中祁连西段石板墩堆晶岩的地球化学特征及构造意义

石板墩堆晶岩位于中祁连地块西段党河断裂带北侧,主要由橄榄岩、蛇纹石化橄辉岩和辉长岩组成,具有多旋回、多韵律层的产出特征。辉长岩LA ICP MS锆石U Pb年龄为(4865 ± 33) Ma。岩石地球化学结果显示,蛇纹石化橄辉岩和辉长岩配分型式十分相似,具有富集大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素、LREE相对富集、HREE平坦型分布以及正Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=097~304)的特点。研究结果表明,蛇纹石化橄辉岩、辉长岩为同源岩浆作用的产物,源区为被俯冲流体交代过的软流圈地幔,形成于火山弧环境,是在岩浆作用过程中不断发生堆晶作用,并在堆晶之后再次泵入混合大量新的玄武岩浆反复进行所形成。结合区域大地构造背景,认为中祁连西段是早古生代早期在残留的微陆块基础上形成的一个火山弧增生杂岩地体。     

内蒙古赤峰柴胡栏子金矿基性麻粒岩包体特征及其成矿动力学意义

柴胡栏子金矿位于华北板块北缘,属中温热液蚀变岩型金矿。金成矿与矿区北部的早中生代辉石闪长岩体有密切关系。在辉石闪长岩体内发育大量包体,可以分为基性麻粒岩和角闪岩两类包体。包体的地球化学、形成温压条件表明基性岩包体为来源于大陆下地壳的基性麻粒岩包体,来源深度大约相当于下地壳中部-中上部位置,为早中生代时期底侵作用的产物。角闪岩包体来源于下地壳上部-中地壳下部位置,被上升岩浆带至地壳浅部。包体和寄主岩石具有相似的地球化学和氧、铅、锶、钕同位素特征,说明二者具有相同的岩浆来源。基性麻粒岩包体为底侵作用早期形成的堆晶岩受到后续岩浆的烘烤发生麻粒岩化形成。基性麻粒岩和寄主岩石辉石闪长岩与金矿床形成的密切时空关系显示底侵作用对柴胡栏子金矿含矿流体形成、运移和矿质富集有重要控制作用,其中 H2O和CO2等挥发性组分对控制流体形成和演化有至关重要作用。基性麻粒岩包体发育为成柴胡栏子金矿成矿物质来源于深部提供了有力的证据。     

Concentric zoning in the Tunk Lake pluton,coastal Maine

The Tunk Lake pluton of coastal Maine, USA is a concentrically zoned granitic body that grades from an outer hypersolvus granite into subsolvus rapakivi granite, and then into subsolvus non-rapakivi granite, with gradational contacts between these zones. The pluton is partially surrounded by a zone of basaltic and gabbroic enclaves, interpreted as quenched magmatic droplets and mushes, respectively, as well as gabbroic xenoliths, all hosted by high-silica granite. The granite is zoned in terms of mineral assemblage, mineral composition, zircon crystallization temperature, and major and trace element concentration, from the present-day rim (interpreted as being closer to the base of the chamber) to the core (interpreted as being closer to the upper portions of the chamber). The ferromagnesian mineral assemblage systematically changes from augite and hornblende with augite cores in the outermost hypersolvus granite to hornblende, to hornblende and biotite, and finally, to biotite only in the subsolvus granite core of the pluton. Sparse fine-grained basaltic enclaves that are most common in the outermost zone of the pluton suggest that basaltic magma was present in the lower portions of the magma chamber at the same time that the upper portions of the magma chamber were occupied by a granitic crystal mush. However, the slight variations in initial Nd isotopic ratio in granites from different zones of the pluton suggest that contamination of the granitic melt by basaltic melt played little role in generating the compositional gradation of the pluton. The zone of basaltic and gabbroic chilled magmatic enclaves, and gabbroic xenoliths, hosted by high-silica granite, that partially surround the pluton is interpreted as mafic layers at the base of the pluton that were disrupted by invading late-stage high-silica magma. These mafic layers are likely to have consisted of basaltic lava layers and basalt that chilled against granitic magma to produce coarse-grained gabbroic mush. Basaltic and gabbroic magmatic enclaves and gabbroic xenoliths are hornblende-bearing, suggesting that their parent melts were relatively hydrous. The water-rich nature of the underplating mafic magmas may have prevented extensive invasion of the granitic magma by these magmas, owing to the much greater viscosity of the granitic magma than the mafic magmas in the temperature range over which magma interaction could have occurred.     

Geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic xenoliths from Fidra (Southern Uplands, Scotland): implications for lithospheric processes in Permo-Carboniferous times

Several types of xenoliths occur in a Permian basanite sill in Fidra, eastern central Scotland. One group consists of spinel lherzolites, which have geochemical and isotopic characteristics similar to those of lithospheric upper mantle from elsewhere in western Europe, with both LREE-depleted and LREE-enriched compositions. A separate group comprises pyroxenites and wehrlites, some of which contain plagioclase; these have compositions and textures that indicate that they are cumulates from mafic magmas. In terms of Sr and Nd isotope compositions, the pyroxenites closely resemble the host basanite and most likely formed by high-pressure fractionation of Permo-Carboniferous alkaline magmas at lower crustal depths. They also have mantle-like δ¹⁸O values. A third group is composed of granulite xenoliths that vary between plagioclase-rich and clinopyroxene-rich compositions, some of which probably form a continuum with the pyroxenites and wehrlites. They are all LREE-enriched and most have positive Eu anomalies; thus, they are also mostly cumulates from mafic magmas. Many of the granulites also have Sr and Nd radiogenic isotope ratios similar to those of the host basanite, indicating that they have formed from a similar magma. However, several of the granulites show more enriched isotopic compositions, including higher δ¹⁸O values, trending towards an older crustal component. Thus, the pyroxenites and granulites are largely cogenetic and are mainly the product of a mafic underplating event that occurred during the widespread magmatism in central Scotland during Permo-Carboniferous times.     

The lithosphere beneath the Sangilen Plateau, Siberia: evidence from peridotite, pyroxenite and gabbro xenoliths from alkaline basalts

Summary Ultramafic and mafic xenoliths in Ordovician Agardag alkaline basalt dikes from the Sangilen Plateau, southeastern Siberia, provide samples from the upper mantle and crust beneath central Asia. Three major groups were distinguished among the xenoliths: Group I xenoliths are spinel lherzolites, Group II xenoliths are spinel-garnet clinopyroxenites, and Group III comprises gabbroic xenoliths with two subgroups: Group IIIa comprises garnet bearing gabbroids and Group IIIb is represented by garnet-free gabbroids. The spinel lherzolite xenoliths represent the uppermost lithospheric mantle beneath the Sangilen Plateau and have geochemical characteristics similar to those of primitive mantle. Spinel-garnet clinopyroxenite and gabbroic xenoliths are of igneous origin and represent fragments of intrusive bodies crystallized at depths close to the mantle-crust boundary, as well as in the lower and the upper crust. The gabbroic xenoliths are evidently the crystallization products of melts similar in major and trace element composition to parental magma of the Bashkymugur gabbronorite-monzodiorite intrusion. Gabbroic xenoliths from the Ordovician Agardag alkaline basalt dikes demonstrate the presence of intermediate magmatic chambers within the crust beneath the Sangilen Plateau during the Early Palaeozoic. The relatively high equilibration temperatures of the mantle and lower crust xenoliths in the Agardag alkaline basalt dikes are largely attributable to a plume occurring beneath the Sangilen Plateau during the Ordovician.     

