Mapping tooth surface loss with a fixed-base stereo camera

Change detection of tooth surface loss in the cervical region of a tooth replica has been performed using a fixed-base stereoscopic camera, consisting of two SLR digital cameras with lenses of fixed focal length. Commercial digital photogrammetric and calibration software was used to perform a convergent multi-station calibration with an artefact comprising a transilluminated planar array and a tiered object exhibiting optical texture. Digital surface models of a tiered test object and a tooth surface containing a non-carious cervical lesion were generated from stereo-imagery. The accuracy of automatic mass point measurement of a planar surface was 4 ± 13 μm in Z. The sensitivity of change detection on mapped tooth replicas was 0·03 mm with change ranging from 0·03 to 0·07 mm per annum. Different rates of change were clearly evident in different areas at different times. The results of this investigation suggest that annual change detection studies will provide a clearer picture of the pattern of tooth surface loss and, in combination with other analytical techniques, a more detailed explanation of the natural history of these lesions.     

Hyper Redundancy for Accuracy Enhancement in Automated Close Range Photogrammetry

A generic network design in close range photogrammetry is one where optimal multi-ray intersection geometry is obtained with as few camera stations as practicable. Hyper redundancy is a concept whereby, once the generic network is in place, many additional images are recorded, with the beneficial impact upon object point precision being equivalent to the presence of multiple exposures at each camera position within the generic network. The effective number of images per station within a hyper redundant network might well be in the range of 10 to 20 or more. As is apparent when it is considered that a hyper redundant network may comprise hundreds of images, the concept is only applicable in practice to fully automatic vision metrology systems, where it proves to be a very effective means of enhancing measurement accuracy at the cost of minimal additional work in the image recording phase. This paper briefly reviews the network design and accuracy aspects of hyper redundancy and illustrates the technique by way of the photogrammetric measurement of surface deformation of a radio telescope of 26 m diameter. This project required an object point measurement accuracy of σ  = 0·065 mm, or 1/400 000 of the diameter of the reflector.     

Digital close range photogrammetry for measurement of soil erosion

Many of the processes involved in soil erosion have dimensions on the millimetre scale. Modelling and quantification of such processes require information on soil surface topography with adequate resolution. The purpose of this study was to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) from soil surfaces with high spatial and temporal resolution. Digital photogrammetry was applied for measuring erosion rates on complex-shaped soil surfaces under laboratory rainfall conditions. A total of 60 DEMs were generated, covering a planimetric area of 16 m². The DEMs had a grid resolution of 3 mm. A vertical precision of approximately 1 mm was desired for DEM analysis. A consumer-grade digital camera was used for image acquisition. The camera was calibrated using BLUH software. Homologous points in overlapping images were identified with least squares matching software. Irregularly spaced object coordinates were interpolated to a regular grid in a geographic information system. The resulting DEMs represented the soil surface well. A precision of 1·26 mm in the vertical was attained. The precision of DEM production was limited to camera calibration. Improvements of the setup presented could include the use of better control points and more advanced image matching strategies for identification of homologous points. The DEMs allowed for detailed analysis of soil surface evolution.     

Measuring Flume Surfaces for Hydraulics Research Using a Kodak DCS460

A critical problem in hydraulics research is accurate measurement of fluvially worked sediments, both in the field and in scaled representations of field situations in laboratory flumes. Such measurement must provide information on individual grain characteristics, and their organisation into structures referred to as bedforms. Existing measurement approaches are based upon mechanical or laser profiling devices, which are both expensive and take considerable time to acquire data, particularly where information is required at very high densities. This paper demonstrates how conventional automated terrain model extraction software, combined with image acquisition using a Kodak DCS460 digital camera, has been effective in generating digital elevation models of complex bed morphology. This has reduced time spent collecting data in the flume and has allowed data collection at much higher spatial and temporal densities. Application of the method is illustrated by research carried out at Hydraulics Research Wallingford. Issues discussed include configuration of photographs and control coordinates; appropriate camera calibration methods; stability of inner orientation of the Kodak DCS460; and accuracies obtained. Comparisons with independent check data reveal that accuracies of ±2.5mm have been achieved using a camera-to-object distance of 4.2 m.     

