长江口水下三角洲演变规律及河势控制初探

长江河口区水下三角洲的稳定关系着河口区域滩涂湿地的保护、经济社会的发展,研究长江河口区水下三角洲的变化规律,制定相应的控制对策有着重要的意义。基于长江河口区水下三角洲近40年的4个测次的地形资料,采用平面形态与断面形态分析相结合的方法,探讨了长江河口区水下三角洲的变化规律和相应的控制对策。总体来看,受入海沙量减少的影响,长江河口区水下三角洲前缘10～20 m等深线之间的区域冲刷明显。崇明东滩沙体总体变化不大,横沙东滩、南汇边滩在圈围工程影响下,面积有所淤长。横沙浅滩、九段沙窜沟发育,切割洲滩,沙体稳定性受到威胁,建议对横沙浅滩、九段沙实施守护,以控制长江河口区河势稳定。     

长江口扁担沙动力地貌变化过程研究

河口浅滩不仅为人类提供宝贵湿地资源,而且是调控河势演变的重要因素。研究河口浅滩动力地貌演变规律对航道整治、湿地生态开发及岸堤防护等具有重要价值。本文利用最近150多年的长江口历史海图资料、实测水深与水文泥沙数据,分析长江口南支最大的浅滩—扁担沙动力地貌演变格局及其变化机制。结果表明:(1) 1860-2016年期间,扁担沙反复历经淤积-冲刷-淤积,浅滩由最初水下阴滩发育出露而形成纺锤状沙体,随后演变为细长扁担状,沙尾切滩成爪状沙体,下扁担沙则伴随爪状缝隙被不断填充而淤长;(2)自1954年洪水到目前,扁担沙-2 m、-5 m等深线包络的面积与体积整体上均呈现增长态势,其中面积年均增长率分别为0.88 km²/a和0.81 km²/a,体积年均增长率分别为1.3×10⁶ m³/a和5×10⁶ m³/a;扁担沙浅滩在不同时期冲淤变化不同,其中1998年出现大幅度冲刷,平均冲刷厚度达到1.4 m;(3)扁担沙体积变化和长江入海泥沙的增减无直接联系,但与入海径流量...     

长江口新生沙洲底栖动物群落组成及多样性特征

沙洲岛屿是河口生态系统的重要组成部分,是河口海岸带资源开发、自然保护及全球变化研究的重要对象.沙洲岛屿潮滩的底栖动物群落与其生活的底质构成了河口生态系统的底栖亚系统,是河口地区生物多样性最直接和最易于观察研究的一个层次,它们在揭示群落与环境变化的关系上具有重要的作用[1-2].九段沙是长江口现代发育过程中产生的一个新生沙洲,是继崇明岛、长兴岛和横沙岛之后的又一成陆冲积沙洲,是一块重要的河口沙洲型滨海湿地[3].九段沙受人类干扰较少,其生物资源保持着天然状态.     

基于Landsat影像的茅尾海河口地貌演变研究

为了揭示茅尾海河口1987~2015年间的地貌格局演变和冲於演变,基于Landsat TM/OLI等多期遥感影像,结合海图、波段比值线性水深反演模型,对28年来茅尾海河口面积变化、地貌类型转换趋势、地貌冲淤演变过程进行了分析。研究结果表明:在1987~2015年间河口面积逐渐缩小;地貌类型转换趋势方面主要表现为潮沟向淤泥滩、河口沙坝的转化,淤泥滩向红树林滩转化;地貌冲淤演变方面,红树林滩淤积面积较大,达20.78km²,淤泥滩的冲刷作用显著,冲刷面积达26.78km²。研究结果可为未来茅尾海资源的开发建设、整治保护提供理论依据。     

渤海湾连片开发对湾内水沙通量的影响研究

渤海湾内海岸的连续开发导致岸线 、海床发生较大变化, 同时影响着湾内的水沙通量。根据不同时期的遥感影像、 实测地形和水文泥沙资料, 统计分析了渤海湾岸线 、面积和海床冲淤变化, 构建了渤海潮流泥沙数学模型, 模拟了 1984 年、 2006 年和 2015 年三个时期的水沙分布, 探究了海岸连续开发对水沙分布和通量引起的累积效应。结果表明： 渤海湾岸线和 海湾面积变化主要发生于 2005 年后, 与 1984 年相比, 2020 年的岸线长度增长超过 185%,海湾面积减少近 19%;曹妃甸港 区南侧海域冲刷基本在 2 m 等深线以内, 而近岸和港池水域基本呈现淤积状态, 淤积幅度在 2 m 以内; 海湾的连续开发利用 使得湾内分潮波振幅增大 、传播速度减缓, 近岸海域的余流变化较为明显,南部较北部海域更甚;西北湾顶 0.2 kg/m3 悬沙 分布区域不断缩小, 西南近岸 0. 15 kg/m3 悬沙分布区域向中部海域推进; 悬沙通量变化与潮流通量并不完全一致, 呈外海增 加、近岸整体降低的变化特征, 湾内向外海输移泥沙的能力减弱。     