Cretaceous lower crust of the continental margins of the northern pacific: Petrological and geochronological data on lower to middle crustal xenoliths

Despite the exposures of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks and the accretionary tectonic history of the northern Pacific (northeastern Asia, Alaska, and Kamchatka), it is likely that a considerable portion of the lower crust of the continental margins is much younger and was generated by Cretaceous postaccretion magmatic events. Data on xenoliths suggest that Late Cretaceous and Paleocene mafic intrusions and cumulates of calc-alkaline magmas may become more important with increasing depth. This conclusion is based on the petrological and geochronological investigation of lower-middle crustal xenoliths borne by mantlederived alkali basalt lavas and U-Pb dating of zircon cores from the igneous rocks of the region. We studied deep mafic xenoliths of granulites and gabbroids (accounting for <2% of the general xenolith population) from the Late Neogene alkali basalt lavas of the Enmelen and Viliga volcanic fields (Russia) and the Imuruk volcanic field in the Seward Peninsula, St. Lawrence Island, and Nunivak Island (Alaska). Depleted MORB-like varieties and relatively enriched in radiogenic isotopes and LREE rocks were distinguished among plagioclase-bearing xenoliths. The most representative collection of Enmelen xenoliths was subdivided into three groups: LREE enriched charnockitoids and mafic melts, pyroxene-plagioclase cumulates with a positive Eu anomaly, and LREE depleted garnet gabbroids. Mineral thermobarometry and calculated seismic velocities (P = 5–12 kbar, T = 740–1100°C, and V _p = 7.1 ± 0.3 km/s) suggest that the xenoliths were transported from the lower and middle crust, and the rocks show evidence for their formation through the magmatic fractionation of calc-alkaline magmas and subsequent granulite-facies metamorphism. The U-Pb age of zircon from the xenoliths ranges from the Cretaceous to Paleocene, clustering mainly within 107–56 Ma (147 crystals from 17 samples were dated). The zircon dates were interpreted as reflecting the magmatic and metamorphic stages of the growth and modification of the regional crust. The distribution of the obtained age estimates corresponds to the main magmatic pulses in two largest magmatic belts of the region, Okhotsk-Chukchi and Anadyr-Bristol. The absence of older inherited domains in zircons from both the xenoliths and igneous rocks of the regions is a strong argument in favor of the idea on the injection of juvenile material and underplating of calc-alkaline magmas in the lower crust during that time interval. This conclusion is supported by isotope geochemical data: the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios of the rocks and xenolith minerals show mantle signatures (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7040–0.70463, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.51252–0.51289, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.32–18.69) corresponding to an OIB source and are in general similar to those of the Cretaceous calc-alkaline basalts and andesites from continental-margin suprasubduction volcanoplutonic belts. Xenoliths from Nunivak Island and Cape Navarin show more depleted (MORB-like) geochemical and isotopic characteristics, which indicates variations in the composition of the lower crust near the southern boundary of the Bering Sea shelf.     

Geochemistry and tectonic setting of mafic rocks from the Othris Ophiolite,Greece

We present new geochemical analyses of minerals and whole rocks for a suite of mafic rocks from the crustal section of the Othris Ophiolite in central Greece. The mafic rocks form three chemically distinct groups. Group 1 is characterized by N-MORB-type basalt and basaltic andesite with Na- and Ti-rich clinopyroxenes. These rocks show mild LREE depletion and no HFSE anomalies, consistent with moderate degrees (~15%) of anhydrous partial melting of depleted mantle followed by 30–50% crystal fractionation. Group 2 is represented by E-MORB-type basalt with clinopyroxenes with higher Ti contents than Group 1 basalts. Group 2 basalts also have higher concentrations of incompatible trace elements with slightly lower HREE contents than Group 1 basalts. These chemical features can be explained by ~10% partial melting of an enriched mantle source. Group 3 includes high MgO cumulates with Na- and Ti-poor clinopyroxene, forsteritic olivine, and Cr-rich spinel. The cumulates show strong depletion of HFSE, low HREE contents, and LREE enrichments. These rocks may have formed by olivine accumulation from boninitic magmas. The petrogenesis of the N-MORB-type basalts and basaltic andesites is in excellent agreement with the melting conditions inferred from the MOR-type peridotites in Othris. The occurrence of both N- and E-MORB-type lavas suggests that the mantle generating the lavas of the Othris Ophiolite must have been heterogeneous on a comparatively fine scale. Furthermore, the inferred parental magmas of the SSZ-type cumulates are broadly complementary to the SSZ-type peridotites found in Othris. These results suggest that the crustal section may be genetically related to the mantle section. In the Othris Ophiolite mafic rocks recording magmatic processes characteristic both of mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones occur within close spatial association. These observations are consistent with the formation of the Othris Ophiolite in the upper plate of a newly created intra-oceanic subduction zone. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

