基于能量原理的露天矿边坡开挖稳定性突变研究

基于边坡系统能量的原理,借助FLAC3D有限差分法内嵌FISH语言进行了三维露天矿边坡模型在开挖过程中能量计算的二次开发。将能量与突变理论相结合,以边坡系统的总耗散能作为状态变量,构建了边坡系统的能量耗散突变判别准则。以大孤山露天矿西北帮边坡为例,通过能量耗散突变分析、塑性区演化分析、安全系数变化分析及关键点位移分析可知,以上分析得到的边坡稳定性演化规律具有一致性,验证了提出的突变判别准则的适用性,研究结果表明：能量突变特征值 是露天矿边坡在第ki步开挖后发生失稳的充要力学条件;当进行至第6～8步开挖时,边坡局部岩体系统发生了失稳,且第7、8、9三个台阶受开挖扰动的影响较为严重,与现场的实际开挖情况相符,为预防露天矿边坡在开挖扰动过程中的局部围岩系统失稳提供了一定的理论支持。     

Simplified method for evaluating the response of existing tunnel induced by adjacent excavation

Adjacent excavation may have a negative influence on the existing tunnel underneath. Thus, it is important to evaluate the response of the tunnel due to adjacent excavation. However, there is little report about using the Kerr foundation model to simulate the tunnel-soil interaction. Meanwhile, the Timoshenko beam, which can take the tunnel shearing effect into consideration, is more suitable to estimate the behavior of the tunnel. To simulate the interaction between soil and tunnel, the existing tunnel is simplified as a Timoshenko beam lying on the Kerr foundation model, and a simplified theoretical method is proposed to calculate the response of the existing tunnel induced by adjacent excavation. The proposed method is validated by two field case studies. Results indicate that the predictions given by the proposed method show great agreement with field measurements and it is more accurate to evaluate the tunnel-soil interaction compared with the previous method. The further parametric study shows that the relative position between excavation and tunnel, the ground Young's modulus, the depth of existing tunnel centerline, and length and width of excavation are both significant factors governing the tunnel response induced by adjacent excavation, while the influence of tunnel shear stiffness and skew between tunnel and excavation are slight. The proposed method can be applied to predict the potential risk of existing tunnels induced by adjacent excavation in relevant engineering projects.     

露天矿边坡动态整治方法及其应用--以福建潘洛铁矿滑坡整治为例

露天矿边坡属于人工边坡,它的形成不仅时间长,而且一直处于动态过程中。露天矿滑坡在一定范围内是允许的,滑坡治理的目的是保证矿山在开采期限内安全采出设计境界内的矿石。基于这些特征,在文中提出了适合露天矿滑坡治理的新方法-动态治理法及其可行性,并以潘洛铁矿露天矿滑坡灾害治理为例,对该方法的应用进行了论述。可为露天矿滑坡治理所借鉴。     

基于TetGen的复杂FLAC3D模型可视化建模方法

为了充分发挥FLAC3D在数值计算方面的优势,解决在复杂地质体条件下岩体工程开挖存在的计算模型构建难度大、多采用简化模型而影响计算结果可靠性及准确性的问题。提出采用三维表面模型重建方法建立地质体及岩体工程的表面模型,确定岩层、开挖等的封闭空间区域;在此基础上,通过约束德洛内四面体剖分的方法对三维表面模型形成的空间区域进行网格剖分。分析了网格生成器TetGen的输入、输出数据结构,确定表面模型数据至TetGen、TetGen网格划分结果至FLAC3D的对应关系,实现能够准确描述地质体与工程开挖的FLAC3D计算模型的构建。通过某大型深部开采铜矿的多个岩层和首采区3个盘区63个采场的模型构建实例,证明该方法简单、可行、有效并且健壮。     

Probabilistic Inverse Analysis of Excavation-Induced Wall and Ground Responses for Assessing Damage Potential of Adjacent Buildings

This paper presents an approach for the probabilistic inverse analysis of braced excavations based on the maximum likelihood formulation. Here, the soil parameters are updated using the observations of the maximum ground settlement and/or the maximum wall deflection measured in a staged excavation. The updated soil parameters are then used to refine the predicted wall and ground responses in the subsequent excavation stages, as well as to assess the building damage potential at the final excavation stage. Case study shows that the proposed approach is effective in improving the predictions of the excavation-induced wall and ground responses. More-accurate predictions of the wall and ground responses, in turn, lead to a more accurate assessment of the damage potential of buildings adjacent to the excavation. The proposed approach offers an effective means for a probabilistic inverse analysis of braced excavations.     

