Stress on tropical karst cultivated with wet rice: Bohol, Philippines

Wet rice cultivation represents one of the most intensive uses of tropical karst. Under wet field conditions karstlands can be highly resilient, but nevertheless vulnerable to change. The karst environment in this study has been cultivated for at least five centuries. However, the post-World War II era has fostered a host of pressures that have altered the local ecology. Resulting stress in the irrigation systems and society threaten the maintenance of this viable karst-based agricultural economy.     

喀斯特地区的水资源承载力评价研究——以贵州省为例

喀斯特地区水文运动规律特殊,生态环境脆弱,其水资源承载力也不同于非喀斯特地区。本文从喀斯特地区的水资源承载力入手,选取了供水模数、需水模数、水资源开发利用程度、人均供水量、工业用水重复利用率、耕地灌溉率、生态环境用水率等评价指标,并用多目标灰色关联投影法对贵州省各地区的水资源承载力状态进行了合理排序。最后对人口、GDP、水资源量和喀斯特面积与评价结果进行了灰色关联度分析,得出以上四因素与喀斯特地区的水资源承载力具有一定的关系,其关联程度大小顺序为: 水资源量> 人口> GDP> 喀斯特分布面积;喀斯特分布面积对其水资源承载力具有一定程度的影响,喀斯特地区经济发展的落后导致其经济发展与水资源承载力关系不明显; 随着经济技术水平的提高,喀斯特分布面积对水资源承载力的影响将逐渐减小。      

Groundwater resources in karst area in Southern China and sustainable utilization pattern

Occurrence conditions of groundwater in southern karst area are complicated. The water-bearing media in the karst have multiplicity, and the groundwater is hosted in holes, gaps, seams, pipes and caves. The karst water shows heterogeneity where fast and slow flow coexist, and the Darcy and non-Darcy flow coexist, and the liquid flow, the gas flow and solid flow coexist. The evaluation and investigation indicates that the mineable resource of karst groundwater is about 53.44 billion m3/y, and the current exploitation quantity is merely 6.565 billion m3/year. The exploitation and utilization potential is gigantic. In the region there are altogether 2 763 karst subterranean rivers with a total length of 12 687 km. The dry season runoff volume equals to 47 billion m3/year. At present the exploitation is only 10%. Four effective utilization models of karst groundwater resources have been put forward. (1) The karst hills-depression zone formed the surface-underground united reservoir. By digging tunnels, water diversion irrigation and generating electricity, the ecological economy is developed. (2) In the deep-cut peak cluster depression area, by using the high-part Epikarst spring and constructing the regulation and storage water tank, the stereo ecological agriculture is developed. (3) In the karst peak forest plain and hilly-gully area, the pump-type underground regulating reservoir is constructed and the water-saving ecological agriculture is strengthened. (4) In the fault basin region with the surrounding groundwater runoff belting beam backwater, the water resources are jointly controlled to develop a fruit crop base within the basin.     

基于GIS和RS的喀斯特流域枯水资源影响因素识别――以贵州省为例

喀斯特流域是由独特的地貌、水系结构及水文动态过程组成的地域综合体。因此,影响喀斯特流域枯水资源的因素复杂多样,除气候等条件外,流域的植被类型、土地利用类型、岩组类型、地貌类型等也是影响喀斯特流域枯水资源的重要因素。本文选取了19个典型喀斯特流域为研究对象,以1991至1995年水文数据和遥感数据为基础,通过实地调查,制定基于GIS和RS为基础的喀斯特流域枯水资源影响因素信息提取方法,提取各个喀斯特流域单元中枯水水资源影响因素,通过关联度分析,得出不同的自然因素对枯水资源的贡献率,即岩组类型因素> 土地利用类型因素> 地貌类型因素> 植被类型因素。在各自然因素中,白云岩、半喀斯特低中山、草地与枯水资源的关系最为密切。      

我国西南地区岩溶水资源的基本特征及其和谐利用对策

应用岩溶学、水文地质学和水资源经济理论,以科学发展观为指导,按照经济社会可持续发展和水资源与人、生态环境、经济社会发展相和谐的理念,对我国西南地区岩溶水资源的基本特点、我国西南岩溶水资源和谐利用及其不利因素与问题进行了论述。在此基础上,提出了加强岩溶水资源勘查和有效配置、正确开发、高效利用、有效保护及统一管理为主要措施的我国西南岩溶水资源和谐利用对策。      

