Permeable piles: An alternative to improve the performance of driven piles

This paper investigates the soil displacements and excess pore pressures induced by driven piles using a combined 3D finite and infinite element approach. The analyses are compared with analytical evaluations and field measurements. Consolidation analysis is conducted to illustrate the variation in pore pressure with time. A technique of drilling drainage holes on the pipe pile is proposed in this paper to accelerate the dissipation of pore pressure to improve the performance of displacement piles. It has been noticed that optimal performance of piles can be obtained by assigning openings in piles within the bottom 50% of the pile length.     

风积沙质胶结充填材料性能对水固比响应分析

煤炭胶结充填开采技术是一项基于生态、地质和资源安全的新型开采技术,质量分数是控制胶结充填材料性能的重要因素。为了掌握风积沙质胶结充填材料对质量分数的响应,试验研究了质量分数对材料多项性能的影响规律。结果表明：抗压强度、坍落度、泌水率、分层度对质量分数的响应较为显著,凝结时间相对较弱。随着质量分数升高,抗压强度增长较快,坍落度、泌水率、分层度明显降低,凝结时间缓慢降低。同时质量分数与材料输送的屈服应力、黏度系数、沿程阻力等具体指标直接相关,但对各指标影响规律存在较大差异。分析认为,质量分数对材料性能和指标的控制是基于水分在材料输送和硬化过程中的化学和物理作用,水分在材料中既是化学反应的参与项,也是物理性能的控制项,对于每一种胶结充填材料均存在合理的质量分数区间。     

A solution to estimate the total and effective stresses in backfilled stopes with an impervious base during the filling operation of cohesionless backfill

Mining backfill is commonly used in underground mines. A critical concern of this practice is to evaluate the pressures and total stresses in backfilled stopes to ensure a safe and economic design of barricades, constructed to retain the backfill. When a slurried backfill is placed in a mine stope, excess pore water pressure (PWP) can instantaneously generate and progressively dissipate. The dissipation of the excess PWP and consolidation lead to the development of effective stresses, which in turn lead to an arching effect in the backfilled stope. Until now, arching effect has been largely considered for stress estimation in dry or submerged backfill. The former corresponds to the final state at the end process of the drainage and consolidation of the backfill with a pervious while the latter with an impervious barricade. However, previous studies have shown that the most critical moment for the stability of barricades is during the stope filling. Therefore, the design of barricades requires a proper estimation of the pressure and total stresses during the filling operation. This in turn needs joint consideration of the arching effect and consolidation of the backfill. In this paper, a new solution is developed to evaluate the pressures and stresses in backfilled stopes during the filling operation of cohesionless backfill by considering the self-weight consolidation and arching effect. The proposed solution is validated by numerical modeling with Plaxis2D. It can thus be used to evaluate the pressures and stresses in backfilled stopes during the stope filling with an impervious barricade.     

海堤施工中软土地基沉降计算分析

从剖析沉降固结的概念,探讨常规沉降计算公式的适用性出发,对照海堤工程实践中暴露出来的问题,指出软基筑堤工程实践中沉降计算分析的注意事项和建议,以起到抛砖引玉的效果。     

基于强度折减概念的滑坡稳定性三维分析方法(I)：滑带土抗剪强度参数反演分析

滑带土抗剪强度是滑坡稳定性分析和防治工程设计中十分重要而又难于确定的参数之一。因此,基于临界状态假定的二维反分析方法得到了广泛应用。但是,自然界发生的滑坡基本上呈三维形态,其主滑方向有时变化也较大,使得有必要研究一种滑带土抗剪强度的三维反分析方法和滑坡稳定性的三维评价方法。笔者建议了一种基于强度折减概念的滑带土抗剪强度反分析方法,即通过逐步折减滑动面的强度参数,使滑动面的塑性区完全贯通,此时,塌滑体处于极限状态,所用强度参数即为滑带土的平均抗剪强度参数。从洪家渡水电站1#塌滑体计算成果来看,反演的滑带土摩擦角较二维反演值低4.1?,反映了滑坡体的三维效应,验证了所建议方法的可行性。     

A numerical model for the transient analysis of offshore foundations under cyclic loading

A comprehensive numerical model for the analysis of offshore foundations under a general transient loading is presented here. The theoretical basis of the model lies on the Swansea formulation of Biot’s equations of dynamic poroelasticity combined with a constitutive model that reproduces key aspects of cyclic soil behaviour in the frame of the theory of generalised plasticity. On the practical side, the adoption of appropriate finite element formulations may prevent the appearance of spurious numerical instabilities of the pore pressure field. In this respect, the use of a coupled enhanced-strain element is here proposed. On the other hand, the practicality of the presented model depends ultimately on its computational efficiency. Some practical recommendations concerning the solution strategies, the matrix storage/handling procedures and the parallel multi-processor computation are here provided. Finally, the performance of the model with a benchmark study case and its practical application to analyse the soil–structure interaction of an offshore monopile under a realistic transient storm loading are discussed.     