面阵图像定位精度提升方法研究

为了提升面阵相机成像定位精度,以吉林省松原市北部区域的机载面阵图像为实验对象,对成像过程进行误差分析与标定. 机载面阵相机成像存在由三个姿态角引起的定位误差以及由相机镜头畸变等因素产生的畸变误差. 针对以上问题,首先采用严密几何模型,得到面阵图像初步成像结果;然后,采用后方交会和多项式附加参数模型等方法解决内、外方位元素引起的误差问题,得到较为精确的定位结果;最后进行实验验证,测试结果表明,经过内、外方位元素的误差定标,能够控制在5 m以内的范围,精度提升94.37％,处理效果显著. 通过研究标定面阵成像过程中内、外方位元素产生的误差,提高了面阵相机定位精度,对面阵相机成像的应用和推广具有一定价值和科学参考依据.      

利用高帧频相机检测运动控制轴精细形变

在运动控制应用场景中,由于疲劳等原因会导致设备微小形变,因此需要更加密集的观测手段与恢复方法.考虑到待检设备的摄影测量属性及高帧频相机高信息量特性,利用240帧/s的高帧频电荷耦合元件(charge coupled device,CCD)相机结合摄影测量方法实现对运动控制轴形变信息的精确量测,具体步骤如下:(1)固定标...     

高分六号宽幅相机在轨几何定标及精度验证

高分六号宽幅相机能够实现单相机成像幅宽优于800 km,对大尺度地表观测和环境监测具有独特优势。在轨几何定标是光学遥感卫星几何处理的关键环节,直接影响影像的几何质量。本文充分考虑高分六号宽幅相机超大视场的畸变特性以及多谱段的成像特点,提出宽幅相机在轨几何定标方法,采用基于探元指向角的几何定标模型补偿宽幅相机系统误差,通过绝对定标和相对定标方法联合估计各波段的内外定标参数。利用Landsat 8影像、资源三号DSM为参考数据,对宽幅相机进行绝对定标处理,再利用ASTER GDEM为参考数据进行相对定标处理,其几何定标结果表明,高分六号宽幅影像绝对定位精度在3像素左右,内部几何精度能稳定在1像素,且波段间配准精度在0.3像素以内,表明在轨几何定标后高分六号宽幅影像几何质量得到了明显的提升。     

无定向点优化布局的多边交会测量精度分析

多边交会系统利于提高激光跟踪仪坐标测量精度,但测量精度易受测站布局和系统参数标定精度的影响。引入球心拟合的无定向点系统参数标定法,避免传统系统参数标定精度受定向点分布的影响,根据无定向点系统参数标定模型推导出多边交会的最佳测站布局——直角正三棱锥,从而保证多边交会测量精度。仿真结果表明,在5 m范围内,球心拟合的无定向点系统参数标定中误差为0.006 4 mm,最佳测站布局下多边交会的点位中误差为0.005 mm。经标准尺长度测量验证和四面体标准器坐标测量验证,优化后多边交会的长度测量中误差为0.003 6 mm,坐标测量中误差为0.005 3 mm。在无定向点系统参数标定和直角三棱锥布局下,激光跟踪仪多边交会能够实现微米级三维坐标测量。     

一种新型的数码相机室内检校场的建立方法

为了实现普通数码相机应用于摄影测量任务前的检验,提出了一种简易室内数码相机检校场的建立方法和流程。首先进行检校场地的建立,包括场地的选择、标志点的制作及其坐标的量测,然后对检校场的可靠性进行了验证。结果表明所建立的简易室内数码相机检校场能够满足普通数码相机应用于近景摄影测量的检校要求。并且,检校场建立简易,费用较传统数码相机检校场大大降低,是对传统大型室内数码相机检校场的改进。     

Evaluation of the geometric stability and the accuracy potential of digital cameras — Comparing mechanical stabilisation versus parameterisation