滇东南建水地区高镁火山岩包体的成因和构造背景

在滇东南建水地区发现产于峨眉山玄武岩中的高镁火山岩包体,这对于地幔柱的形成演化具有重要研究意义.对这些包体进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和岩矿分析.高镁火山岩包体具斑状结构,致密块状构造,斑晶主要为贵橄榄石和透辉石.13颗锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS加权平均年龄为259±2Ma(MSWD=1.9),显示与寄主岩石同期形成.包体岩石具有高镁(Mg~#=68～75)、低硅(SiO_2=45.11%～45.93%)特征,轻稀土元素(LREE)、高场强元素(HFSE)富集而重稀土元素(HREE)亏损,属于亚碱性、拉斑玄武岩系列,具有板内玄武岩(IPB)特征.火山岩包体的原始岩浆起源于石榴子石二辉橄榄岩低程度部分熔融的产物,岩浆演化过程中发生了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,在侵位上升过程中未受明显的地壳混染作用.该高镁火山岩的存在,显示地幔柱除了垂直上升运动外,在地球深部不同的边界还有多次侧向扩展移动,表明滇东南晚二叠世存在峨眉山地幔柱的一个分支-地幔枝活动.     

Metamorphism and Anatexis in the Mafic Complex Contact Aureole, Ivrea Zone, Northern Italy

Emplacement of mantle-derived magma (magmatic accretion) isoften presumed or inferred to be an important cause of regionalgranulite facies metamorphism and crustal anatexis. The juxtapositionof mafic cumulates and regionally distributed granulite faciesrocks has led some to consider the Ivrea zone (northern Italy,Southern Alps) as an important exposure that demonstrates thiscausal relationship. However, regional PTt paths indicated bymetamorphic reaction textures and PT conditions inferred fromgeothermobarometry indicate that the emplacement of mafic plutonicrocks (Mafic Complex) at the Ivrea zone occurred during decompressionfrom ambient pressures at the regional thermal maximum. Fieldand petrographic observations, supported by PT estimates, indicatethat regional retrograde decompression and emplacement of theupper parts of the Mafic Complex probably accompanied extensionduring the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian. A spatiallyrestricted decompression-melting event accompanied final emplacement,depleting supracrustal rocks enclosed by an     

Petrology of mafic enclaves in the 2006–2012 eruptive products of Bezymianny Volcano,Kamchatka

This paper reports the results of the first comprehensive petrological study of mafic enclaves widespread in the products of recent (2006–2012) eruptions of Bezymianny Volcano, Kamchatka. Four types of mafic enclaves were distinguished on the basis of the composition and morphology of minerals, P–T conditions of formation of mineral assemblages, and structural and textural characteristics of the rocks. Disequilibrium assemblages of mafic enclaves indicate a complex structure of the magmatic plumbing system of the volcano, including a shallow chamber with andesite–basaltic andesite magmas and a deep reservoir filled in part with plagioclase–hornblende cumulates and fed by basic magmas with mantle harzburgite xenoliths. The mafic enclaves were formed at different levels of the magmatic plumbing system of the volcano and correspond to different degrees of mixing of interacting magmas. The most abundant enclaves were formed during magma ascent from the deep reservoir (960–1040°C, 5–9 kbar) into the shallow andesitic chamber (940–980°C). Enclaves of plagioclase–hornblende cumulates from the basic magmas feeding the deep reservoir (T > 1090°C and P > 9 kbar) are much less common.     

