于倍剪切波速度时(该速度称为Eshelby速度),不产生剪切马赫波;这与超剪切破裂产生剪切马赫波的普遍现象不一致;但此时PGA并没有大幅度减小,其震害也不会有显著改变.因此,本研究对于深入认识地震震源过程、地震动效应以及灾害评估有着重要的科学意义及实用价值.