Environmental characterisation of coal mine waste rock in the field: an example from New Zealand

Characterisation of mine waste rock with respect to acid generation potential is a necessary part of routine mine operations, so that environmentally benign waste rock stacks can be constructed for permanent storage. Standard static characterisation techniques, such as acid neutralisation capacity (ANC), maximum potential acidity, and associated acid–base accounting, require laboratory tests that can be difficult to obtain rapidly at remote mine sites. We show that a combination of paste pH and a simple portable carbonate dissolution test, both techniques that can be done in the field in a 15 min time-frame, is useful for distinguishing rocks that are potentially acid-forming from those that are acid-neutralising. Use of these techniques could allow characterisation of mine wastes at the metre scale during mine excavation operations. Our application of these techniques to pyrite-bearing (total S = 1–4 wt%) but variably calcareous coal mine overburden shows that there is a strong correlation between the portable carbonate dissolution technique and laboratory-determined ANC measurements (range of 0–10 wt% calcite equivalent). Paste pH measurements on the same rocks are bimodal, with high-sulphur, low-calcite rocks yielding pH near 3 after 10 min, whereas high-ANC rocks yield paste pH of 7–8. In our coal mine example, the field tests were most effective when used in conjunction with stratigraphy. However, the same field tests have potential for routine use in any mine in which distinction of acid-generating rocks from acid-neutralising rocks is required. Calibration of field-based acid–base accounting characteristics of the rocks with laboratory-based static and/or kinetic tests is still necessary.     

Underground excavation shape optimization considering material nonlinearities

The shape of an underground opening is a major factor influencing the stability of the underground excavation. Obtaining an optimized shape is significant in civil and mining engineering applications for increasing stability and reducing costs. This paper presents an updated method for finding the optimal shape of an underground excavation using the latest bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) techniques considering material nonlinearities. Recent development in the BESO applications to underground excavation is discussed through illustrated examples. Details are given of the BESO method used to finding the optimal shape based on the global stiffness. The methodology of the stiffness based optimization techniques is described with examples of applications to underground excavation. Applications to underground void structures, such as cavern and tunnel, as well as underground solid structure such mine pillar are demonstrated. It is concluded that stiffness based optimization techniques are applicable to underground excavations and practical shape of an excavation can be generated as a result of the BESO application.     

A simplified method for predicting ground settlement profiles induced by excavation in soft clay

A series of parametric studies was performed to examine the influence factors affecting the settlement influence zone induced by excavation in soft clay. It was found that the excavation depth, width, the soft clay bottom depth and the rock-like soil depth are all related to the settlement influence zone. The potential failure surface, as deduced from the failure mechanism, covering the above-mentioned parameters, is consistent with the settlement influence zone. Thus, a simple method based on the analysis results is proposed to predict the settlement influence zone. Ten case histories and statistical data for the settlements in the Shanghai area were used to verify the proposed method.     

Research on reasonable coal pillar width of roadway driven along goaf in deep mine

Driving roadway along a goaf is commonly adopted for mining face of thick seam in a deep mine. Determining a reasonable width of coal pillar is a key scientific problem for driving roadway along a goaf in a deep mine. The paper took a roadway driven along a goaf at Zhaolou coal mine which is a typical kilometer-deep mine in China as engineering background. Field monitoring, model test, and numerical experiment are conducted. Stress and displacement evolution mechanism are analyzed with different pillar widths. The test results show that with the increase of coal pillar width, the peak stress value at the coal pillar working slope and integrated coal beside the roadway increases firstly and then tends to be stable, its position is transferred to the side of the roadway, and the deformation of coal pillar decreases gradually during roadway excavation. The coal pillar deformation and roadway vertical displacement increased as the coal pillar width increases under high abutment pressure. In order to reduce the waste of non-renewable resources and meet the requirements of bearing capacity and stability of coal pillars, a method is proposed for setting a reasonable width of coal pillars and the specific width of coal pillars is designed and applied in engineering practices based on the above research. All the tests are significant in the study of driving roadway along a goaf in a deep mine.     