Origin of rhyolite and rhyodacite lavas and associated mafic inclusions of Cape Akrotiri,Santorini: the role of wet basalt in generating calcalkaline silicic magmas

Amphibole-bearing mafic inclusions (low to medium-K high-alumina basalt to basaltic andesite) comprise 4.1 vol% of calc-alkaline rhyolite and rhyodacite lavas on Akrotiri Peninsula, Santorini, Greece. Physical features indicate a magmatic origin for the inclusions, involving mingling with the host silicic magma and quenching. Water contents of the mafic magmas are estimated to have been above 4% at water pressures of 1.8 kbars or more at temperatures of approximately 950–1,000 °C. Three evolutionary stages are inferred in their petrogenesis. In the first stage infiltration of slab fluids promotes partial melting in the mantle to generate primitive wet basaltic magmas enriched in LREE, LILE, Th and U in comparison to N-type MORB. In the second stage storage and crystal differentiation of primitive magmas occurred in the lithospheric mantle or deep crust, involving olivine, spinel and clinopyroxene followed by amphibole and plagioclase. In the third stage differentiated mafic magma intrudes into porphyritic silicic magma at shallower crustal levels (estimated at 7–10 km). Mingling and quenching of the mafic magmas within the silicic host causes chemical or physical interactions between the inclusions and the host prior to and during eruption. The silicic lavas have geochemical affinities with the mafic inclusions, but are relatively depleted in MREE, HREE and Y and enriched in Rb relative to Ba and K. These observations are consistent with involvement of amphibole in magma genesis due either to crystal differentiation from wet basalt or to partial melting of mafic rocks with residual amphibole. Crystallization of wet basalt in the deep crust is preferred on the basis of physical considerations.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.Editorial responsibility: I. Parsons     

Metasomatic zoning of subcratonic lithosphere in Siberia: physicochemical modeling

Nonisothermal equilibrium physicochemical dynamics has been numerically modeled to estimate the effect of reduced asthenosphere fluids on continental lithosphere profiles beneath the Siberian Platform (SP). When the over-asthenosphere continental mantle is metasomatically changed by reduced magmatic fluids, the following sequence of zones forms: (1) zone where initial rocks are intensively sublimated and depleted by most petrogenic components; the restite in this case becomes carbonated, salinated and graphitized; (2) zone of Si and Fe enrichment and carbon deposition in initial rocks depleted in Na, K, P, Mn; (3) zone of diamond-bearing lherzolites enriched with Na; (4) zone of hydrated rocks enriched with K; (5) zone of hydrated rocks not enriched with petrogenic components. Zone 1 can be responsible for the formation of kimberlite melts, zones 3 and 4 can be substrates of alkaline magma melting, and zone 5 can be the source of mafic tholeiitic magma.     

Lithospheric petrology beneath the northern part of the Arabian Plate in Syria: evidence from xenoliths in alkali basalts

A petrological model for the upper mantle and lower crust under the northern part of the Arabian Plate (Syria) has been derived on the basis of petrology of upper mantle and lower crustal xenoliths occurring in the Neogene to Quaternary alkali basalts of the Shamah volcanic fields. The xenolith suite has been classified by texture mineralogy and chemistry into the following groups: (1) Type I metasomatised and dry Cr diopside xenoliths with protogranular to porphyroclastic textures; (2) Type II Al augite spinal and garnet pyroxenite and websterite which have igneous and/or porphyroclastic textures and abundant phlogopite and/or amphibole; (3) Cr-poor megacrysts; and (4) mafic lower crustal xenoliths. Estimates of Type I xenolith temperatures are 990–1070°C with pressure between 13 and 19 kbar. Type II xenoliths yield temperatures of 930–1150°C and pressures in the range 12—13 kbar. The lower crustal xenolith mineral assemblages and geothermometry based on coexisting minerals suggest equilibration conditions between 6 and 8 kbar and 820–905°C. Mantle plumes, which may be the source of the volatile flux, have implications for melt generation in the Arabian basalt provinces. It is estimated that the lithosphere beneath the Arabian Plate is less than 80 km thick. Xenolith data and geophysical studies indicate that the Moho is located at a depth of 40–37 km and that the crust-mantle transition zone has a thickness of 8–5 km and occurs at a depth of 27–30 km. The boundary between an upper granitic crust and a lower mafic crust occurs at a depth of 19 km. Type I dry xenoliths show a low overall concentration of REE (La/Yb =1–2 and Sm = 0.7–1.1 times chondrite), whereas Type I hydrous xenoliths are LREE enriched (La/Yb=6–9 and Sm=1.1–1.3 times chondrite). Type II xenoliths show high overall LREE enrichment. Petrological and geochemical data for the lower crustal xenoliths indicate that these xenoliths represent basaltic cumulates crystallised at lower crustal pressures.     