Recent tests on the geometric stability of several digital cameras that were not designed for photogrammetric applications have shown that the accomplished accuracies in object space are either limited or that the accuracy potential is not exploited to the fullest extent. A total of 72 calibrations were calculated with four different software products for eleven digital camera models with different hardware setups, some with mechanical fixation of one or more parts. The calibration procedure was chosen in accord to a German guideline for evaluation of optical 3D measuring systems [VDI/VDE, VDI/VDE 2634 Part 1, 2002. Optical 3D Measuring Systems–Imaging Systems with Point-by-point Probing. Beuth Verlag, Berlin]. All images were taken with ringflashes which was considered a standard method for close-range photogrammetry. In cases where the flash was mounted to the lens, the force exerted on the lens tube and the camera mount greatly reduced the accomplished accuracy. Mounting the ringflash to the camera instead resulted in a large improvement of accuracy in object space. For standard calibration best accuracies in object space were accomplished with a Canon EOS 5D and a 35 mm Canon lens where the focusing tube was fixed with epoxy (47  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). The fixation of the Canon lens was fairly easy and inexpensive resulting in a sevenfold increase in accuracy compared with the same lens type without modification. A similar accuracy was accomplished with a Nikon D3 when mounting the ringflash to the camera instead of the lens (52  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). Parameterisation of geometric instabilities by introduction of an image variant interior orientation in the calibration process improved results for most cameras. In this case, a modified Alpa 12 WA yielded the best results (29  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). Extending the parameter model with FiBun software to model not only an image variant interior orientation, but also deformations in the sensor domain of the cameras, showed significant improvements only for a small group of cameras. The Nikon D3 camera yielded the best overall accuracy (25  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space) with this calibration procedure indicating at the same time the presence of image invariant error in the sensor domain. Overall, calibration results showed that digital cameras can be applied for an accurate photogrammetric survey and that only a little effort was sufficient to greatly improve the accuracy potential of digital cameras.     

基线边长法的高精度三维标定场建立

针对大范围的摄影测量,传统量测相机标定精度有限,本文提出一种高精度、大尺度的三维标定场建立方法。该方法采用稳定性良好的天然大理石作为基础结构,并设计通视良好的角形基准座,采用微米级多路激光测距手段获取点位距离,进而基于测边网平差模型直接建立高精度三维标定场。通过模拟多组近似坐标和距离观测值对该算法进行验证。结果表明,该标定场近似坐标的模拟误差不能超过3 mm,单位权中误差与距离观测值模拟误差相当,距离反算值与理论值偏差的标准差是距离观测值模拟误差的一半,验证了测边网计算模型及程序的正确性。该标定场既可为量测相机提供大尺度标定,也可对激光跟踪仪的测量性能进行不定期检核。     

Optimising the accuracy of a low-cost photogrammetric motion study system

Generally, a low-cost image-based motion study system consists of a set of two or more video imaging cameras and a set of object space control targets. The control targets are required to provide for the computation of exterior parameters of the video frames of objects in motion. Subsequently, the computed exterior orientation parameters are used to compute the position of the motion targets. In general, the accuracy of the motion data is dependent largely on the accuracy of the 3D coordinates of the control targets, the computed camera and lens parameters and the frame rate of the camera. Obviously, it is difficult to improve the frame rate of a low-cost camera; however, the other factors may be optimised analytically. Optimising the accuracy of the control targets is a straightforward process and is discussed briefly in the paper. Optimising the computed camera and lens parameters was the main focus of the research. Consequently, the paper provides the detail of the developed optimising technique. The results show that an optimal principal distance and other lens parameters can be determined by analysing the error of a set of highly accurate object distances. The evaluation shows that the accuracy of the video motion study system can be improved by as much as six times or a reduction of scaling error from 1·06 to 1·01.     

多影像空三平差辅助下的车载全景相机严密标定方法

针对目前全景相机标定方法的研究现状,提出了一种多影像光束法空三平差辅助下的全景相机内参数严密标定方法。首先建立全景相机标定场,对组成全景相机的每台单相机的内参数进行标定;然后按照预先设计好的摄影参数,旋转摄影获取全景相机在标定场中多个不同摄影方向的影像,利用其中一个摄站的标定影像和物方控制点通过空间后方交会的方法解算单相机之间的初始相对方位元素,即粗标定;最后将所有摄站的标定影像构建区域网并进行光束法空三平差,获取精确的全景相机参数,即严密标定。试验表明,文中提出的全景相机标定方法可以提高标定结果的精度和可靠性,为全景影像的拼接、量测及真彩点云的生成等后续研究和应用奠定可靠的基础。     

