Agri-cultural Heritage: An Interdisciplinary Field with Development Prospects

Traditional agricultural heritage research has a very long history. Programme on “The conservation and adaptive management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)” initiative launched by FAO in 2002, aimed at not only preserving agricultural heritage system, but also applying the principle of dynamic conservation to promote rural development to benefit local community, to assure food security and maintaining the ecosystem. Since then, many more scientists have been enrolled in the new field focusing on the function and value, application and management, conservation and development and other aspects of these traditional agricultural systems which facilitate an emerging cross-discipline. In this paper, based on the concepts and characteristics of GIAHS and China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS), the author specifies that Agri-cultural Heritage is a compound heritage that integrates the characteristics of natural, cultural and intangible cultural heritage, and a typical social-economic-natural complex ecosystem composed of economic, biological, technological, cultural and landscape components. For their conservation and development, the joint efforts of scientists from economics, ecology, geography, history, management sciences, culturology, ethnology, sociology and other subjects are needed. Based on progresses studies and perspectives of the field, the author felt that although a good start of the research on Agri-cultural Heritage has been made, there is still much room for development which show a steady growth trend and suggested 32 priority areas in research; a new subject of Agroheritology could emerge in the near future.     

Conservation of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the Economically Developed Area：Experiences,Problems and Solutions—A Case Study of Zhejiang Province

Zhejiang Province, located in the Yangtze River Delta region, is representative of China's economically developed areas. It enjoys superior natural conditions and a long history of agriculture, and is a comprehensive agricultural area with integrated development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. It has nurtured the farming culture represented by Hemudu culture and Liangzhu culture, which have given rise to numerous precious Agricultural Heritage Systems. At present, Zhejiang Province has three of the world’s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and 12 China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS), so it not only has the largest number of heritages in China, but it has also attained remarkable achievements in heritage conservation. Taking Zhejiang Province as an example in combination with the rural revitalization strategy, this paper summarizes the achievements in the protection of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) in Zhejiang Province during the past 15 years from the aspects of increasing farmers’ income, cultural Inheritance and industrial upgrading, as well as the conservation experiences in government promotion, community initiative, enterprise participation, technology driving and social linkage. Further, in view of the problems that exist in the current heritage protection,such as imperfect management of heritage sites, low participation of community residents, lack of special protection funds, and imperfect provincial management system,the following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: (1) Improve the management mechanism for the conservation and development of Agricultural Heritage Systems; (2) Develop regional public branding of agricultural products in Agricultural Heritage System sites; (3) Increase the Agricultural Heritage System science education as well as cultural and creative product development; (4) Carry out the evaluation and recognition of IAHS at the provincial level; and (5) Provide substantial support and input to the conservation and utilization of IAHS. This study can provide some guidance for the conservation of IAHS in Zhejiang Province and it provides important reference for IAHS in the economically developed areas in China.     

农业文化遗产地文化关键种的概念、内涵和意义

包括联合国粮农组织(FAO)认定的全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)和一些国家农业部认定的国家重要农业文化遗产(NIAHS)在内的农业文化遗产是一种新的遗产类型,通常具有丰富的生物多样性、多元的传统知识、独特的资源利用技术、杰出的文化景观,是一个典型的社会-生态系统。文化关键种作为塑造了一个地区的社会文化特征的重要物种,可以作为研究社会-生态系统保护与恢复力提升的一种独特视角和方法。本文通过系统梳理文化关键种概念的起源与内涵,分析了它们与生物文化多样性和社会-生态系统保护之间的关系,并结合农业文化遗产的基本特征和保护需求,尝试对农业文化遗产地文化关键种给出了定义,即"在农业文化遗产系统内,由生物资源和文化实践紧密结合,对当地社会文化的稳定性产生重要影响且能够促进农业文化遗产保护目标实现的生物文化复合体"。在此基础上,进一步分析了识别农业文化遗产文化关键种对农业文化遗产保护的主要意义:一是通过文化关键种的识别与保护有助于遗产地关键要素的识别和保护;二是利用文化关键种社区认同度高的优势可以调动社区参与遗产保护的积极性;三是以文化关键种的识别与保护为切入点,有助于更好地实现全球或国家重要农业文化遗产保护目标,即保障食物与生计安全、保护生物多样性、促进传统知识与技术体系传承以及维持景观特征等。     