岩溶地区地下河系统水资源定量评价的问题与出路

岩溶地区含水介质的多重性和高度复杂性,给地下河系统的水资源量评价带来许多难题。在分析地下河系统水资源形成、分布和运移特征基础上,认为目前用于地下水评价的主要方法都不太适用来解决地下河系统水资源量的评价和预测问题。作者在比较地下河与地表水多方面的相似性后,建议引入现代水文学的理论方法和模型来解决岩溶地区地下河系统水资源评价问题,并分析了可能需要解决的若干关键问题。针对岩溶水资源的特征,作者认为,改变传统定量评价的思维、引进现代水文学理论方法和充分利用3S技术,是解决地下河系统水资源定量评价的主要出路。      

基于GIS的岩溶水资源量均衡法评价模块的构建

为了支持北京市岩溶水资源量准确、高效计算,使用均衡法构建区域水资源量计算模块。模块设计以Arc GIS平台为依托,使用C/S模式来构建,模块数据库由空间数据库、属性数据库、影像数据库、元数据库组成。模块主要功能包括：补给量计算、排泄量计算、储存变化量计算、可开采量评价、资源量评价结果专题图制作功能等。经岩溶区试算,证明评价模块的构建为北京岩溶水资源量的准确、高效计算和成果的可视化提供重要的信息技术支持。     

广西岩溶地区水资源可持续开发利用研究

由于经济的发展, 人口的增加, 我国21世纪将面临水危机。广西岩溶地区水资源的紧张状况已成为农村脱贫致富、发展经济的颈瓶; 本项研究指出: 加大地下水资源开发力度, 地表地下水联合调蓄, 开发地下调节水库, 建造水源林区等若干对策措施, 可供有关部门在可持续发展战略决策时参考。     

北京岩溶水系统划分及特征分析

岩溶水是北京市重要的战略后备水源,在城市供水方面发挥了重大作用,岩溶水系统划分对于掌握岩溶水资源、合理开发利用岩溶水是至关重要的。本文结合地质构造、地形地貌、水文地质条件,考虑含水岩组的连续性、不同级别地表水分水岭、地质构造的水文地质性质,将北京地区划分为3个一级岩溶水系统、7个二级岩溶水系统、16个三级岩溶水系统。其中隐伏型岩溶水系统无裸露的可溶岩或零星分布,天然资源少,地下水径流方向主要受开采影响,与上覆孔隙水有密切的水力联系。山前型岩溶水系统可溶岩分布于山区和平原,岩溶水天然补给资源丰富,含水层厚度大、分布广,调蓄能力强,开发利用程度高,排泄区有明显的阻水边界,储水能力强。山区型岩溶水系统可溶岩分布于山区,地下水向河谷、低洼处径流,排泄速度快,储存能力差,开采井零星分布,开发利用程度低。     

Geomorphological,pedological, and hydrological characteristics of karst lakes at Conversano (Apulia,southern Italy) as a basis for environmental protection

The land around Conversano (Apulia, southern Italy) is part of the Murge karst, interesting limestones and dolomitic limestones of Upper Cretaceous age, in a flat environment with sub-horizontal setting. Dolines and karst depressions are the most typical landforms in the area. Filling of these landforms with eluvial deposits locally created the possibility of water stagnancy at the surface. The Conversano territory presents ten karst lakes that represented, until some decades ago, the only water resource available for the local people, who built the typical bell-shaped wells to collect water volumes satisfying local needs during the dry season. Currently, these lakes have no great importance as water supplies, but represent habitats of great naturalistic value that are still able to support the ecological functionality and the wet environments with self-vegetation. Hydrological and hydrogeological studies have been carried out with the aim to fully estimate the related environmental problems. For this purpose, the hydrogeologic data of historical time series have been collected and compared to those of the last 5 years; successively, according to the Thornthwaite method, a hydrological monthly balance has been evaluated to quantify the distribution of water volumes interacting annually between the surface water bodies and the underlying carbonate groundwater. This evaluation has highlighted the need to carefully consider all the parameters concurring to a right definition of water balance for a karst environment, where pedological features, climatic conditions and anthropogenic modifications to the environment represent the elements of a very delicate system. Particularly, on the basis of recent soil map and field surveys, a re-evaluation of the available water capacity, estimated in some 40 mm, has been carried out. The studies have highlighted the need to extend the environmental protection rules to larger areas around the lakes, e.g. at the catchment scale, with definition of buffer zones; in this manner, it will be possible to constantly monitor the protected land and the local anthropogenic activities, that represent real polluting sources for both the surface water resources and the underlying carbonate groundwaters.     