小山水电站厂房后山坡稳定性的研究

小山水电站厂房后山坡地质结构为：下部中侏罗纪安山岩（αＪ２），其上覆盖了第三纪末第四纪初的玄武岩（βＮ～Ｑ），其间为不整合接触，不整合面夹有１．００～７．００ｍ厚的含碎石土壤，产状为倾向厂房，倾角１０°～３５°。厂房施工开挖破坏了上覆玄武岩体的坡脚，上覆的玄武岩构成滑坡体。而不整合面为低滑面。电站运行期间调压井内水外渗造成地下水位升高，引起不整合面夹层抗剪强度降低，导致上覆玄武岩体沿不整合面夹层整体失稳下滑。在确定边界条件的同时，通过对不整合面夹层原状样做饱和固结快剪试验，选定了计算参数，经过综合分析和稳定计算，其自稳系数大于１．５。为防止地下水位升高，通过厂房后山坡地下水渗流场电模拟试验研究，采取排水和调压井壁设防水涂料等保护措施，确保厂房后山坡玄武岩体的整体稳定。     

加筋砂土作用在挡土墙上的土压力研究

以土的塑性极限分析理论和拱体理论为基础，结合挡土墙的长高比，提出了墙后砂土的两种三维破坏模式，并把两种模式与加筋相结合，求出了在加筋水平间距Sx和竖向间距Sx下作用在墙上主动土压力的上限解和设计的加筋长度。最后通过实例验证了本文的理论。     

Application of an optimum design technique for determining the coefficient of consolidation by using piezocone test data

For normally consolidated clay, several researchers have developed a number of theoretical time factors to determine the coefficient of consolidation from piezocone test results. However, depending on assumptions and analytical techniques, it could vary considerably, even for a specific degree of consolidation. In this paper a method is proposed to determine a consistent coefficient of consolidation by applying the concept of an optimum design technique over all ranges of the degree of consolidation. Initial excess pore pressure distribution is assumed to be capable of being obtained by the successive spherical cavity expansion theory. The dissipation of pore pressure is simulated by means of a two-dimensional linear-uncoupled axi-symmetric consolidation analysis. The minimization of differences between measured and predicted excess pore pressure was carried out by the BFGS unconstrained optimum design algorithm with a one-dimensional golden section search technique. By analyzing numerical examples and in-situ test results, it was found that the adopted optimum design technique gives consistent and convergent results.     

Slope stability analysis by means of finite element limit analysis and finite element strength reduction techniques. Part II: Back analyses of a case history

This paper deals with a back analysis of a slope failure. The case history investigated is located in an alpine environment in central Europe and is characterized by a very steep original terrain, indicating in situ soil with high strength. To study the factor of safety, two different approaches applying the so-called φ′/c′ reduction are used, namely finite element limit analysis and strength reduction finite element analysis. Comparison of a strength reduction technique with rigorous finite element limit analysis confirms that the factors of safety (FoS) obtained are very similar for associated plasticity, an intrinsic assumption of limit analysis. For non-associated plasticity, a modified version of the so-called Davis approach has been applied because it has been shown that the original formulation proposed by Davis works well when the FoS is defined in terms of loads but is not appropriate when the FoS is defined in terms of soil strength. The results show that, with the modified Davis parameter, both strength reduction finite element analyses and finite element limit analyses provide very similar factors of safety. The key advantage of limit analysis, however, is that the value of the FoS can be bracketed from above and below with upper and lower bound calculations.     

有关矿井突水水源判别方法的探讨

判别矿井突水来源是矿井防治水工作中的关键环节,选择合适的判别方法是快速高效判别突水水源的关键。本文对近些年来判别矿井突水水源的各种方法进行深入探讨,指出在水源判别时注意的问题,为矿井防治水提供决策依据。     

On evaluating the stability of the Baiyian ancient landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area,Yangtze River: a geological history analysis

Numerous landslides have occurred during the construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River. Although the underlying causal factor of these landslides was heavy rainfall, the construction process was the trigger of some of them. We report here a systematic study aimed at reconstructing the geological history of an ancient landslide and, based on our results, an evaluation of the role of the history on current landslide stability. Data from detailed field surveys and the studies on geological dating revealed that the Baiyian landslide was composed of five structural parts of different geological ages, such as a sliding belt, disturbed rocks, ancient colluvium, alluvium of the Yangtze River and slope wash. The succession of ancient climates, terraces and tectonic processes in the study area were examined from 300 ka ago. The evolutionary history of the Baiyian ancient landslide can be divided into five distinct stages: development, occurrence, deposition, collapse and disintegration. Some parts of the ancient landslide are currently prone to instability due to the combination effects of heavy rainfall and construction of the reservoir.     