世界遗产预备项目“丝绸之路-海路-中国段”研究

中国海上丝绸之路申遗于2016年正式启动,迄今尚无有关中国海上丝绸之路申遗专题的综合研究成果。首先建议申遗项目的中英文名称：丝绸之路-海路-中国段（Silk Road-Maritime Route in China）,然后探讨“丝绸之路”申遗的国际背景（除1项“丝绸之路：长安-天山廊道路网”系列跨国世界遗产外,另有8国递交9项“丝绸之路”预备项目）与“丝绸之路-海路-中国”项目的申报意义（主动性、创新性、唯一性、均衡性、政治性、世界性）。并就申报项目的遗产内容提出具体建议：遗产地从31处扩展至141处,遗产类型在文物遗产的基础上增加了聚落遗产（历史文化名镇、名村、街区）。最后提出在UNESCO世界遗产委员会建立“丝绸之路-海路”申遗专项基金。     

基于绿色管理的世界遗产地旅游管理模式研究

近年来,世界各地对世界遗产地旅游资源的开发步伐不断加快,随之而来的出现了很多问题,而其中如何持续有效的经营与管理世界遗产资源已成为亟待解决的首要问题。在对有关世界遗产地管理模式文献梳理的基础上,分析了中国现有世界遗产地管理模式以及存在的一些问题。针对这些存在的问题,笔者以绿色管理为基础对世界遗产地旅游管理模式进行了重构,并且列举了绿色管理在世界遗产地旅游管理模式中的作用,进而凸显绿色管理在世界遗产地管理中的重要性。     

韩国农业和渔业遗产系统的保护与管理(英文)

农业和渔业社区,除食物生产这一基本功能之外,其生物多样性及历史、文化功能正在日益引起人们的兴趣。一直以来,农业遗产系统及韩国重要农业遗产系统的发展都是大韩国民国中央政府的关键目标。在农业遗产系统发展的大前提下,一旦遗产受到损坏,假定其恢复及技术转让变得不可能,则需要开展针对其保护管理的详细研究。作者分析了几个由地方政府上报的韩国重要农业遗产系统实践案例,主要目标是确认每个案例的独特性,同时考量遗产性质、遗产面临的威胁,以及当前保护措施。作者发现,最常见的威胁是,由于农业环境的变化,维护遗产的种群在减少。相应地,每处遗产地都把大力发展当地旅游活动作为解决措施,但当前围绕旅游业制定的管理计划可能导致遗产地受到进一步的损害。作者根据分析,提出未来规划三大重要方面:加深对遗产的理解和认识;要有足够的空间来维护遗产的特性;要有新的产业计划以维持生产活动。这些建议将确保遗产保护和自然环境保护,以及通过生物多样性来确保农业和渔业社区获得有益养护。     

Wilderness survey and evaluation in Australia

Increasing pressures on and interest in remote and natural lands have necessitated the formulation of wilderness protection and management policies by many Australian nature conservation authorities. Planners and managers require detailed information on variation in wilderness quality and the capacity to assess the impact on wilderness of development proposals or management strategies. To meet these demands advances have been made in techniques of wilderness identification and analysis, and a national inventory of remote and natural land in Australia has been commenced. This paper reviews these developments, discussing the newly established National Wilderness Inventory and its implications for wilderness protection in Australia.     

The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Marine Protected Area: valuing local perspectives in environmental protection

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Queensland, Australia, is one of the most recognisable coral reefs in the world. In 1981 the reef was listed on the World Heritage List, to be preserved as an environmental asset of global significance for all people in perpetuity. The GBR is also a landmark Marine Protected Area (MPA) under the World Heritage Marine Programme. Yet management of this iconic property is not without controversy and in recent years a number of impacts, including coastal developments, increased shipping traffic and global warming, have all threatened the reef. Any breach of Australia's World Heritage obligation to protect and conserve the property may yet result in the GBR being placed on the World Heritage List in Danger. In light of the persistent controversy surrounding GBR management, this paper gives voice to the perspectives and values of stakeholders located in and around one site of controversy, Gladstone Harbour, in the southern section of the GBR World Heritage Area. We present the views of users directly exposed to the controversial port expansion development at Gladstone Harbour in the southern GBR to shed light on the importance of community perspectives in marine park management. Our findings show that local views act to reinforce the global environmental protection narrative which underpins the World Heritage (WH) system. In this study local and global values collide and, we argue, that overlooking the perspectives of users has potential deleterious consequences for WH marine site management.     