山东喀斯特景观旅游资源及其开发利用

山东广大的石灰岩山地、丘陵区蕴藏着丰富的喀斯特景观旅游资源,其主要形态类型包括: 形态奇特的喀斯特山体、残存的喀斯特剥蚀面、幽深的喀斯特谷地、众多的溶洞、奇异的石灰岩景石(石牙形态)及喀斯特泉群。本文对这些景观形态作了较详细的描述,就其旅游开发利用价值作了评析。文中还对山东喀斯特景观旅游开发的现状及存在的问题作了简要介绍和分析,并针对存在的问题提出了几点建议。     

北京西山黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统边界与水文地质性质

北方岩溶水系统具有固定补给范围和资源要素,是岩溶地下水进行独立循环的基本单元,控制了岩溶水的运移富集、水化学演化特征、资源构成以及环境地质问题。开展岩溶水系统研究的首要任务是确定系统边界位置及其水文地质性质。以北京西山黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统为研究对象,采用地质学、岩溶动力学、流体动力学、水文地球化学、地球物理勘探等方法,确定黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统是由南部大石河背斜岩溶水子系统和北部百花山向斜南翼岩溶水子系统2个次级系统组成;其含水岩层分别为蓟县系铁岭组、雾迷山组和青白口系景儿峪组、奥陶系、寒武系碳酸盐岩。根据边界的水文地质性质可以划分为地表分水岭边界、地下分水岭边界、隔水边界、岩溶含水层深埋滞流性边界等类型。     

Human impact on the karst of the Venetian Fore-Alps, Italy

People have been exploiting the limestone massifs of the Venetian Fore-Alps since prehistory. The fluviokarstic style of the relief and the location of springs were important controls of settlement and land use. Six principal types of exploitation are recognized and overlapped in time: (1) hunting and early farming, Paleolithic to Iron Age, with the first soil erosion; (2) general deforestation for timber, charcoal, and fuel, Roman to early modern; (3) farm enclosure and improvement, with stone clearing, medieval to modern; (4) trench warfare in World War I; (5) quarrying and specialized farming (dairy, poultry, pigs) since 1950; and (6) developmnent of modern summer and winter tourist facilities. Soil erosion effects from many centuries can still be recognized, war damage remains visible and continues to pollute aquifers, and modern pressure on the karst land and water resources is often severe.     

农业土地利用对岩溶地下水影响研究综述

地球表层系统最突出的景观标志是土地利用/土地覆被。人类通过土地利用改变天然土地覆被从而对脆弱敏感的岩溶水文系统产生了重大的影响。文章着重从农业土地利用出发综述了当前农业土地利用对岩溶水影响的研究。农业土地利用对岩溶地下水的影响主要围绕着水质和水量两个核心从以下几个方面展开:天然植被的清除,农业灌溉和排水,农业集约化所带来的化肥杀虫剂等的使用以及污染物质在岩溶含水层中的运移和影响。在此基础上作者从研究内容,理论方法和建立模型等方面都提出了自己的想法和建议。     

Management of karst water resources in mining area: dewatering in mines and demand for water supply in the Dongshan Mine of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, North China

Coalfields in North China contain six to seven coal seams in the Permo-Carboniferous strata. The coal seams are underlain by the Ordovician limestone. Large-scale dewatering or depressurizing of the karst aquifer was considered essential to avoid water inrushes and keep the mines safely operational. This practice, however, has caused water supply shortage in the mining areas. The most effective solution to this conflict is to use the uncontaminated karst water from the mines for water supply. This paper explores a management model to maximize the utilization of the karst water while maintaining the safe operation of the mines. The model can provide essential information on water resource distribution for decision makers. The model was applied to the Dongshan Coal Mine in Taiyuan City, China.     