滨州北部近岸海域冲淤特征CSCD

利用表层沉积物及水深地形等实测资料,结合泥沙起动流速公式、潮流场数值模拟等方法,对滨州北部近岸海域的冲淤特征进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,1983—2001年研究区的侵蚀区域主要分布在4m等深线以内,侵蚀量一般为0.2m左右,套尔河河口及河口西侧侵蚀量较大,而河口以东则表现为淤积;4m等深线以外淤积现象明显,淤积量一般为0.3m,向海方向淤积量有变大的趋势。2001—2016年,0m等深线以内主要以淤积为主,淤积量的高值区出现在滨州港防波堤西侧、马颊河河口附近;0~4m等深线之间以侵蚀为主,侵蚀量平均约0.6m;4m等深线外侧海域则主要为轻微的淤积状态,仅在滨州港防波堤堤头附近区域为侵蚀状态。港口工程对潮流场和波浪场的影响显著,是控制研究区冲淤变化的重要因素。     

滨州北部近岸海域冲淤特征

利用表层沉积物及水深地形等实测资料,结合泥沙起动流速公式、潮流场数值模拟等方法,对滨州北部近岸海域的冲淤特征进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,1983—2001年研究区的侵蚀区域主要分布在4m等深线以内,侵蚀量一般为0.2m左右,套尔河河口及河口西侧侵蚀量较大,而河口以东则表现为淤积;4m等深线以外淤积现象明显,淤积量一般为0.3m,向海方向淤积量有变大的趋势。2001—2016年,0m等深线以内主要以淤积为主,淤积量的高值区出现在滨州港防波堤西侧、马颊河河口附近;0~4m等深线之间以侵蚀为主,侵蚀量平均约0.6m;4m等深线外侧海域则主要为轻微的淤积状态,仅在滨州港防波堤堤头附近区域为侵蚀状态。港口工程对潮流场和波浪场的影响显著,是控制研究区冲淤变化的重要因素。     

基于遥感和GIS的辽河口拦门沙演变研究

河口拦门沙浅滩冲淤演变对于河口生态环境保护及资源开发利用等具有十分重要的意义。以辽河口拦门沙地带为研究对象,采用遥感和GIS相结合的方法,克服了实测地形资料缺乏的困境,对辽河口拦门沙的冲淤演变特征进行了研究,并探讨了演变的原因机制。研究结果表明:近期辽河口拦门沙外缘整体呈侵蚀后退趋势,这主要与流域来沙减少有关;蛤蜊岗子滩和西滩都有向东淤涨的趋势,这与拦门沙外缘侵蚀的泥沙向上游搬运及局部河势变化产生的泥沙输移有关;辽河干流水道内江心洲不断向下游淤涨,对局部河势及拦门沙浅滩的演变会产生较大的影响。     

长江河口水下沙洲类型及典型水下沙洲的推移规律

对长江河口水下沙洲的类型及其演变规律进行了研究,把水下沙洲分为 4 种基本类型：节点型沙洲、弯道型沙洲、涨落潮流分异型沙洲、分汊口型沙洲。并研究了河口区若干典型沙洲在最近 20 a 的推移规律和冲淤状况,对沙洲冲淤量进行了计算,结果表明河口水下沙洲冲淤频繁, 1991 年后仅上、下新浏河沙 5 m 等深线内沙体每年冲淤量达 1.5×106 t,尤其是 1998 年大洪水导致上新浏河沙被冲失近 1/3 。     