沂源鲁村煤矿千米混合立井围岩稳定性分析与施工措施

基于沂源鲁村煤矿围岩稳定性差,塑性变形量大的实际情况,采用弹塑性力学分析的方法,分析了鲁村煤矿千米混合立井岩石开挖后围岩应力重新分布情况和塑性变形,进而确定是否采用临时支护措施,以确保施工安全。研究表明鲁村煤矿混合井围岩掘进深度大于780 m时,围岩变得不稳定,需要施加锚喷临时支护,同时增加井筒掘进荒断面,预留围岩变形空间。     

直流电法在探测煤矿井地质因素中的应用

根据水和煤与围岩相比有明显的物性差异的原理,利用直流电法手段探测复杂地质条件下煤矿井的煤层赋存特征及老窑积水区范围,对优化矿区采掘工程布置及确保矿井安全生产有积极的意义。     

政和星溪金矿留矿采矿法改进方案试验

介绍了政和星溪金矿矿山在采矿生产的过程中存在的问题,结合开采技术条件,提出了对原采矿法的矿房结构和底部结构进行改进的试验研究。结果表明,采场结构合理、回采率高、作业安全,经济效益显著。     

邻近开挖对既有软土隧道的影响

采用两阶段分析方法,提出了邻近开挖对既有软土隧道纵向受力变形影响的简化计算方法。针对软土隧道开挖情况,第1阶段采用Loganathan和Poulos提出的解析解计算开挖引起的土体自由位移场;针对基坑开挖情况,第1阶段根据Mindlin理论解计算邻近荷载作用引起隧道的附加应力;第2阶段基于Winkler地基模型将既有隧道视为弹性地基无限长梁,将土体自由位移或附加应力施加于隧道,并建立求解该问题的纵向变形方程,从而得到隧道纵向位移和内力的计算表达式。结合离心模型试验结果和工程实例进行分析,验证了方法的有效性。研究成果可为合理制定邻近施工对软土隧道的保护措施提供依据。     

Probability of serviceability failure in a braced excavation in a spatially random field: Fuzzy finite element approach

A simplified framework is proposed for evaluating the probability of “serviceability failure” in a braced excavation in a spatially random field. Here, the “serviceability failure” is said to occur when the excavation-induced wall or ground movement exceeds specified limiting values. Knowledge of this probability can aid in engineering decision-making to prevent damage to adjacent infrastructures. The proposed framework consists of five elements: (1) finite element method (FEM) for analyzing wall and ground responses in a braced excavation, (2) fuzzy set modeling of parameter uncertainty, (3) spatial averaging technique for handling spatial variability, (4) vertex method for processing fuzzy input through FEM model, and (5) interpretation of fuzzy output. The proposed framework is demonstrated through a well-documented case history. The results show the proposed framework is simple and effective for assessing the probability of serviceability failure in a braced excavation in a spatially random field. To focus on the proposed fuzzy FEM approach, the scope of this paper is limited to one-dimensional modeling of spatial variability with an assumed exponential autocorrelation function.     

基于遗传算法的隧道围岩变形稳定可靠性分析

由于隧道的开挖,隧道围岩的初始应力状态将发生变化,围岩发生卸荷变形,并可能导致隧道的失稳。为了研究隧道开挖后围岩变形的可靠性,建立了隧道围岩变形可靠度指标计算模型,并用遗传算法进行求解。应用本文方法对一高速公路隧道围岩变形的可靠性进行分析。从结果可以看出,围岩的潜在破坏区域出现在拱顶和两侧拱肩区域,从这些区域的可靠度指标和破坏概率值可以看出,该隧道毛洞的拱顶下沉和拱肩收敛可靠度都满足不了规范的要求,要及时进行支护。     

预应力锚杆复合土钉墙支护体系增量解析方法

以预应力锚杆复合土钉支护体系受力变形为分析对象,假定潜在滑裂面为平面,并考虑土体分层开挖过程,将施加预应力作为一个施工工况,建立了预应力锚杆复合土钉支护体系受力变形的增量解析方法。锚杆预应力和设置位置影响分析表明,随着锚杆预应力值的增加,潜在滑裂面的倾角逐渐减小,对基坑整体稳定性的贡献先增大后减小;锚杆设置越低,增加预应力对基坑整体稳定性的贡献越大。通过实际基坑支护工程的数值模拟分析与施工过程监测结果的对比分析,验证了考虑预应力锚杆施工过程特点的复合土钉支护体系增量解析方法的合理性。     