Petrological and experimental evidence for differentiation of water-rich magmas beneath St. Kitts,Lesser Antilles

St. Kitts lies in the northern Lesser Antilles, a subduction-related intraoceanic volcanic arc known for its magmatic diversity and unusually abundant cognate xenoliths. We combine the geochemistry of xenoliths, melt inclusions and lavas with high pressure–temperature experiments to explore magma differentiation processes beneath St. Kitts. Lavas range from basalt to rhyolite, with predominant andesites and basaltic andesites. Xenoliths, dominated by calcic plagioclase and amphibole, typically in reaction relationship with pyroxenes and olivine, can be divided into plutonic and cumulate varieties based on mineral textures and compositions. Cumulate varieties, formed primarily by the accumulation of liquidus phases, comprise ensembles that represent instantaneous solid compositions from one or more magma batches; plutonic varieties have mineralogy and textures consistent with protracted solidification of magmatic mush. Mineral chemistry in lavas and xenoliths is subtly different. For example, plagioclase with unusually high anorthite content (An_≤100) occurs in some plutonic xenoliths, whereas the most calcic plagioclase in cumulate xenoliths and lavas are An₉₇ and An₉₅, respectively. Fluid-saturated, equilibrium crystallisation experiments were performed on a St. Kitts basaltic andesite, with three different fluid compositions (XH₂O = 1.0, 0.66 and 0.33) at 2.4 kbar, 950–1025 °C, and fO₂ = NNO ? 0.6 to NNO + 1.2 log units. Experiments reproduce lava liquid lines of descent and many xenolith assemblages, but fail to match xenolith and lava phenocryst mineral compositions, notably the very An-rich plagioclase. The strong positive correlation between experimentally determined plagioclase-melt Kd_Ca–Na and dissolved H₂O in the melt, together with the occurrence of Al-rich mafic lavas, suggests that parental magmas were water-rich (> 9 wt% H₂O) basaltic andesites that crystallised over a wide pressure range (1.5–6 kbar). Comparison of experimental and natural (lava, xenolith) mafic mineral composition reveals that whereas olivine in lavas is predominantly primocrysts precipitated at low-pressure, pyroxenes and spinel are predominantly xenocrysts formed by disaggregation of plutonic mushes. Overall, St. Kitts xenoliths and lavas testify to mid-crustal differentiation of low-MgO basalt and basaltic andesite magmas within a trans-crustal, magmatic mush system. Lower crustal ultramafic cumulates that relate parental low-MgO basalts to primary, mantle -derived melts are absent on St. Kitts.     

Phanerozoic magma underplating and crustal growth beneath the North China Craton

Evidence for post‐Archaean crustal growth via magma underplating is largely based on U–Pb dating of zircons from granulite‐facies xenoliths. However, whether the young zircons from such xenoliths are genetically related to magma underplating or to anatexis remains controversial. The lower‐crustal xenoliths carried by igneous rocks in the Chifeng and Ningcheng (North China Craton) have low SiO₂ and high MgO, indicating that parental melts of their protoliths were of unambiguous mantle origin. The xenoliths contain abundant magmatic zircons with late‐Palaeozoic ages, and have more radiogenic zircon Hf‐isotope compositions and hence younger model ages than ancient crustal magmas and the “reworking array” of the basement rocks. Our data suggest that the granulites represent episodic magmatic underplating to the lower crust of this craton in Phanerozoic time. Considering the observation that regional lowermost crust (~5 km) is mafic and characterized by Phanerozoic zircons, this work reports an example of post‐Archaean crustal growth via magma underplating.     