The Role of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the Construction of China’s National Park System and the Optimisation of the Protected Area System

Conservation-compatible development of rural communities is an important part of nature conservation objectives. Understanding the role of agriculture, which is often practiced in or bordering the protected areas in rural China, is critical for managing conservation networks considering that limited spatial areas are available for enclosed protected areas. Important Agricultural Heritage Systems stand out for their multi-functionality, and some of their values are compatible with nature conservation. This paper examined the concept, management objectives and resource management characteristics of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) by analysing their interactions with national parks in terms of community development. The results reveal that management strategies of dynamic conservation, integrated protection and adaptive management of the IAHS can contribute to those national park management objectives concerning conservation-compatible livelihood. However, the typology of the protected area system, including the traditional agricultural system as a new type, needs further consideration.     

中国世界遗产安全格局的时空演变及威胁因素分析

我国世界遗产数量多,遗产保护面临众多威胁,遗产安全受到越来越多的重视。基于世界遗产中心监测数据,对遗产威胁因素进行概括分析,并借助ArcGIS空间统计分析工具,对我国遗产安全形势及热点进行分析。结合遗产受威胁强度指数,利用TIOP测度各省遗产安全程度,并将受威胁遗产分布的各省划分为安全区、次安全区、危险区、濒危区4个等级,从遗产所在行政区域的尺度分析2001-2011年我国遗产总体安全形势。总体上,我国遗产安全水平处于相对安全状态。     

Integrated,Regional, Natural Resource and Environmental Planning and the Natural Heritage Trust Phase 2: a case study of the Northern Agricultural Catchments Council,Western Australia

Since 2002, the Australian Natural Heritage Trust Phase 2 (NHT2) has required community groups seeking funds for natural resource management projects to have developed nationally accredited regional strategies and investment plans. This case study reports on the progress of one such regional (and sub-regional) group, examining in particular the perceptions of the community group members and other stakeholders of the overall process. Through interviews, participant observation and document analysis in 2004–05, the process of developing a regional strategy and an investment plan by the Northern Agricultural Catchments Council in Western Australia, and the involvement of regional stakeholders in the process, were examined. While the concept of regional-scale management was perceived favourably by community interviewees, their concerns related to increasing bureaucracy, the need for further local involvement, more on-ground action instead of further planning, the relevance of the regional Council to local communities, and the motives of Council members. Communication with regional stakeholders was extensive in preparing the regional strategy, but fell short during the development of the investment plan. The success of the regional planning process will be evidenced by whether members of the regional community actively implement regional priorities, and whether long-term funding and support from the State and Australian governments are provided.     

基于社区参与的世界遗产地旅游开发与保护研究

社区参与是世界遗产地旅游可持续发展的重要因素,但如何将世界遗产地旅游开发与保护同当地社区有机结合起来,使社区主动参与遗产的开发和保护,从而实现社区及遗产的良性发展已备受学者关注。对此,通过对社区参与旅游研究综述,分析目前中国世界遗产保护与旅游开发中的问题,提出了参与规划决策、参与遗产保护等等社区参与遗产保护与旅游开发的途径,使世界遗产地旅游开发持续健康发展。     

The meaning of place: Attachments to Femundsmarka National Park,Norway, among tourists and locals