岩溶地区枯水资源承载力概念与讨论——以贵阳市为例

明确提出岩溶地区枯水资源承载力的概念和基于岩溶地区枯水资源承载力的计算模型及其分类系统,并以贵阳市为例进行实例研究。结果表明: ( 1)用水类型由温饱型过渡到初步富裕型,枯水资源对各种用水对象承载力总体呈下降的趋势; ( 2)目前贵阳市应采取“总体小康型”的用水类型,以能更好地发展贵阳市的经济; ( 3)从整个区域上看,修文县是最大的缺载区域,具有很大的枯水资源经济发展空间,人水关系呈可持续的发展状态;云岩区是最大的超载区域,枯水资源已经严重地制约着该区经济发展,人水关系呈不可持续发展状态。      

Optimization and rationalization of karst groundwater resource in Feicheng Basin,China

Feicheng Basin is an important energy base in Shandong Province, China. The Ordovician limestone is the main aquifer for water supply in the basin. As a result of the current practice in which individual water users control the exploitation of the karst water, the regional groundwater level has dropped more than 30 m over the last 20 years. The groundwater is overdrawn in approximately 300 km² because of the poor management from 1981. A numerical model with distributed parameters is developed for the karst aquifer to help properly manage the water resource and sustain its utilization. The responding matrix method is used to couple the prediction model and the management model. The objective of the modeling exercises is to obtain the maximum amount of water while keeping the water level drawdown within an acceptable level. The optimum management scheme is selected among two proposed designs. The recommended measures from this study include (1) improvement of water use efficiency in industries, (2) comprehensive utilization of the water pumped from the mines, and (3) improvement of the irrigation practice. When the domestic water supply and corporates water demand take the top priorities, the numerical modeling provides a useful tool to help with the rational distribution of the karst water resources among different water users.     

The influence of karst features on environmental studies in Turkey

 The carbonate rocks of Turkey, which underlie about one third of the country, possess major water resources with great potential for electricity generation and water supplies. The ongoing development of karst features, especially in the southern part of Turkey, demonstrates specific environmental problems that occur in many karst water supply projects. Karst aquifers, springs, sinkholes, dolines, poljes and other karst features are of great importance from the standpoint of karst water resources and environmental research studies. In karst regions, conservation and protection of groundwater resources for both qualitative and quantitative evaluations is possible only when the catchment area is determined accurately. Since the catchment area in karst terrains is not limited by the surface drainage boundaries and the groundwater flows through well-developed coduits or fissures, the equations used in non-karstic areas cannot be applied to such karstic regions. Studies on the development of karst features and its environmental impacts in Turkey are of recent origin. Therefore, many unreliable methods are being applied in karstic areas. For example, the use of "shallow holes or sinkholes and fault zones" for septic water waste disposal or as sewage by those who are not familiar with karst, sometimes causes very serious problems of extensive groundwater pollution. This paper discusses the development of different karstic features in Turkey and case studies on its environmental impacts. Received: 27 December 1995 · Accepted: 10 July 1996     

A transdisciplinary analysis of water problems in the mountainous karst areas of Morocco

Water management and engineering in the karstic High Atlas of Morocco are difficult tasks under the prevailing geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, vegetational and climatic conditions. It is important to be able to understand and predict the characteristics and availability of water for future water planning in the region under changing climatic and agricultural conditions. An interdisciplinary analysis of problems and adequate hydrological modelling tools developed by geologists, hydrologists and biologists are necessary. The karst areas of the High Atlas Mountains are characterised by impermeable triassic basalt underlying substantial subsurface reservoirs with high potential discharge rates. The karst groundwater aquifers are extensive but largely unknown in dimension, probably with a hierarchical network of groundwater flow paths. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the surface water is directly lost to groundwater. Steep landslide- and debris flow prone slopes exist next to coarse-grained, highly porous river beds. Infrequent, high intensity rainfall or snowmelt causes a particularly high flood risk to these karst areas. In addition, agriculture and land use changes have degraded the karst areas. The most important driving forces for degradation include permanent overgrazing even during droughts and the use of firewood by a continually growing population. Large scale degradation of vegetation has occurred in the oro-mediterranean (mountainous Mediterranean) zone, between 2600 and 3400 m which coincides with the most important zone for karstic groundwater creation. The combination of high amounts of groundwater flow and rapid surface flow due to sparse vegetation has increased the problems of flood flow.     

岩溶蓄水构造电阻率模型建立及其在物探找水中的应用

岩溶地下水的富集是极不均匀性的,寻找和查明岩溶蓄水构造的空间位置及其结构,是在岩溶山区寻找地下水源地的前提.本文通过对贵州省岩溶地下水富集条件的分析、归纳,将岩溶蓄水构造分为两个大类共七个类型,并利用地质体电阻率的统计结果建立了各类型岩溶蓄水构造的电阻率物理模型.实际工作表明,利用岩溶蓄水构造的电阻率物理模型,对提高岩溶山区找水打井的成功率具有指导意义.