不同粗糙度和隙宽贯通充填裂隙渗流特性试验研究

利用3D打印技术制作出30个含10级粗糙度(JRC=1~20)、3种厚度(1.5、3.0、5.0mm)的裂隙插片,通过模具浇筑成贯通充填裂隙类岩石试件,并对所制备的试件开展渗透性试验,研究在不同围压水平下不同粗糙度、不同隙宽贯通充填裂隙的渗流特性。试验结果表明:(1)不同粗糙度和隙宽贯通充填裂隙渗透率均随围压增加而减小,且在围压加载初期,裂隙渗透率的降低速度明显要高于围压加载中后期,最大渗透率降差达到78%。(2)围压加载初期,隙宽较小时,裂隙渗透率有随粗糙度增加而减小的趋势,且离散性较大;随着围压和隙宽的增加,粗糙度对裂隙渗透性的影响迅速减小。(3)对于10级不同粗糙度贯通充填裂隙,围压加载过程中,均有隙宽越大,裂隙渗透率越大的规律;且在围压较小时,粗糙度越大,不同隙宽贯通充填裂隙渗透率的差值越大,但随着围压的升高,这种影响逐渐被消除。(4)围压对贯通充填裂隙渗透率的影响处于主导地位,两者之间的关系可用幂函数进行描述。     

花岗岩残积粘性土加、卸荷抗剪强度分析

以广州地区花岗岩残积粘性土为研究对象,通过击样法制备特定含水量试样,在不同压力下进行固结加、卸荷试验,对比分析试验数据,初步研究加、卸荷状态下花岗岩残积粘性土的抗剪强度变化,探寻先期固结压力、含水量与抗剪强度间规律。重塑残积土抗剪强度随含水量增加而减小;在先期固结压力相同的条件下,卸荷相对加荷试验条件下的土体强度显著减小,且减少值随残积土含水量的增加而逐渐减小,故在基坑开挖等卸荷工程项目中,应充分考虑卸荷对土体抗剪强度的影响,在卸荷工程中采用土体卸荷抗剪强度指标更符合工程实际。     

采矿引起的边坡倾倒滑移变形机理与变形安全性分析研究—以抚顺西露天矿边坡为例

在矿山开发、水电建设过程中倾倒变形问题日渐突出。倾倒变形边坡一般具有反倾边坡结构,变形的过程和机理比较复杂、涉及的变形岩体范围较大、危害严重。论文以抚顺西露天矿边坡为例,通过岩体位移监测资料的跟踪分析、底面摩擦模拟试验,以岩体力学、松散介质力学原理为理论基础,探讨了采矿影响下边坡倾倒滑移体的变形机理,分析认为采矿引起的倾倒滑移变形问题是在特定的地质构造和采矿工程条件下产生的,并提出了岩体变形安全性分析方法。通过工程实例,验证了方法的实用性,并针对实际问题提出了变形整治对策。     

矿区地面塌陷预报机制初探--以广东省松坑镇铁矿为例

广东省惠东县松坑荷寿下铁矿区因长期开采引发地面沉降、塌陷等一系列环境地质问题。矿区发生大型地面塌陷之面积达2300m2,深1~4m,地下水水位变化规律反映出地面塌陷的发展趋势:一般在塌陷前6d水位明显下降;4d下降幅度为67.4%;前2d水位急剧下降,下降幅度为109.4%。由此通过矿区地下水水位观测,可以预警、预报地面塌陷,从而减少因地面塌陷所造成的损失。     

Migration,filling history and geochemical characteristics of Ordovician natural gases in the Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Ordovician natural gases in the Tahe Oilfield are composed predominantly of hydrocarbon gases dominated by methane with a significant amount of heavy hydrocarbon gas component. The non-hydrocarbon gases include N₂, CO₂ and minor H₂S. The Ordovician natural gases are believed to have originated from the same source rocks, and are composite of gases differing in thermal maturity. Carbon dioxide was derived from thermal metamorphism of Ordovician carbonate rocks. The generation of natural gases involves multiple stages from mature normal oil and condensate-associated gas to thermally cracked gas at the maturity to over-maturity stages. In the main part of the Tahe Oilfield, the Ordovician natural gases appear to be filled in two major phases with a typical petroleum-associated gas from southeast to northwest and from east to west in the early stage; and a thermally cracked gas from east to west in the late stage. At the same time, the oil/gas filling boundary has been primarily established between the two stages.     

海积软土前期固结压力与结构强度的关系及成因分析

通过对不同地区海积软土的大量试验，对原状土样和重塑土样的压缩曲线确定了海积软土前期固结压力和结构强度，并研究了海积软土前期固结压力及结构强度的关系。由于考虑了土的结构强度，对结构性土根据超固结比(OCR)对土的压密状态的判断与实际结果更加相符。为了定量地反映海积软土的结构强弱，首次引入反映海积软土结构性及其对扰动敏感程度的结构稳定系数，反映了海积软土结构性的稳定程度。初步分析了海积软土结构强度的成因。     

基于Hock-Brown强度准则的高应力判据理论分析

如何评价工程岩体中赋存的应力状态一直是工程设计人员所要面对的基本问题之一.应力状态评价需综合考虑岩体强度和岩体中赋存的应力两个要素,其评价结果反映了地下结构围岩在二次应力场作用下满足岩体强度准则时可能的变形破坏响应.通过对前人研究成果的分析,总结出高应力作用下地下结构的基本变形破坏规律.利用Hoek-Brown强度准则...