In Norway, the management of natural and cultural resources is subject to increasing public scrutiny. Conflicts are escalating over many issues concerning the balance between preservation and utilisation. Traditionally conflicts over issues like growth in commercial nature tourism, predator control, forest policies, protected areas management, cultural heritage protection, and rights associated with common access, have been explained in terms of opposing values, attitudes, and goals between urban and rural interests. However, historical differences between the urban and rural in terms of social conditions, employment opportunities, services, cultural norms, and lifestyles are no longer clear-cut or predictable. Nor can differences between urban and rural communities easily explain attitudes or values held in relation to the environment. To examine how a local community and a population of tourists feel about an area we examine data from two separate surveys from the Femundsmarka-Røros region in Southern Norway. This region includes a wilderness-type national park and a historic mining town recognised as a World Heritage Site and including a diverse agricultural landscape. We compare the perspective of the community with that of tourists regarding the strength and nature of attachment to place, and reasons and priorities for resource protection. We also assess how residence and experience of using the area affect attachment to place and attitudes to management priorities. The results have implications both for the management of this particular area, and for how we approach attitude diversity in resource management.     

Protecting Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) by Industrial Integration Development (IID): Practices from China

With Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) increasing in number around the world, their conservation has become a new international research theme. From the perspective of combining theoretical analyses and practical case applications, this study examines the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) conservation pathways and operation mechanisms through industrial integration development (IID). First, the theoretical framework of IID in IAHS sites was constructed according to the requirements of IAHS conservation, which include analyses of the connotation and basic principles of IID, the necessity of IID for IAHS sites, the resource conditions, and the IID pathways. And then based on the theoretical framework, the IID of Longji Terraces in Guangxi, Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System in Yunnan (HHRTS), Aohan Dryland Farming System in Inner Mongolia (ADFS), and Huzhou Mulberry-dyke & Fish-pond System (HMFS) in Zhejiang are analyzed systematically. The main finding is that IID is an effective pathway for IAHS conservation. However, the IID in IAHS sites must stress the ecological and cultural values of the resources; IID should be based on local resource advantages; and IID should attach importance to the combination of different policies and coordination between different stakeholders.     

Unnatural Selection: An Analysis of the Ecological Representativeness of Natural World Heritage Sites*

In 1994, the World Heritage Committee adopted a strategy to make World Heritage Sites more “representative.” This article assesses the biogeographic representativeness of natural World Heritage Sites, identifying well‐represented and underrepresented biomes and ecological realms. The analysis reveals that sites are not representative in biogeographic terms. However, the identification of an optimal definition of representation is a controversial challenge. Furthermore, the value of representativeness as a goal for a program geared toward protecting exceptional sites is questionable. Instead, representativeness is of greater importance across all protected areas, leaving the World Heritage Convention to fulfill its original mission of protecting the “outstanding.”     

世界遗产视野下的矿业遗产研究

对世界遗产名录中矿业遗产的考察是认识该遗产类型、了解国际动向的有效途径。对ICOMOS颁布的《世界遗产中工业和技术遗产项目》名单进行分析,结合世界遗产委员会的项目评语,确定了24项世界矿业遗产。对这些项目研究表明：在登录标准上,世界矿业遗产主要通过文化遗产第ii项、第iii项和第iv项标准入选;在隶属区域上,欧洲北美地...     

Sustainable or Not? Tourism Development in Agricultural Heritage Sites

Tourism is often considered as one of the dynamic conservation and adaptive management approaches in Agricultural Heritage Sites. It has been over 15 years since the GIAHS programme was initiated in China, and tourism developed quickly in the Agricultural Heritage Sites, to some extent because many researchers consider tourism as a significant engine of the local economy. However, this is contrary to the original intention of agricultural heritage tourism as it was proposed in the first place. Apparently, there are some overt problems during the tourism development process, which are mainly as follows: Some threats to Agricultural Heritage Systems are ubiquitous; The tourism development mode in Agricultural Heritage Sites is questionable; Community involvement is difficult to implement; And the negative environmental impacts are easy to overlook. Under the context of global development, the UNWTO sustainable tourism criteria provide some guidance for agricultural heritage tourism. Based on the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria, combined with previous survey experiences and related researches, this paper analyzes the tourism sustainability of all the 15 GIAHS sites in China, and explores the current sustainable tourism development level. On this basis, an agricultural heritage sustainable tourism development framework was built in an attempt to find the road to sustainability for agricultural heritage tourism. The framework in the global and local contexts is trying to connect all the important elements related to agricultural heritage tourism according to the UNWTO sustainable tourism criteria.     