塔里木克拉通东北缘二叠纪镁铁质岩浆氧化物与硫化物成矿条件对比

塔里木克拉通东北缘坡北、磁海等地二叠纪幔源岩浆活动形成了镍钴硫化物矿床和铁钴氧化物矿床,两者赋矿镁铁-超镁铁岩体的年龄相近(290～260 Ma),主、微量元素和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成相似,分配系数接近的微量元素比值分布于相同趋势线,揭示两者岩浆源区相同,可能为俯冲板片流体交代的亏损地幔或软流圈地幔。两类矿床镁铁-超镁铁质岩中Co与Ni含量正相关,Co主要富集在基性程度高的岩石中;块状硫化物与磁铁矿矿石中Co与Ni相关性差,Co和Ni具有不同的富集机制,Co热液富集作用明显。北山镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体是地幔柱相关软流圈上涌,诱发俯冲板片交代的亏损岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融,形成的高镁母岩浆演化过程中经历壳源混染、硫化物饱和富集镍钴形成铜镍钴硫化物矿床,富铁母岩浆氧逸度高、富水,岩浆分离结晶磁铁矿、叠加热液作用富集钴,形成铁钴氧化物矿床。     

U–Pb geochronology and Lu–Hf isotopes of zircons from newly identified Permian–Early Triassic plutons in western Liaoning province along the northern margin of the North China Craton: constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic setting

Mafic to felsic gneisses along the northern margin of the North China Craton (NMNCC), in western Liaoning province, China, were previously assumed to be part of Archean metamorphic basement but are here identified as younger (Permian–Early Triassic) intrusions. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb isotopic dating reveals that the magmatic precursors of the mafic gneisses were emplaced from 295 ± 3 to 259 ± 2 Ma and that the magmatic precursors of the dioritic and monzogranitic gneisses were emplaced at 267 ± 1 and 251 ± 2 Ma, respectively, thus recording a continuum of Permian to Early Triassic magmatism. The mafic and dioritic rocks exhibit zircon ε_Hf(t) values from ?20.7 to ?3.3, suggesting they were mainly derived from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle source, possibly involving some crustal contamination. The monzogranitic rocks display their zircon ε_Hf(t) values of +0.9 to +4.7, indicating the acidic magma was derived from partial melting of juvenile crustal materials from the depleted mantle source. Crustal model ages (T _DM ^C ) obtained from zircon Hf isotopes of these monzogranitic rocks range from 976 to 1,215 Ma, with an average of 1,074 ± 32 Ma, possibly implying an episode of Grenvillian crustal growth in western Liaoning province. These new lines of evidence show that the NMNCC witnessed abundant magmatic activity and interaction of the crust and mantle during the Permian and Early Triassic and that the mafic magmatism was earlier than the monzogranitic activity. These findings indicate that the monzogranitic activity was the result of underplating of mafic magma with an enriched mantle source. In the context of regional Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic magmatic activity, the Permian magmatism occurred in an Andean-style continental margin setting when the Paleo-Asian oceanic plate was subducted beneath the NMNCC, and in this context, the Late Permian to Early Triassic magmatism may have been linked to post-collisional extension and asthenospheric upwelling, suggesting that the western Liaoning province in the NMNCC may be an eastward extension of the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic active continental margin.     

Early Cretaceous mantle upwelling and melting of juvenile lower crust in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt: Example from Tongshankou Cu-(MoW) ore deposit

The linkage between intracontinental extension and the Early Cretaceous Cu-Mo-W polymetallic metallogenesis in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Belt (MLYRB) has long been a subject of controversy due to the lack of convincing petrogenetic evidence to identify the nature of magmatic sources and their geological histories during extensional mantle upwelling. Here we present new zircon UPb ages, isotopic and geochemical data for granodiorites, quartz diorites and mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) in the Tongshankou area. Comparing the MMEs with their host porphyries, the different ratios of incompatible elements and the similar formation ages, coupled with quenched margins and the xenocrysts in the MMEs, indicate that the MMEs was most likely formed by mixing between mafic magma and their host felsic magma. The MMEs share similar geochemical and isotopic characteristics with the Cretaceous mafic rocks from MLYRB, indicating that MMEs were mostly derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle source without adakitic characteristics. Mixing of a crustal melt derived by melting of an amphibolite bearing juvenile lower crust with a mantle melt derived from melting of enriched lithospheric mantle can account for the generation of the Tongshankou prophyries. The melting of juvenile mafic lower crust and enriched lithospheric mantle is suggested to be caused by upwelling of asthenospheric mantle and the reactivity of trans-lithospheric faults in the intracontinental extensional environment. Our results therefore highlight that juvenile mafic lower crust beneath the Yangtze plate is one of the likely source for ore-forming magmatic rocks in the Early Cretaceous.     