长江分汊河口涨、落潮悬沙不对称特征及季节性差异

入海河口由于径流的存在以及河口地貌形态的影响,存在涨、落潮水动力、悬沙以及盐度分布等不对称现象,同时这一不对称现象还存在显著的区域性和季节性差异。根据2013年7月和2014年1月洪、枯季长江口定点准同步水文泥沙调查结果,发现长江口分汊型河槽悬沙浓度在时间上存在洪枯季、大小潮不对称特征,在空间上存在东西向沿程分布、南北向横向分布以及垂向上表底层分布不对称特征。河势演变形成南、北支河口涨、落潮悬沙浓度不对称分布的整体格局;洪、枯季变化影响河口涨、落潮悬沙分布的再分配过程;大潮涨、落潮过程对悬沙分布不对称影响显著大于小潮;季节性风浪作用影响河口最大浑浊带涨、落潮悬沙不对称南北差异;底部高含沙浓度对口门段涨、落潮悬沙不对称性贡献显著。     

Oolitic shoal complexes characterization of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Yuanba Gas Field,Northeast Sichuan Basin,China

The Yuanba Gas Field is the second largest natural gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin, southwest China. The vast majority of the natural gas reserve is from the Permian Changhsingian reef complexes and Lower Triassic Feixianguan oolitic shoal complexes. To better understand this reservoir system, this study characterizes geological and geophysical properties, spatial and temporal distribution of the oolitic shoal complexes and factors that control the oolitic shoals character for the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Yuanba Gas Field. Facies analysis, well-seismic tie, well logs, seismic character, impedance inversion, and root mean square (RMS) seismic attributes distinguish two oolitic shoal complex facies – FA-A and FA-B that occur in the study area. FA-A, located in the middle of oolitic shoal complex, is composed of well-sorted ooids with rounded shape. This facies is interpreted to have been deposited in shallow water with relatively high energy. In contrast, FA-B is located in flanks of the oolitic shoal complex, and consists of poorly sorted grains with various shape (rounded, subrounded and subangular). The oolitic shoal complexes were mainly deposited along the platform margin. From the early Fei 2 Member period to the late Fei 2 Member period, the oolitic shoals complexes on the platform margin gradually migrated from the southwest to the northeast with an extent ranging from less than 100 km²–150 km² in the Yuanba Gas Field. The migration of oolitic shoals coincided with the development of a series of progradational clinoforms, suggesting that progradational clinoforms caused by sea-level fall maybe are the main reason that lead to the migration of oolitic shoals. Finally, this study provide an integrated method for the researchers to characterize oolitic shoal complexes by using well cores, logs, seismic reflections, impedance inversion, and seismic attribute in other basins of the world.     

基于可见光遥感测深技术的长江口南支河段河势演变规律研究

以长江口南支河段为研究区,利用LandsatETM+遥感影像反演的1999年水下地形和该河段2002年实测水深数据,结合长江口来水来沙现状和河段特征,分析了河段的冲淤变化和沙体迁移规律,提出了需采取的治理措施。研究结果表明:(1)从1999到2002年南支河段总体发生冲刷,年平均冲刷量为0.1926亿m3,河道内白茆沙、新浏河沙和新浏河沙包的沙头年平均后退467,374和421m;(2)上、下扁担沙之间由于串沟发育,两者有分离的趋势,沙体5m等深线的变动格局显示两沙体沙尾向下移动导致新桥水道上段水深加深、下段南侧水深变浅;(3)固定白茆沙和上、下扁担沙沙体,对维持南支河段航道的航运、稳定南北槽河势具有重要作用。     

Seismic expressions of deep-shelf depositional and erosional morphologies,Miocene Utsira formation,North Sea Basin

The Middle–Late Miocene Utsira Formation of the North Sea Basin contains a fully preserved, regional marine sand deposit that records a stable paleogeographic setting of sand transport and accumulation within a deep, epeiric seaway which persisted for >8 Ma. The sediment dispersal system was defined by (1) input through a marginal prograding strandplain platform, coast-to-basin bypass, transport along a narrow strait, and accumulation in strait-mouth shoal complexes within a shelf sea; (2) a high-energy marine regime; (3) very low time-averaged rates of sediment supply and accumulation; and (4) consequent high sediment reworking ratio. Sand distribution and stratal architectures reflect regional along-strike sediment transport and local to sub-regional landward sediment transport. Plume-shaped, south-building, submarine sand shoals that formed along the recurved arc of the strandplain margin nourished the shoal system. Very low-angle sigmoid clinoforms and down-stepping, aggradational top sets are distinctive architectures of these strike-fed sand bodies. The combination of strong marine currents and slow but long-lived sand supply from the Shetland strandplain created regional, sandy shelf shoal depositional systems that individually covered 3,500 to 6,000 km² of the basin floor. Defining attributes of the shelf shoal systems include their location within the basin axis, abundance of autochthonous sediment, and sandy marine facies composition. Diagnostic depositional architectures include the along-strike-dipping sigmoidal clinoforms, poly-directional low-angle accretionary bedding at both regional and local scales, and mounded depositional topography. Erosional features include regional hummocky, low-relief shelf deflation surfaces, broad, elongate scours and sub-circular scour pits.     