中国遗产保护中地质公园面临的挑战

The author selects a thorny issue of doubled designations that bother policy-makers, professional planners and managers in the field of conservation for protected areas. The analyzed case study areas cover 5 National Geoparks of China in Sichuan Province, 18 UNESCO Global Geoparks in China, and 219 World Heritage sites in China and 8 European nations. Through analysis and synthesis, the author concludes that doubled designation, which also leads to unbalanced park distribution, is particularly prevalent in China other than in Europe. Therefore, on-site management agencies and related governments in China should carefully translate the doubled designations into responsibilities and harmonious partnerships between all stakeholders in order to enhance the management effectiveness and avoid paper park phenomenon.     

世界文化遗产时空分布及其与人类城市文明的关系

将位于城市中的联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产名单在Google地图上完整体现,全样本统计、分析城市中的世界文化遗产的时空分布特征,试图揭示世界文化遗产与人类文明（尤其是城市文明）发展历程之间的相互关系。实证结果显示：1）被认定的世界文化遗产总数832项,其中417项与人类城市文明发展相关联,多数为城市的历史城区建筑景观;2）从空间上看,反映欧美地区城市文明的世界文化遗产最多,非洲地区最少,这与经济发展水平和城市文明发达程度相关;3）结合时间维度,古代（3500 B.C.―A.D.500）城市中的世界文化遗产主要分布在耕种农业发达的沿河地区以及宗教类遗址所在地;中世纪（A.D.500―A.D.1500）遗产数量的变化见证了中世纪城市文明由初期的式微走向后期复兴活跃的过程,亚洲等区域宫殿类、古典园林类、坛庙等多种类型遗产的出现说明了文明在欧洲之外地区的生长;16世纪至今遗产的数量最多,遗产类型更为丰富,出现殖民城市遗产、军事要塞类遗产、工业遗产以及线性文化遗产,展示了殖民扩张、工业发展过程,以及以线性的方式体现城市历史的动态发展和功能演变;4）从世界文化遗产与城市文明的关系来看,城市中的世界文化遗产反映了人类解决城市问题的智慧,展现了特殊城市深厚的人文艺术底蕴,同时宏观上世界文化遗产基本覆盖了全球人类城市文明的历史进程以及不同区域的人类文明,体现了不同地域的典型特色、文化多样性与发展的延续性。总的来说,在全球化以及我国“一带一路”发展战略的背景下,城市中的世界文化遗产是城市文明的重要载体,未来研究亟需利用更广阔、更多元的视角探讨跨地域、跨国界下的文化遗产保护和发展。     

Progresses and Perspectives of the Resource Evaluation Related to Agri-cultural Heritage Tourism

The scientific evaluation of tourism resources is not only an important prerequisite for the development of agri-cultural heritage tourism (AHT), but it can also promote the conservation and management of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS). With the goal of providing scientific support for the sustainable management of tourism resources, this review systematically analyzes the overall situation, research regions, developmental timeline trends, key fields and hot topics of resource evaluation research related to AHT over 2005-2020. With a comprehensive perspective that incorporates both traditional literature review and quantitative literature review, the study revealed four important aspects of AHT research. (1) Relevant articles could be divided into two phases, a development-oriented period (2005-2012) and a conservation-oriented period (2013-2020). (2) GIAHS accounts for the absolute majority (about 66.7%) of relevant studies. In particular, Longji Terraces System, Hani terraces system and Dong’s Rice-Fish-Duck System were the research hotspots IAHS, and Yunnan, Zhejiang and Guangxi were the research hotspot provinces. (3) Terraced landscapes and tea culture were the most popular themes in tourism resource evaluation, while sports tourism, tea culture tourism and study tours are becoming the new trends in IAHS sites. (4) Research methods have undergone a shift from qualitative to quantitative approaches, and a combination of these two in an interdisciplinary manner is becoming a new research trend. By reviewing and prospecting the relevant literature, this study not only makes a unique contribution to the tourism resource evaluation of IAHS, but also helps to enrich the relevant evaluation theories and further promote the sustainable development of heritage tourism from theoretical and methodological perspectives.