Parental magmas of the Nain Plutonic Suite anorthosites and mafic cumulates: a trace element modelling approach

Equilibrium melt trace element contents are calculated from Proterozoic Nain Plutonic Suite (NPS) mafic and anorthositic cumulates, and from plagioclase and orthopyroxene megacrysts. Assumed trapped melt fractions (TMF) <20% generally eliminate all minor phases in most mafic cumulate rocks, reducing them to mixtures of feldspar, pyroxene and olivine, which would represent the high-temperature cumulus assemblage. In anorthosites, TMF <15% generally reduce the mode to a feldspar-only assemblage. All model melts have trace element profiles enriched in highly incompatible elements relative to normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (NMORB); commonly with negative Nb and Th anomalies. Most mafic cumulates yield similar profiles with constant incompatible element ratios, and can be linked through fractional crystallization. High K-La subtypes probably represent crust-contaminated facies. Mafic cumulates are inferred to belong to a tholeiitic differentiation series, variably contaminated by upper and lower crustal components, and probably related to coeval tholeiitic basaltic dyke swarms and lavas in Labrador. Model melts from anorthosites and megacrysts have normalized trace element profiles with steeper slopes than those calculated from mafic cumulates, indicating that mafic cumulates and anorthosites did not crystallize from the same melts. Orthopyroxene megacrysts yield model melts that are more enriched than typical anorthositic model melts, precluding an origin from parental melts. Jotunites have lower K-Rb-Ba-Y-Yb and higher La-Ce than model residues from fractionation of anorthositic model melts, suggesting they are not cosanguineous with them, but provide reasonable fits to evolved mafic cumulate model melts. Incompatible element profiles of anorthositic model melts closely resemble those of crustal melts such as tonalites, with steep Y-Yb-Lu segments that suggest residual garnet in the source. Inversion models yield protoliths similar to depleted lower crustal granulite xenoliths with aluminous compositions, suggesting that the incompatible trace element budget of the anorthosites are derived from remobilization of the lower crust. The similarity of the highly incompatible trace elements and LILE between anorthositic and mafic cumulate model melts suggests that the basalts parental to the mafic cumulates locally assimilated considerable quantities of the same crust that yielded the anorthosites. The reaction between underplating basalt and aluminous lower crust would have forced crystallization of abundant plagioclase, and remobilization of these hybrid plagioclase-rich mushes then produced the anorthosite massifs.     

云南中甸峨眉山玄武岩中超基性—基性岩包体的地幔流体微观踪迹及其熔离成矿意义

通过对中甸峨眉山玄武岩中超基性—基性岩包体的岩相学、电子探针、扫描电镜和能谱分析,发现在光学显微镜下呈黑色不透明的物质,在电子显微镜下表现为硅酸盐和尖晶石族氧化物为主的超显微隐晶—非晶质集合体。结合超微晶矿物晶体化学和元素地球化学分析认为,该物质是一种具熔浆和超临界性质及地幔流体属性的富铁(微晶)玻璃,是深部地质过程中,包含于幔源岩浆并与其同步运移但互不混熔的地幔流体作用遗留的微观踪迹物质。该地幔流体在伴随幔源岩浆的结晶成岩过程中,表现出由硅酸盐→尖晶石→磁铁矿→铬铁矿→钛铁矿的熔离作用,并相应触发主岩和包体岩石的交代蚀变和金属矿化,是推动和引发地壳中成岩成矿的重要动力源和物质源。由此进一步认识到,滇西地区上地幔发育峨眉地幔柱活动,为该区二叠纪之后的不同部位和不同矿种的内生多金属成矿提供了有利的深部地质背景条件。