Late Holocene chronology,origin, and evolution of the St. Bernard Shoals,Northern Gulf of Mexico,USA

Several shore-parallel marine sand bodies lie on the Louisiana continental shelf. They are Trinity Shoal, Ship Shoal, Outer Shoal, and the St. Bernard Shoals. These shoals mark the submerged positions of ancient shorelines associated with abandoned deltas. Three of these shoals are single elongate deposits. The fourth shoal, the St. Bernard Shoals, consists of a group of discrete sand bodies ranging in size from 44 to 0.05 km², 25 km southeast of the Chandeleur Islands in 15–18 m of water. The St. Bernard Shoals are stratigraphically above the St. Bernard delta complex, which was active 2,500–1,800 years b.p. Understanding the evolution of the St. Bernard Shoals is necessary to reconstruct the Holocene chronology of the St. Bernard delta complex and the eastern Louisiana continental shelf. For this study, 47 vibracores and 400 km of shallow seismic reflection data collected in 1987 across the Louisiana shelf were analyzed. In June 2008, 384 km of higher-resolution seismic reflection data were acquired across the study area and appended to the preexisting datasets. Vibracores were integrated with seismic profiles to identify facies and their regional distribution. Our results demonstrate that the deltaic package stratigraphically below the St. Bernard Shoals is chronologically younger than the northern distributaries, but derived from the same trunk distributary channel (Bayou la Loutre). The river eventually bypassed the northern distributaries, and began to deposit sediment further onto the continental shelf. After abandonment, the overextended delta lobe was rapidly transgressed, creating a transgressive shoreline that eventually coalesced with earlier shorelines in the region to form the Chandeleur Islands. The St. Bernard Shoals formed by the reworking of the relict distributary deposits exposed on the inner to mid shelf during and subsequent to shoreface ravinement.     

南流江口洲滩景观过程研究

热带小河口洲滩景观格局对外部环境作用的影响极为敏感,是潮滩水沙、地貌及植被耦合作用的结果。本文将遥感技术和景观生态学方法相结合,探讨了北部湾南流江口洲滩的景观特征及时空变化过程。主要结果表明：2005-2019年南流江河口洲滩景观要素自陆向海呈现红树林（桐花树、秋茄）、茳芏及光滩格局,在此期间内的洲滩景观多样性指数低、景观破碎化指数高。红树林、茳芏与光滩景观类型优势度Do值大致相等。同时,红树林与茳芏的扩张导致其面积持续增加而光滩面积减少。红树林、茳芏与光滩三者相互竞争又相互促进,河口潮滩景观处于快速发育阶段。研究结果有助于对热带小河口洲滩植被演化格局的认识,为热带河口地区生态恢复与湿地管理提供理论支撑。     

Environmental factors associated with a distinct decline in pelagic fish abundance as detected by aerial fish spotting in February and March 1982 off northern South West Africa

Aerial fish-spotting flights were carried out between Cape Frio and Palgrave Point, off the northern coast of South West Africa, during February and March 1982. Results showed a pronounced drop in the number of shoals of pelagic fish (anchovy Engraulis capensis and pilchard Sardinops ocellata) within the area from one month to the next. Consideration of available hydro-acoustic survey data, environmental data and egg counts led to the conclusion that the decline in shoal abundance was brought about by a southward migration of shoals, and that the migration was possibly triggered by environmental changes between January and February 1982. The implied time lag of 14—32 days is difficult to explain, but it could have been a consequence of favourable spawning conditions which still prevailed during February, coupled with the development of dense phytoplankton to the south of the survey area during March.     