移轴原理的数字相机检校

移轴相机由于其垂视摄影且视场可扩展的优势,已逐步开始应用于航空大面阵多相机系统中。针对当前航空移轴大面阵多相机系统未检校或由于检校精度不高导致几何精度较低的问题,提出了一种针对移轴成像的数字相机几何检校方法。该方法建立了移轴影像像平面坐标系到基准像平面坐标系的转换关系,并以此为基础构建移轴相机几何检校模型。本文以典型的单反移轴相机为例,利用室内三维检校场数据进行了实验验证与分析。结果表明,利用该方法对移轴相机进行检校是可靠的,并达到了较高的精度。     

航测多功能综合检校场自动对中地标的设置

为满足摄影测量免像控点的直接法测图(DR)的生产市场需求,对相机进行独立检验的现状已无法满足DR测图相机的检校需求,必须建设针对DR测图设备的集成系统进行全面检校的综合场地。本文结合863项目的实施,对项目实施中所建立的地对地模拟实验场建设中的地标问题进行了探讨,根据模拟飞行高度50m的大比例尺地形测量需要,确定地标点的测量精度为±1㎜的精度,设计了适合摄影用的地标形状、大小、颜色,在此基础上设计出满足±1㎜的强制对中设备,可满足不同摄影相机的需要,特别是对作业用的对中设备的检验方法进行了全面系统检验方案设计。     

Mathematical modelling of historical reconnaissance CORONA KH-4B Imagery

This paper describes three mathematical modelling methods for high-resolution declassified CORONA KH-4B images. Since CORONA images are collected with a panoramic camera, several types of geometric distortions are involved. Two methods use the modified collinearity equations, and the third involves the terrain-dependent rational function model (RFM) which is considered to be a generic sensor model. Comparative analysis of the three mathematical modelling methods is undertaken. The results show that a ± 1·5 pixels level of horizontal and vertical accuracy can be obtained. A digital elevation model (DEM) of a test site is also created.     

便携式消费级无人机相机标定有效性评估

本文针对近年来在各行业中广泛使用的便携式消费级无人机开展了相机标定有效性研究,分别通过室内标定场和后处理软件对相机进行标定和自标定,在对比无相机标定、飞前相机标定、飞后相机标定和自标定迭代校正等方法所得成图精度后,对不同相机标定方案的有效性进行了评估。结果表明：各种方案成图总体精度差别不大;飞前、飞后相机标定与无相机标定的成图精度相当;自标定迭代校正的成图精度略高于其他方案。可见采用航拍照片自标定参数迭代校正的方法更适合于飞行控制精度和成像系统稳定性都不高的便携式消费级无人机相机标定。     

计算机视觉中摄像机标定精度评估方法

介绍了两种经典的摄像机标定精度评估方法:Tsai提出的测量3维世界精确程度的准则和Weng提出的NSCE、NCE准则。在此基础上,提出了一种基于棋盘格长度的标定精度评估方法。该方法通过交会测量得到的多个棋盘格的边长与实际边长的误差量来衡量摄像机标定的精度,能够比较形象地描述标定结果的精度。     

The accuracy of a river bed moulding/casting system and the effectiveness of a low-cost digital camera for recording river bed fabric

Digital photogrammetry has been used to develop and test an artificial river bed moulding and casting system, which allows the pebbles within a coarse-grain river bed to be recreated for hydraulic research in a laboratory flow channel or flume. Imagery of both the original streambed and the cast facsimile was acquired using a non-metric Kodak DCS460 digital camera and digital elevation models and orthophotographs were derived and compared to assess the accuracy of the moulding and casting system. These comparative tests proved to be critical in modifying and developing the system.
Additional imagery was obtained in the field using a non-metric Olympus C3030 'compact' digital camera to assess whether far cheaper camera technology could deliver data appropriate for such comparative examinations. Internal calibration parameter sets and data that were generated were compared with data obtained by the non-metric Kodak DCS460. These tests demonstrate that digital sensors built around high-quality 35 mm professional camera bodies and lenses are required for comparative examinations and for similar system development.     

计算机视觉中摄像机标定精度评估方法

介绍了两种经典的摄像机标定精度评估方法:Tsai提出的测量3维世界精确程度的准则和Weng提出的NSCE、NCE准则.在此基础上,提出了一种基于棋盘格长度的标定精度评估方法.该方法通过交会测量得到的多个棋盘格的边长与实际边长的误差量来衡量摄像机标定的精度,能够比较形象地描述标定结果的精度.