基于裂隙扩展的多级岩质边坡开挖卸荷破坏路径分析

开挖卸荷作用下裂隙岩体边坡的破坏模式与路径分析是边坡工程灾害研究的热点之一,准确识别边坡的潜在破裂路径对工程安全施工和支护优化设计具有重要意义。依据断裂扩展分析方法,将裂隙扩展判别的理论方法开发并应用于数值模拟分析中,通过裂隙尖端应力强度因子计算、裂隙扩展模式识别、裂隙起裂角演算、裂隙扩展交汇等技术实现了岩体中断续裂隙的起裂、扩展与贯通演化过程的快速模拟;以某高速公路沿线裂隙岩体路堑边坡为对象,采用提出的模拟方法分析了多级开挖卸荷作用下坡体裂隙的扩展机制与边坡的破坏路径。结果表明：裂隙岩体边坡从上至下多级开挖过程中,坡肩裂隙首先起裂,并通过拉张型扩展逐渐发展为优势裂隙;随着边坡下挖,优势裂隙沿坡面向下逐步发生拉张/剪切混合型扩展并与既有裂隙交汇,在边坡中上部形成阶梯状扩展破坏路径;裂隙扩展至边坡下部及坡脚后扩展模式由拉张/剪切混合型转化为剪切型,并最终以弧形剪切面从坡脚出露。研究揭示了裂隙岩体边坡多级开挖卸荷作用下上部阶梯状拉张/剪切混合型破裂-下部弧形剪切型破裂的复合破坏模式,可为边坡工程支护设计和施工稳定性控制提供新思路。     

软土地区深基坑连续墙最大变形简易计算方法

采用有限单元法研究了影响软土地区地下连续墙最大侧向变形的主要参数。针对基坑开挖深度H、基坑开挖宽度B、单位宽度地下连续墙系统刚度S、支撑结构的轴向刚度 及黏土归一化的不排水抗剪强度 为不排水抗剪强度, 为有效垂直应力）5个参数进行分析研究,通过回归分析研究结果,给出地下连续墙最大侧向变形的简易计算方法。利用简易计算方法,计算实际工程中基坑案例的地下连续墙最大侧向变形,并与现场监测结果进行对比,验证了计算方法的准确性,可为以后预估地下连续墙最大侧向变形及检查设计提供参考。     

东露天槽仓黄土高边坡开挖支护变形分析

文本针对东露天煤矿槽仓黄土高边坡,利用有限元方法,进行了边坡开挖前后变形规律的数值分析。黄土高边坡开挖后发生较大位移,针对未支护开挖条件下的边坡位移发展分布规律与应力集中区域的模拟结果,对重点支护部位进行动态设计防护。相比物理试验研究,数值试验具有许多优势,对数值模拟结果进行分析,拟在边坡坡面采用锚杆与土钉联合支护方法,在边坡直臂段采用钢内撑与护坡桩联合支护方法。模拟结果表明,该支护方案可以均衡应力分布,有效抑制水平位移的扩大,为边坡重点加固区域的动态设计施工提供了科学依据,达到了工程安全等级的设计要求。     

急倾斜煤层开采地表沉陷的渐近灰色预测

煤层开采所引起的地表沉陷是一种严重的矿区地质灾害。煤层的倾角、厚度等物理条件是地表沉陷的主要影响因素。在水平煤层或缓倾斜煤的开采过程中，由于地层倾角小，地表沉陷具有较完整的规律性，其预测效果也比较理想。但是，在急倾斜煤层的开采中，由于地层倾角较大，赋存条件和地质体物理力学性质的差异，增强了地表下沉的非线性特征，使地表沉陷具有不确定的表现规律。文章对重庆市南桐矿区东林矿的地表沉陷非线性特征进行了探讨，得到了东林煤矿地表下沉曲线的分形维数是1．07。在岩层移动这个系统当中，既含有已知的又含有未知的或非确定的信息，可以作为一个灰色系统来研究。岩层控制系统的状态、结构和边界条件难以精确描述，属本征性灰色系统。文章针对东林煤矿地表下沉曲线非线性较弱的性质，提出用一种基于GM(1，1)的渐近预测模型对东林煤矿42个月的地表下沉量时间序列进行探讨。结果表明，这种模型对急倾斜层开采地表沉陷的预测是一种行之有效的方法。通过对其他工程实例的应用分析，进一步证明这种渐近的灰色预测方法具有相对较高的精度，是一种比较实用的地表沉陷预测方法，具有广泛的工程实用空间。