近年来人类活动影响下长江河口的变化模式

To evaluate the controlling factors for coastline change of the Changjiang(Yangtze River) Estuary since 1974,we extracted the mean high tide line from multi-temporal remote sensing images that span from 1974 to 2014 at 2-year intervals.We chose 42 scenes to constrain the changing pattern of the Changjiang Estuary coastline,and implemented GIS technology to analyze the area change of the Changjiang(Yangtze) Subaerial Delta.Runoff,sediment discharge and coastal engineering were withal considered in the analysis of the coastline changes.The coastline has transgressed seaward since 1974,and a part of it presents inter-annual variations.The area of the Changjiang Subaerial Delta increased by 871 km2,with a net accretion rate of 21.8 km2/a.Based on the change of sediment discharge due to the major projects in the Changjiang River Basin,we divided the changing pattern of the coastline into three stages:the slow accretion stage(1974–1986),the moderate accretion stage(1987–2002),and the rapid accretion stage(2003–2014).Liner regression analysis illustrated that there is a significantly positive correlation between the area changes and sediment discharge in the Chongming Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha.This suggested that sediment load has a fundamental effect on the evolution of the Changjiang Estuary.Construction of Deep Waterway in the North Passage of the Changjiang River(1998–2010) led to a rapid accretion in the Hengsha Eastern Shoal and Jiuduansha by influencing the hydrodynamics in North Passage.Coastal engineering such as reclamation and harbor construction can also change the morphology of the Changjiang Estuary.We defined a contribution rate of area change to assess the impact of reclamation on the evolution of Changjiang Estuary.It turned out that more than 45.3% of area increment of the Changjiang Estuary was attributed to reclamation.     

Cold water areas in the vicinity of the shoal,Kokushô-sone

By using data obtained at about 120 XBT stations, cold water regions in the vicinity of the shoal, Kokushô-sone (30°00N, 128°30E), which is located in the current zone of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea, were investigated.The temperature cross-sections obtained were compared with corresponding cross-sections obtained from the four former cruises which were already reported. On the present cruise forced upwelling area was found along the south slope of the shoal, instead of the north slope as was found on the former cruises.The area of the cold water region found along the south slope tends to decrease with decrease in depth, and at depths shallower than 250 m the cold water region extends northward passing the shoal. The area at a depth of 400 m is comparable to that of the shoal itself, and is about 35 km².Physical parameters and their scales which seem to be related to the dynamics near the shoal are given in the Appendix.     

A cellular automata model for population expansion of Spartina alterniflora at Jiuduansha Shoals,Shanghai, China

Biological invasion has received considerable attention recently because of increasing impacts on local ecosystems. Expansion of Spartina alterniflora, a non-native species, on the intertidal mudflats of Jiuduansha Shoals at the Yangtze River Estuary is a prime example of a spatially-structured invasion in a relatively simple habitat, for which strategic control efforts can be modeled and applied. Here, we developed a Cellular Automata (CA) model, in conjunction with Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, to simulate the expanding process of S. alterniflora for a period of 8 years after being introduced to the new shoals, and to study the interactions between spatial pattern and ecosystem processes for the saltmarsh vegetation. The results showed that the CA model could simulate the population dynamics of S. alterniflora and Phragmites australis on the Jiuduansha Shoals successfully. The results strongly support the hypothesis of space pre-emption as well as range expansion with simple advancing wave fronts for these two species. In the Yangtze River Estuary, the native species P. australis shares the same niche with the exotic species S. alterniflora. However, the range expansion rate of P. australis was much slower than that of S. alterniflora. With the accretion of the Jiuduansha Shoals due to the large quantity of sediments deposited by the Yangtze River, a rapid range expansion of S. alterniflora is predicted to last for a long period into future. This study indicated the potential for this approach to provide valuable insights into population and community ecology of invasive species, which could be very important for wetland biodiversity conservation and resource management in the Yangtze River Estuary and other such impacted areas.     

Modeling regional sediment transport and shoreline response in the vicinity of tidal inlets on the Long Island coast,United States

A new numerical model was developed to simulate regional sediment transport and shoreline response in the vicinity of tidal inlets based on the one-line theory combined with the reservoir analogy approach for volumetric evolution of inlet shoals. Sand bypassing onshore and sheltering effects on wave action from the inlet bar and shoals were taken into account. The model was applied to unique field data from the south coast of Long Island, United States, including inlet opening and closure. The simulation area extended from Montauk Point to Fire Island Inlet, including Shinnecock and Moriches Inlets. A 20-year long time series of hindcast wave data at three stations along the coast were used as input data to the model. The capacity of the inlet shoals and bars to store sand was estimated based on measured cross-sectional areas of the inlets as well as on comprehensive bathymetric surveys of the areas around the inlet. Several types of sediment sources and sinks were represented, including beach fills, groin systems, jetty blocking, inlet bypassing, and flood shoal and ebb shoal feeding. The model simulations were validated against annual net longshore transport rates reported in the literature, measured shorelines, and recorded sediment volumes in the flood and ebb shoal complexes. Overall, the model simulations were in good agreement with the measured data.